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Open Data: How to Make Supply and Demand Meet?Beat Estermann, 12 June 2013
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Personal Background
• Member of the Research Group «Open & Linked Data» at the E-Government Institute (Bern University of Applied Sciences)
• Personal Research Field: Open Data and Crowdsourcing among Memory Institutions (cf. Pilot Survey among Swiss GLAMs)
• Member of opendata.ch (Swiss chapter of the Open Knowledge Foundation)
• Member of Wikimedia CH, participating in GLAM-Wiki co-operations
• Founding member of Digitale Allmend (Swiss chapter of CreativeCommons)
Motivation for the participation in today’s workshop: Getting a better understanding of the demand side of open data
in the Digital Humanities
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Content Overview
• Providers and Users of Open Data
• Challenges from a Data Provider Perspective
• Challenges from a User Perspective (in the Digital Humanities)
• Approches to Making Demand and Supply Meet:
• « Master Classes » for professionals in the cultural heritage sector
• Hackathons
• Apps to facilitate data use / visualization, data collection by crowdsourcing, or classification / transcription tasks
• Questions for Discussion
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Who are the Providers of Open Data?
• Research organizations (Open Science Data)
• Public sector organizations (Open Government Data)
• Para-public organizations (e.g. in the Cultural Heritage sector)
• Wikipedia – DBpedia – Wikidata
Findings from our pilot study among memory institutions in Switzerland (N=72)* :
Between 1% and 7% of responding memory institutions make scans/photographs of some of their memory objects «freely» available on the Internet. Over half of them make them available on the Internet, but with restrictions. 40% don’t make them available at all. For 80% of responding institutions, the opportunities outweigh the risks of Open Data; over 50% think Open Data is an important issue.
Conclusion: Open Data is just at the beginning of its diffusion process among memory institutions in Switzerland.
* Estermann, B. (2013, forthcoming): Schweizer Gedächtnisinstitutionen im Internet-Zeitalter. Ergebnisse einer Pilotbefragung zu den Themenbereichen Open Data und Crowdsourcing, E-Government-Institut der Berner Fachhochschule.
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Who are the Users of Open Data?
Findings from the Swiss Open Government Data Study (based on a survey among Cantonal Chancelleries; N=18)*:
- The Media (mentioned by 10 Cantonal Chancelleries)- Private Companies (7)- Public Authorities (7)- Private Individuals (7)- Research and Education (3)- Politicians (1)
Findings from our pilot study among memory institutions in Switzerland (N=72):
- Research (for 68% of responding institutions this “is the case”, score “1” on a 4-point Likert scale)- Education (65%)- Private Individuals / General Public (53%)- Cultural Institutions (50%)- Public Authorities (29%)- Private Companies (11%)
* Golliez, A. et al. (2012): Open Government Data Studie Schweiz, Berner Fachhochschule und itopia.
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Challenges from a Data Provider Perspective
Findings from our pilot study among memory institutions in Switzerland:
Major risk: extra time effort and expensesConsiderable risks: loss of control, copyright, data protection, secrecy infringements Almost no risk: Loss of revenuesNot evaluated: the role of copyright in preventing content from being added to the data commons.
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0%
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66%34% 32% 28% 18% 25%
3%
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34% 34%23%
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11%
What are the risks of open data for your institution? (in % of institutions; N=71)
"is partly the case"
"is the case"
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Challenges from a User Perspective
• Awareness Techniques and methods to handle digital data are hardly taught in the Humanities.
• Availability of data that fit the research question The most useful data may not be available as Open Data or be only partly available – e.g. for one jurisdiction, but not for others.
• Technical know-how / access to easy-to-use tools Loss of control if technical experts are needed to carry out the research.
• Research methodologies leading to sophisticated demandsProjects are often quite complex from a technical perspective.
• Requirements with regard to data quality and integrityData storage systems are needed that guarantee permanent access and integrity of the data in order to ensure traceability/confirmability of research results.
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Trainings for Cultural Heritage Professionals: «Open Culture Data Masterclasses» in the Netherlands
• Topics treated:
• Building Blocks of Copyright
• Technology and Tools (from open licensing to APIs)
• Reuse and applications
• Benefits and risks
• Hackathons
• Representatives of « first mover » institutions act as coaches for the course participants
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Hackathons and App Competitions
Data Providers
Domain Experts
Developers
«Enterpreneurs»«Problem Ownership»Sustainability / Funding
End Users
Copyright / Open Data Experts
Output: Software prototypes that use real data.
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Example App that Facilitates Data Visualization: Time Liner Tool
http://timeliner.okfnlabs.org/
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Example Apps that Facilitates Collaborative Use of Data: Annotation Tool TEXTUS
http://textusproject.org/
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Example App for Data Collection: Community Collection Online (The Great War Archive)
http://projects.oucs.ox.ac.uk/runcoco/
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Example: Hosting Platform for Citizen Science Projects: Zooniverse (Ancient Lives)
https://www.zooniverse.org/
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Questions for Discussion
• What are your experiences regarding challenges on the demand / supplier side?
• What should be done (in Switzerland) to make data/content supply and demand in the Digital Humanities meet? What would be most useful?
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Contact
Beat [email protected]
Bern University of Applied SciencesE-Government InstituteMorgartenstrasse 2a3000 Bern 22