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On-farm welfare assessment
in dairy cattle
Improving animal welfare: a practical approach
Luc MounierUnité Gestion des élevages, VetAgro Sup
Equipe Adaptation et Comportements Sociaux, URH, INRA
Improving animal welfare: a practical approach Barcelona,
1-2 December 2011
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Presentation of the Welfare Quality protocol
Behavioural observations
Sanitary inspection
Resource and management
2
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Farmer
Management Resources
Dairy cows
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Welfare
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Farmer
Management Resources
Dairy cows
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Welfare
MeasuresWelfare
assessment
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Overall assessment
Pri
nci
ple
s
Cri
teri
a
Me
asu
res
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
6
Pri
nci
ple
s
Cri
teri
a
Me
asu
res
Welfare assessment
using the Welfare Quality(R) protocol
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Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
7
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Farmer
Management Resources
Dairy cows
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
8
Welfare
MeasuresWelfare
assessment Product
information
Society
Trade
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Overall assessment
Pri
nci
ple
s
Cri
teri
a
Me
asu
res
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Welfare assessment
using the Welfare Quality(R) protocol
9
Product informationP
rin
cip
les
Cri
teri
a
Me
asu
res
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Farmer
Management Resources
Dairy cows
Risk factors
Advices / action
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Welfare
MeasuresWelfare
assessment
Risk factors
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Welfare assessment
using the Welfare Quality(R) protocol
Overall assessment
Pri
nci
ple
s
Cri
teri
a
Me
asu
res
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
11
Pri
nci
ple
s
Cri
teri
a
Me
asu
res
Identification of risk factors
advices to the farmers
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Farmer
Management Resources
Dairy cows
Risk factors
Advices / action
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Welfare
MeasuresWelfare
assessment
Risk factors
12
Product
information
Society
Trade
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Welfare assessment ??
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
13
Resource-based measures Animal -based measures
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Welfare assessment ??
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
14
Resource-based measures
Disposition, number, …
Quality, quantity
of the litter, …
Ergonomics, …
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Welfare assessment ??
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
15
Animal -based measures
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Welfare assessment ??
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
16
Resource-based measures Animal -based measures
Easy to assess (?)
Repeatable, reproducible, stability
Feasible
Validity ?
Easy to assess (?)
Time consuming
validity
Identification of risk factors
Necessity of several measuresCurrent welfare status of animals
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Based on animal-based measures
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
17
Valid
Repeatable, ...
Feasible: whole visit < 1 day
If possible,
measures have to be
If not Resource-based measures
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Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Animal-based measures
Resource based measures
No measures
18
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Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
19
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Welfare assessment
Resource-based measures Animal -based measures
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Resource-based measures Animal -based measures
Checklist Management
questionnaire
Sanitary
inspection
Behavioural
observations
4 steps during the visit
Morning after
milking
Afternoon (after lunch)When possible (after behaviour)
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Presentation of the Welfare Quality protocol
Behavioural observations
Sanitary inspection
Resource and management
21
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Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
²
Behavioural observations
22
²
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Good human-animal relationship Avoidance distance
Positive emotional state Qualitative behaviour assessment
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Behavioural observations: 3 steps
23
Expression of social behaviours Agonistic behaviours
Comfort around resting
Time needed for lying down
Collision with equipments
Animals lying outside le lying area
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45°
1pas/s
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Good human-animal relationshipAvoidance distance
2m
45°
X cm
The same sample size as for clinical scoring
Continue to walk until signs of withdrawal occur, or until you can touch the nose/muzzle
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First: define segments of observation (1 to 8)
Positive emotional stateQualitative behaviour assessment
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
2525
3
2
1
Second: release animals
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Objectives: how animals behave and interact with each other and
the environment: are animals bored, frustrated, happy, ...
“body language”
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Positive emotional stateQualitative behaviour assessment
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Nb pts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time 10 10 6.5 5 4 3.5 3 2.520 min observation time
Only one integrative assessment per farm
Positive emotional stateQualitative behaviour assessment
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
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How?
During this time:
-Agonistic behaviours
-Number of coughs
-Comfort around resting
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Expression of social behaviourAgonistic behaviour
Scan of start
Segment 1
Scan of end
Segment 1
Scan of start
Segment 2Scan of end
Segment 2
Segment 1 Segment 2
Continuous behaviour sampling Continuous behaviour sampling
120 minutes (≠ segments)
How?
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Scan of start
Segment 1
Scan of end
Segment 1
Scan of start
Segment 2Scan of end
Segment 2
Continuous behaviour sampling Continuous behaviour sampling
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Expression of social behaviourAgonistic behaviour
Segment 1 Segment 2
Number of animals
Animals lying in/outside the area
Continuous behaviour sampling Continuous behaviour sampling
Agonistic behaviours
Number of coughs
Time needed to lie down
collision
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Which behaviours?
Head butt
In tie stalls only:
Head butt
In Loose housing
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Expression of social behaviourAgonistic behaviour
Head butt
Displacement
Chasing
Chasing up
Fighting
Head butt
Displacement
Chasing up
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Which behaviours?
Head butt
Interactions involving physical contact (butting, hitting, thrusting,
sticking or pushing) with a forceful movement.
The receiver does not give up its present position (no displacement)
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Expression of social behaviourAgonistic behaviour
The receiver does not give up its present position (no displacement)
(c) Lensink
Displacement
Like head butt but the receiver gives up its position
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Which behaviours?
Fighting
Two contestants vigorously pushing their heads... Both exerting
force against each other.
A new bout starts if the same animals restart fighting after more
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Expression of social behaviourAgonistic behaviour
A new bout starts if the same animals restart fighting after more
than 10 seconds or if the fighting partner changes
(c) Hetreau
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Which behaviours?
Chasing
The actor makes an animal flee by following fast or running behind
it. It is only recorded if it is follows an interaction with physical
contact (except after fighting)
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Expression of social behaviourAgonistic behaviour
contact (except after fighting)
Chasing-up
The actor uses a forceful physical contact against a lying animal
which makes the receiver rise.
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A minimum of 6 animals have to been observed
Start: when one carpal joint of the
animals is bent and lowered (before
touching the ground)
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Comfort around restingTime needed to lie down
touching the ground)
Stop: when the hind quarter of the
animal has fallen down and the animal
has pulled the front leg out from
underneath the body
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During lying down movements for which time has been recorded
Collision seen or heard
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Comfort around restingTime needed to lie down
(c) Lensink
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Number of animals which are lying with:
-Their hind quarter on the edge of the cubicle or the deep littered area
- the both hind quarters completely outside the supposed lying area
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Comfort around restingNumber of animals lying outside of the lying area
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Comfort around restingNumber of animals lying outside of the lying area
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Outside or not ?
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Welfare assessment
Resource-based measures Animal -based measures
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Resource-based measures Animal -based measures
Checklist Management
questionnaire
Sanitary
inspection
Behavioural
observations
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Presentation of the Welfare Quality protocol
Behavioural observations
Sanitary inspection
Resource and management
39
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Sanitary inspection
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
40
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� depends to herd size
Sanitary inspectionSample size
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
For:For:
-sanitary inspection
-avoidance distance
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For a cow:
Body condition score
Cleanliness scoring Cow is blocked at
Sanitary inspectionOrder
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Cleanliness scoring
Integument alterations
Locomotion scoring
Cow is blocked at
the feed stalls
Cow is walking
Clinical signs
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View the animal from behind and from the side
Sanitary inspectionBody condition score
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Animals must not be touched
4 body regions: if more than 3 “very lean” ���� too thin
Only very lean cows are taken into account
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Cavity around tail head Very lean Very fat
Sanitary inspectionBody condition score: 4 body regions
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Deep cavity
around tailhead
Tail head cavity full and
folds of fatty tissue present
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Sanitary inspectionBody condition score: 4 body regions
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Loin Very lean Very fat
Loin
(c) Rodenburg / Omafra
Deep depression between
backbone and hipbone Convex between
backbone and hipbone
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Sanitary inspectionBody condition score: 4 body regions
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Vertebrae Very lean Very fat
Ends of transverse processes sharp Transverse processes
not discernible
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Sanitary inspectionBody condition score: 4 body regions
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
General Very lean Very fat
tailhead, hip bones (tuber coxae),
spine and ribs prominent
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Three areas have to be considered
Hind quarters
Udder
Sanitary inspectionCleanliness scoring
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Lower hind legs
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Two degree of dirt have to be considered
Splashing (e.g. faeces, mud)
Sanitary inspectionCleanliness scoring
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Plaques: three-dimensional layers of dirt
amounting to the size of the palm of a hand or if
more than half of the area under consideration is
covered
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Lower hind legs:
-0: no dirt or minor splashing
-2: separate or continuous plaques of dirt above the coronary band
Hind quarters:
Sanitary inspectionCleanliness scoring
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Hind quarters:
-0: no dirt or minor splashing
-2: separate or continuous plaques of dirt
Udder:
0- no dirt or minor splashing, other than on teats
2- distinct plaques of dirt on udder or any dirt on and around the teats
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Sanitary inspectionCleanliness scoring
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
51Dirty ?
Not dirty ?
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Sanitary inspectionCleanliness scoring
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
52Dirty ?
Not dirty ?
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From a distance not exceeding 2 m,
five body regions on one side
Sanitary inspectionIntegument alterations
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
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Two types of integument alterations:
-Hairless patches
-Lesion/swelling
-All skin alterations ≥ 2cm are counted
Sanitary inspectionIntegument alterations
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
-All skin alterations ≥ 2cm are counted
-If different categories of alterations at the same location � all these
alterations are counted.
-If more than 20 alterations per category � note “> 20”
-If the total area affected is ≥ the size of a hand � note “>20”
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Hairless patches:
-Area with hair loss
-Skin not damaged
-Extensive thinning of the coat due to parasites
-Hyperkeratosis possible
Sanitary inspectionIntegument alterations
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
-Hyperkeratosis possible
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Lesion/swelling:
-Damaged skin either in form of a scab or a wound
-Dermatitis due to ectoparasites
-Completely or partly missing teats
-Ear lesions due to torn off ear tags
-Obvious increase in circumference compared to
Sanitary inspectionIntegument alterations
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
-Obvious increase in circumference compared to
sound state
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Sanitary inspectionIntegument alterations
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
57
Lesion?
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Sanitary inspectionIntegument alterations
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
58
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Sanitary inspectionIntegument alterations
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
59
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Nasal discharge
Ocular discharge
Hampered respiration
Diarrhoea
Sanitary inspectionClinical signs
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Diarrhoea
Vulvar discharge
(Coughing during behavioural observations)
(milk somatic cell count during management questionnaire)
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All animals should be observed, from the side and/or behind, when
walking in a straight line on a hard, level, non-slippery surface on
which they would normally walk (not when they are turning)
The following gait attributes are taken into account:
Sanitary inspectionLocomotion scoring
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
The following gait attributes are taken into account:
-Timing of steps
-Temporal rhythm
-Weight-bearing on feet
0-not lame: timing of steps and weight-bearing equal on all four
feet
1-lame: imperfect temporal rhythm in stride creating a limp
2- severely lame: strong reluctance of bear weight on one limb, or
more than one limb affected
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Sanitary inspectionLocomotion scoring
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Lame ?
Not lame ?
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Welfare assessment
Resource-based measures Animal -based measures
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Resource-based measures Animal -based measures
ChecklistManagement
questionnaire
Sanitary
inspection
Behavioural
observations
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Presentation of the Welfare Quality protocol
Behavioural observations
Sanitary inspection
Resource and management
64
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Checklist
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
65
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Water provision: number of each type of water points or length of
troughs in cm
Cleanliness of water points: clean, partly dirty, dirty
Water flow: amount of water in L/min per water points
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Absence of prolonged thirst
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Welfare assessment
Resource-based measures Animal -based measures
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
Resource-based measures Animal -based measures
Checklist Management
questionnaire
Sanitary
inspection
Behavioural
observations
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Management
questionnaire
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
68
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Duration depends on sample size/herd size:
-Avoidance distance: 1 min/animal
-Clinical scoring: 3 min/animal
Duration independent of sample size:
-QBA: 20 min (+5 min extra)
Presentation/ behavioural observations / sanitary inspection/ resource and management
How long does it take?
-QBA: 20 min (+5 min extra)
-Behavioural observations: 120 min (+30 min extra)
-Resources checklist: 10 min
-Management questionnaire: 15 min
30 60 120 200
Sample size 30 37 54 65
Duration variable (min) 120 148 216 260
Duration non variable (min) 200 200 200 200
Total duration (h) 5:20 5:50 6:55 7:40
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http://www1.clermont.inra.fr/wq/
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Thank you for your attention