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Opportunistic Diseases
Lisa Bielke and many others
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How does industry meet consumer needs?
USDA Long-term Projections, 2015
Management
Nutrition
Genetics
AGP
Bacterial pathogens
Feed efficiency
ModulateGIT and pioneer colonizers
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Intestinal Barrier Function
Lyte and Cryan (2014) Microbial Endocrinology…
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Loss of Barrier Function
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Consequences of Chronic GI Inflammation
• Problems most often occur as a result of too much, rather than too little, control
The GIT is in a constant state of controlled inflammation
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• Human Diseases
– Inflammatory Bowel Disease
– Crohns Disease
– Ulcerative Colitis
– Other inflammation-related diseases
• Poultry
– Decreased overall performance
– Increased feed conversion ratio
– Disease susceptibility
Consequences of Chronic GI Inflammation
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Adapted from: M. Mohnl (2007) www.Engormix.com
Eubiosis(balanced)
Dysbiosis(unbalanced)
Beneficial Pathogenic
Symbiotic co-existence of host
& microflora
Diseased interaction between host and
microflora
• Protected mucus membrane
• Competitive exclusion• Balanced stimulation of
immune system• Nutritional benefits
• Damaged epithelium• Toxins• Unbalanced increased
immune response• Increased cellular turnover• Decreased nutrient
absorption
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Opportunistic Infections
• Necrotic enteritis
• Dysbiosis
• Not just GIT:
– gangrenous dermatitis
– enterococcal spondylitis (kinky back)
– bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO)
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Necrotic Enteritis (NE)
• Causative Agent: Clostridium perfringens (CP) Type A strains
• Healthy birds have natural population of CP in intestine
• Overgrowth of CP due to compromised gut environment induces NE
http://www.poultryworld.net/Nutrition/Articles/2016/2/Dietary-treatments-for-major-poultry-diseases-2764118W/#
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How a compromised gut creates NE
Onset of NE
CP Toxins
Shift of GIT microbiota
Coccidial infection
Immunosuppression
DietHigh Animal
proteinNSP -
Viscosity
NetB?
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*U.S. Broiler Performance. 2016. http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/
How NE Affects Growth Curve
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Opportunistic Diseases: Bone Health
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Wideman & Prisby, 2013Control Salmonella
Opportunistic lameness
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Recent Study – FTV Recovery
Leaky gut treatments: Control, DEX, DDGS, FRCollected liver & FTV for microbial recovery
Enterococcus spp.
E. durans
E. faecium
E. hirae
E. gallinarum
E. cecorum
Streptococcus spp.
S. alactolyticus
S. warneri
Staphylococcus spp.
S. haemolyticus
S. cohnii
S. saprophyticus
S. lentus
S. xylosus
S. simulans
Lactobacillus spp.
L. salivarius
L. johnsonii
Escherichia coli
Aerococcus viridans
Alcaligenes faecalis
Acinobacter radioresistenses
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Control Salmonella
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In nature…
• Transmission from hen to chick
• Hatched chicks ingest normal microflora in nest or soon after hatch
• Transmission through vaginal inoculation during oviposition or coprophagy has been hypothesized
Courtesy of Dr. John Barta
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Reality…
• Eggs are promptly removed from hens and taken to hatchery
• There is no contact between hen and chicks
• Chicks may not receive normal (or minimal) beneficial microbes from hens
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Early establishment of intestinal microbiotapromotes:
• Proliferation and differentiation of its epithelial lineages
• Regulates angiogenesis
• Modifies the activity of the enteric nervous system
• Extraction and processing nutrients in the diet
• Assembly of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue
• Education of the immune system
• Affects the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier
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Pioneer Colonizers – Hatchery Inoculation
Courtesy of Dr. John Barta
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Lactic Acid Bacteria Recovery From Hatching Cabinets Untreated or Following 3x Applications of Dry Spores and Aqueous LAB
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
~50% pip ~20% hatch ~50% hatch ~75% hatch
Ave
rage
Co
lon
y Fo
rmin
g U
nit
s/P
late
Formaldehyde DBS + LAB X 3
Transfer
Vertical arrows indicate application times.
* indicate significant (p<0.05) differences within hatch times
*
*
*
*
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Salmonella Challenge
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
48h 72h
% C
ecal
Rec
ove
ry
Hours after S. Enteritidis challenge
Cecal recovery of S. Enteritidis after treatment in hatch cabinets and challenge on day of hatch
Control Test
*
*
* indicate significant (p<0.05) differences within sampling times
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In Ovo Procedure (Sharma and Burmester, 1982)
1. Candle
2. Clean
3. Pilot hole
4. Injection5. Hatch
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DOH Family Level Microbiome
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Average body weight of all birds per treatment at days 1, 3, and 7 after in ovo inoculation, Exp 1
49.14 62.54 132.8949.73 65.42 144.980
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Day 1 Day 3 Day 7
Bo
dyw
eigh
t (g
ram
s)
* 12 grams
* Indicates significantly (p < 0.05) different means
*
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Categories Functions Annotation C C2 L
Free Radical
Scavenging
Synthesis of reactive oxygen species -- -1.330 -1.886
Production of reactive oxygen species -- -- -1.461
Inflammatory
Response, Organismal
Injury and
Abnormalities
Inflammation of organ 2.219 -- 0.856
Inflammation of absolute anatomical region -- -- 0.591
Immune response of phagocytes -- 0.931 --
Immune response to leukocytes -- -0.014 --
Response of antigen presenting cells -- 0.787 --
Response of myeloid cells -- 1.236 --
Cell-To-Cell
Signaling
Aggregation of cells 1.744 1.264 -0.886
Cell-cell contact 2.599 -- 0.200
Activation State
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Is there a single answer?
• Multiple pieces to the puzzle
• Probiotics can be used to control diseases and boost performance, possibly by controlling inflammation and immune response.
• The old idea of competitive exclusion still stands, but is likely more complex than originally thought.
• 100,000X more bacteria in one GIT than people on the planet, and look how complicated our world is, the GIT must be even more so.
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THANK YOUCollaborators:
Dr. Anita Menconi
Dr. Vivek Kuttapan
Dr. Juan-David Latorre
Dr. Guillermo Tellez
Dr. Billy Hargis
Dr. Xochitl Hernandez
Dr. Billy Hargis
Dr. John Barta
Dr. Kim WilsonWhitney Briggs Audrey DuffKaylin Krueger
Danielle MahaffeyLucas Graham Kyle TeagueDr. Mikayla BaxterEduardo VicuñaAmanda Wolfenden
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