Operating System Operating System ConceptsConcepts
Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw [email protected]@mail.dyu.edu.tw
Assistant Professor, Department of Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Information EngineeringComputer Science and Information Engineering
Da-Yeh UniversityDa-Yeh University
22Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
An An Operating SystemOperating System (OS) (OS) A program that manages the computer hardwareA program that manages the computer hardware Provides a basis for application programsProvides a basis for application programs Acts as an intermediary between a user of a Acts as an intermediary between a user of a
computer and the computer hardwarecomputer and the computer hardware
Some operating systems are designed to beSome operating systems are designed to be ConvenientConvenient EfficientEfficient Some combination of the aboveSome combination of the above
33Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
To understand how they have developedTo understand how they have developed Trace the development of operating systemsTrace the development of operating systems Operating system variationsOperating system variations
Parallel systemsParallel systems
Real-time systemsReal-time systems
Embedded systemsEmbedded systems
44Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
55Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1 What Is an Operating System?1.1 What Is an Operating System?
A computer system can be divided into:A computer system can be divided into: The The hardwarehardware The The operating systemoperating system The The application programsapplication programs The The usersusers
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Abstract view of the componentsAbstract view of the componentsof a computer systemof a computer system
77Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Computer System ComponentsComputer System Components
1.1. HardwareHardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).memory, I/O devices).
2.2. Operating systemOperating system – controls and coordinates the use of – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs the hardware among the various application programs for the various users.for the various users.
3.3. Applications programsApplications programs – define the ways in which the – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, database systems, problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs).video games, business programs).
4.4. UsersUsers (people, machines, other computers). (people, machines, other computers).
88Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Two ViewpointsTwo Viewpoints
1.1.1 User View1.1.1 User ViewPCPC
Monopolize its resourcesMonopolize its resources Maximize the workMaximize the work Designed for ease of use - Designed for ease of use - convenientconvenient
Mainframe or minicomputerMainframe or minicomputer TerminalTerminal Share resources and may exchange informationShare resources and may exchange information Maximize resource utilization – Maximize resource utilization – efficientefficient
WorkstationWorkstation Compromise between individual usability and resource utilizationCompromise between individual usability and resource utilization
Embedded computerEmbedded computer Little or no user viewLittle or no user view
99Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Two ViewpointsTwo Viewpoints
1.1.2 System View1.1.2 System View
Resource allocatorResource allocator manages and allocates resources.manages and allocates resources.
Control programControl program controls the execution of user programs and controls the execution of user programs and
operations of I/O devices .operations of I/O devices .
KernelKernel the one program running at all times (all else the one program running at all times (all else
being application programs)being application programs)
1010Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1.3 System Goals1.1.3 System Goals
TradeoffsTradeoffs ConvenienceConvenience EfficiencyEfficiency
Operating systems have also evolved over Operating systems have also evolved over time.time. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
1111Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
1212Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.2 Mainframe Systems1.2 Mainframe Systems
First computers used to tackle many First computers used to tackle many commercial and scientific applicationscommercial and scientific applications Batch systemsBatch systems Multiprogrammed SystemsMultiprogrammed Systems Time-Sharing SystemsTime-Sharing Systems
1313Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.2.1 Batch Systems1.2.1 Batch Systems
Early computerEarly computer Physically enormous machine run from a consolePhysically enormous machine run from a console
Input devicesInput devicesCard readersCard readers
Tape drivesTape drives
User prepared a job and submitted it to the User prepared a job and submitted it to the computer operatorcomputer operator
At some time later, the output appeared.At some time later, the output appeared.
Output devicesOutput devicesLine PrinterLine Printer
Tape drivesTape drives
Card punchesCard punches
1414Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.2.1 Batch Systems1.2.1 Batch Systems
First rudimentary operating systemFirst rudimentary operating system Always resident in memoryAlways resident in memory
To speed up processingTo speed up processing BatchBatch similar jobs similar jobs Automatic job sequencing – transfers control Automatic job sequencing – transfers control
from one job to anotherfrom one job to another
Introduction of disk technologyIntroduction of disk technology Keep all jobs on diskKeep all jobs on disk Job schedulingJob scheduling
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Memory LayoutMemory Layoutfor a Simple Batch Systemfor a Simple Batch System
1616Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.2.2 Multiprogrammed Systems1.2.2 Multiprogrammed Systems
Increase CPU utilizationIncrease CPU utilization Keep several jobs in memory simultaneouslyKeep several jobs in memory simultaneously CPU is multiplexed among them. CPU is multiplexed among them.
1717Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Memory LayoutMemory Layoutfor a Multiprogramming Systemfor a Multiprogramming System
1818Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.2.2 Multiprogrammed Systems1.2.2 Multiprogrammed Systems
Job schedulingJob scheduling All the jobs enter the system are kept in the All the jobs enter the system are kept in the
job pooljob poolProcesses residing on disk awaiting for allocation Processes residing on disk awaiting for allocation of main memoryof main memory
If there is not enough room for all the jobs, the If there is not enough room for all the jobs, the system must choose among them.system must choose among them.
CPU schedulingCPU scheduling If several jobs are ready to run at the same If several jobs are ready to run at the same
time, the system must choose among them.time, the system must choose among them.
1919Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.2.3 Time-Sharing Systems1.2.3 Time-Sharing Systems
Multiprogrammed, batch systemsMultiprogrammed, batch systems Utilize system resources effectivelyUtilize system resources effectively
CPU, memory, peripheral devicesCPU, memory, peripheral devices Do not provide user interaction with computer Do not provide user interaction with computer
system.system.
Time-sharing (Multitasking)Time-sharing (Multitasking) system system A logical extension of multiprogrammingA logical extension of multiprogramming Switch CPU among multiple jobs frequentlySwitch CPU among multiple jobs frequently
The user can interact with each program while it is The user can interact with each program while it is running.running.
2020Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.2.3 Time-Sharing Systems1.2.3 Time-Sharing Systems
Response timeResponse time The amount of time it takes to start respondingThe amount of time it takes to start responding
(not output that response)(not output that response)
An interactive (hands-on) computer systemAn interactive (hands-on) computer system Direct communicationDirect communication The response time should be short – typically with 1 The response time should be short – typically with 1
second or so.second or so.
2121Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.2.3 Time-Sharing Systems1.2.3 Time-Sharing Systems
A time-sharing systemA time-sharing system Allow many users to share the computer Allow many users to share the computer
simultaneouslysimultaneously Switch rapidly from one user to the nextSwitch rapidly from one user to the next Give each user the impression that the entire Give each user the impression that the entire
computer system is dedicated to his/her usecomputer system is dedicated to his/her use
2222Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.2.3 Time-Sharing Systems1.2.3 Time-Sharing Systems
Multiprogramming and time sharing Multiprogramming and time sharing systems are the central themes of modern systems are the central themes of modern operating systemsoperating systems Process and Thread conceptsProcess and Thread concepts Virtual / Physical memoryVirtual / Physical memory File systemFile system
2323Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
2424Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.3 Desktop Systems1.3 Desktop Systems
Personal computers (PCs)Personal computers (PCs) Computer system dedicated to a single user.Computer system dedicated to a single user.
Appear in the 1970sAppear in the 1970s Maximizing user convenience and Maximizing user convenience and
responsivenessresponsivenessInstead of maximizing CPU and peripheral Instead of maximizing CPU and peripheral utilizationutilization
May run several different types of operating May run several different types of operating systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)systems (Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)
2525Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
2626Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.4 Multiprocessor Systems1.4 Multiprocessor Systems
More than one CPU in close communicationMore than one CPU in close communication Also known as Also known as parallel systemsparallel systems or or tightly coupled systemstightly coupled systems
Processors shareProcessors share Computer busComputer bus ClockClock
Main AdvantagesMain Advantages Increased throughputIncreased throughput Economy of scaleEconomy of scale Increased reliabilityIncreased reliability
graceful degradationgraceful degradation
fault tolerantfault tolerant
MemoryMemory Peripheral devicesPeripheral devices
2727Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.4 Multiprocessor Systems1.4 Multiprocessor Systems
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) Each processor runs an identical copy of the Each processor runs an identical copy of the
operating system.operating system. Many processes can run simultaneously without Many processes can run simultaneously without
performance deterioration.performance deterioration. Most modern operating systems support SMP.Most modern operating systems support SMP.
Asymmetric multiprocessingAsymmetric multiprocessing Each processor is assigned a specific task; master Each processor is assigned a specific task; master
processor schedules and allocated work to slave processor schedules and allocated work to slave processors.processors.
More common in extremely large systemsMore common in extremely large systems
2828Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Symmetric Multiprocessing Symmetric Multiprocessing ArchitectureArchitecture
2929Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed SystemsDistributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
3030Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.5 Distributed Systems1.5 Distributed Systems
Depends on network functionalityDepends on network functionality TCP/IP is the most common network protocolTCP/IP is the most common network protocol
Local-area network (LAN)Local-area network (LAN) Within a room, a floor, or a buildingWithin a room, a floor, or a building
Wide-area network (WAN)Wide-area network (WAN) Between buildings, cities, or countriesBetween buildings, cities, or countries
Metropolitan-area network (MAN)Metropolitan-area network (MAN) Buildings within a cityBuildings within a city
Small-area network (SAN)Small-area network (SAN) Short distance of several feet : BlueToothShort distance of several feet : BlueTooth
3131Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.5.1 Client-Server Systems1.5.1 Client-Server Systems
Centralized systemsCentralized systems TerminalsTerminals
Supplanted by PCsSupplanted by PCs Server systemsServer systems
Satisfy requests generated by client systemsSatisfy requests generated by client systems
Two categories (broadly)Two categories (broadly) Compute-server systemsCompute-server systems File-server systemsFile-server systems
3232Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
General Structure ofGeneral Structure ofa Client-Server Systema Client-Server System
3333Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.5.2 Peer-to-Peer Systems1.5.2 Peer-to-Peer Systems
Distribute the computation among several Distribute the computation among several physical processors.physical processors.
Loosely coupled systemLoosely coupled system each processor has its own local memoryeach processor has its own local memory processors communicate with one another through processors communicate with one another through
various communications lines, such as high-speed various communications lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines.buses or telephone lines.
Network operating systemNetwork operating system Provide features such as file sharing across the Provide features such as file sharing across the
networknetwork
3434Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
3535Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.6 Clustered Systems1.6 Clustered Systems
Gather multiple CPUs to accomplish Gather multiple CPUs to accomplish computational workcomputational work Provide Provide high availabilityhigh availability
General accepted definitionGeneral accepted definition Clustered computers Clustered computers share storageshare storage and are and are
closely linked via LAN networkingclosely linked via LAN networking
3636Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.6 Clustered Systems1.6 Clustered Systems
AsymmetricAsymmetric clustering clustering one server runs the application while other one server runs the application while other
servers standby.servers standby.
SymmetricSymmetric clustering clustering all N hosts are running the application.all N hosts are running the application.
3737Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.6 Clustered Systems1.6 Clustered Systems
Parallel clustersParallel clusters Multiple hosts to access the same data on the Multiple hosts to access the same data on the
shared storageshared storageMost OSs lack such supportMost OSs lack such support
Clustering over a WANClustering over a WAN Global clusters – the machines could be Global clusters – the machines could be
anywhere in the worldanywhere in the world
Cluster technology is rapidly changing.Cluster technology is rapidly changing. Storage-Area-Networks (SANs)Storage-Area-Networks (SANs)
3838Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
3939Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.7 Real-Time Systems1.7 Real-Time Systems
Well-defined, fixed time constraintsWell-defined, fixed time constraints Processing Processing mustmust be done within the defined be done within the defined
constraints, or the system will fail.constraints, or the system will fail.
Often used as a control device in a Often used as a control device in a dedicated applicationdedicated application Weapon systemsWeapon systems Medical imaging systemsMedical imaging systems Industrial control systemsIndustrial control systems
4040Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Two FlavorsTwo Flavors
Hard real-time systemHard real-time system Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in
short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM) Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by
general-purpose operating systemsgeneral-purpose operating systems
Soft real-time systemSoft real-time system Limited utility in industrial control of roboticsLimited utility in industrial control of robotics Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring advanced operating-system featuresrequiring advanced operating-system features
4141Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
4242Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.8 Handheld Systems1.8 Handheld Systems
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) PalmPalm
Cellular telephonesCellular telephones
Limited sizeLimited size Small amount of memorySmall amount of memory Slow processorSlow processor Small display screensSmall display screens
4343Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
4444Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Migration of Migration of OS Concepts and FeaturesOS Concepts and Features
4545Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
4646Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.10 Computing Environments1.10 Computing Environments
Traditional computingTraditional computing
Web-based computingWeb-based computing
Embedded computingEmbedded computing
4747Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
4848Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
SummarySummary
P.23 – P.24P.23 – P.24
4949Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
1.1. What is an Operating What is an Operating System?System?
2.2. Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
3.3. Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
4.4. Multiprocessor Multiprocessor SystemsSystems
5.5. Distributed Systems Distributed Systems
6.6. Clustered SystemClustered System
7.7. Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
8.8. Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
9.9. Feature MigrationFeature Migration
10.10. Computing Computing EnvironmentsEnvironments
11.11. SummarySummary
12.12. ExercisesExercises
5050Ku-Yaw ChangKu-Yaw Chang Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction
ExercisesExercises
1.31.3
1.41.4
1.51.5
1.91.9
1.101.10
The EndThe End