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On Being Human
ITEC 4130Fall 2009
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Understanding humans
Humans evolve much more slowly than technology
There are limits to human capabilities- knowing what they are helps us understand what is going on
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Three Views of Humans How to model a human!
Humans are interpreters/predictors- cog. psych. & AI
Humans are sensory processors- sensory psych., EE & CS
systemsHumans are actors in environment
-activity Th., ethnog., ecol. psych.
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Humans as I/O machines
Sensesvisionhearingtouchsmell/tasteproprioceptionkinesthesia
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VisionTwo stages in vision- physical reception of stimulus- processing and interpretation of stimulus
The physical apparatus: the eye- mechanism for receiving light and transforming it into electrical energy
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More about the eye
The eye:- the light it picks up is light that reflects from objects - images are focused upside-down on retina- retina contains rods for low light vision and cones for color vision- ganglia distribution on the retina varies by species (African plains vs tree dwellers)
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Depth and Size PerceptionIt is a complex suite of clues
* visual angle indicates how much of field of view object occupies* Is your visual field circular?* Test this using a marker on the board
* visual acuity is ability to perceive fine detail * predatory birds have very high visual acuity
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Depth and Size PerceptionIt is a complex suite of clues
* familiar objects perceived as constant size* law of size constancy* as someone walks toward you you don’t think: Man, that guy is getting taller by the second!
* Cues help perception of size and depth* Accommodation (lens stretches)* Occlusion* Motion parallax* Relative size (tied to size constancy)* Aerial perspective (atmospheric)
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Brightness
* Brightness is a subjective reaction to levels of light
* Measured by just noticeable difference
* Visual acuity increases with luminance* Pinhole camera* Reading is improved in bright light
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Color Perception
* Color made up of hue, intensity, saturation
* Cones sensitive to color wavelengths
* Blue acuity is lowest* Green acuity is highest* 8% males and 1% females color blind (Red/Green confusion most freq)
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Graphical Representation at the
InterfaceGraphical modeling and 3-DGraphical coding
Graphical coding for quantitative data
Color codingColor versus monochrome coding
Icons
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Compensation & Illusions
http://blindspottest.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gradient-optical-illusion.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same_color_illusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_illusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzo_illusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Revolving_circles.svg
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Reading… it’s pretty complicated
“Stage” model of reading(1) visual pattern perceived(2) decoded using internal language representation(3) interpreted using knowledge of syntax, semantics, pragmatics
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Perception in reading
* Reading involves saccades and fixations* Saccades are rapid movements of the eye* Without them, the retina would “saturate” and you wouldn’t see anything
* Fixations are the stops in that movement
* Perception occurs only during fixations* Otherwise the world would be blurred!
* Word shape is important to recognition.
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Hearing* Provides information about environment:
* Distance* Direction
* People can hear from 20Hz to 15kHz* less accurate distinguishing between high frequencies
* Auditory system filters sounds* We can attend to sounds even in the presence of background noise * “cocktail party phenomenon”
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Touch
* Receptors in the skin:- thermoreceptors (heat and cold)- nociceptors (pain)- mechanoreceptors (pressure)
* Unevenly distributed across the body* Some areas more sensitive than others
* fingers are more sensitive than your back
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6th, 7th and 8th senses
Proprioceptioninternal awareness of your body position
Kinesthesisawareness of body movement
Balance vestibular organ of inner earawareness of body orientation w.r.t. vertical
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Movement & perception
Tight integration of -perception & motor planning, -movement execution-feedback
proprioceptive, kinesthetic, vestibular and visual
Response time = reaction time + movement time-Movement time depends on age, fitness …-Reaction time depends on modality
visual: 200msauditory: 150 mspain: 700ms (slow and distance related)
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The Box Model of Memory
Sensory memoriesvisiontouch
auditory
Short-term/workingmemory
Long-termMemory
Sensory buffersareconstantlyoverwritten
Driven by attention
Scratch-pad for temporary recall* rapid access (70ms)* rapid decay (200ms)* limited capacity (7 ± 2)
Recency effect: recall of recent items best
Evidence for several working memories
Declarative memory:semantic + episodic
Semantic: facts, meanings, skills, concepts, understandings…Episodic: events, time, place, emotion…
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The Box Model of Memory
Long-termMemory
Episodic
Semantic
Semantic memory structure
-provides access to information-represents relationships between information-supports inference-associative:
-recall based on meaning-gives rise to meaning-related
confusions-eye witness testimony…
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Attention
FocusedSustainedDividedSelectiveAlternating
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Attention
How to focus attention at an interface?Structure the informationOthers…
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Consolidation
Moving information from STM to LTM?
Provide:Structure Meaning Become familiar (through rehearsal)
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Forgetting
DecayInformation lost gradually but slowly
InterferenceNew information replaces old (retroactive)Old may interfere with new (proactive)
InhibitionYou can ‘choose’ to forgetExample:
Parking your car…You intentionally forget all but the most
recent
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Retrieval
Recall* Information reproduced from memory* Can be assisted by cues, (e.g. categories, imagery…)
Recognition* Information gives knowledge that it has been seen before
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Knowledge representation
Declarative knowledge = knowing thatSemantic networksFramesScripts
Procedural knowledge = knowing howScriptsProduction rules
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Semantic networks
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Frame-based model of semantic memory
Knowledge is organized in data structure
Slots in structure are instantiated with particular values for a given instance of data...translation for CS people:
frames classes in the head;slots variables/methods in the
head)
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General knowledge as frames
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Script-based memoryScripts = using frames for stereotypical processes (e.g. eating in a restaurant)
* used for interpreting situations
* generalize episodic-memory events
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Production rules
Representation of procedural knowledge
Condition/action rulesif condition is matched, rule fires
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Slips and Mistakes
Slips are errors in execution of correct intention
Capture errorsErrors of attention
Mistakes are errors in selection of goal or method for accomplishing it
Errors of knowledge