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Mike RobinsonWalt Musial
National Wind Technology CenterNational Renewable Energy Laboratory
Offshore Wind Technology Overview
NREL/PR-500-40462October 2006
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Disclaimer and Government License
This work has been authored by Midwest Research Institute (MRI) under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337 with the U.S. Department of Energy (the “DOE”). The United States Government (the “Government”) retains and the publisher, by accepting the work for publication, acknowledges that the Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for Government purposes.
Neither MRI, the DOE, the Government, nor any other agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe any privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of the authors and/or presenters expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of MRI, the DOE, the Government, or any agency thereof.
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The U.S. Energy Picture by Source - 1850-1999
0
20
40
60
80
100
1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
Qua
drill
ion
BTU
s
Source: 1850-1949, Energy Perspectives: A Presentation of Major Energy and Energy-Related Data, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1975; 1950-1996, Annual Energy Review 1996, Table 1.3. Note: Between 1950 and 1990, there was no reporting of non-utility use of renewables. 1997-1999, Annual Energy Review 1999, Table F1b.
Coal
Crude Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
NonhydroRenewables
Wood
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Evolution of U.S. Commercial Wind Technology
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• Offshore GE 3.6 MW 104 meter rotor diameter
• Offshore design requirementsconsidered from the outset:
– Crane system for all components
– Simplified installation– Helicopter platform
Offshore GE Wind Energy 3.6 MW Prototype
Boeing 747-400
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Cost of Energy Trends
1981: 40 cents/kWh
• Increased Turbine Size• R&D Advances• Manufacturing
Improvements
2006: 3 - 6 cents/kWh
2006: 9.5 cents/kWh
2014: 5 cents/kWh
• Multimegawatt Turbines• High Reliability Systems• Infrastructure Improvements
Land-based Offshore
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Support Structure24%
Turbine33%
O&M23%
Management2%
Grid Connection15%
Decommissioning3%
Offshore Turbine Size Drivers
Offshore Wind - Life Cycle Cost of Energy Photo Credit: GE Energy
• Offshore Turbines are about 1/3 of total project cost.
• Thus, as turbines grow larger:Foundation costs decrease
Electrical infrastructure costs decrease
Operational expenses decrease
More energy is generated per area.
• Offshore infrastructure is also suited for larger machines.
GE Wind
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Windy onshore sites are not close to coastal load centers
The electric utility grid cannot be easily set up for interstate electric transmission
Load centers are close to the offshore wind sites
Graphic Credit: Bruce Bailey AWS TruewindGraphic Credit: GE Energy
% area class 3 or above
Offshore Wind – U.S. RationaleWhy Go Offshore?
US Population Concentration US Wind Resource
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U.S. Department of EnergyNational Renewable Energy Laboratory
Region 0 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 900 > 900New England 10.3 43.5 130.6 0.0Mid-Atlantic 64.3 126.2 45.3 30.0Great Lakes 15.5 11.6 193.6 0.0California 0.0 0.3 47.8 168.0Pacific Northwest 0.0 1.6 100.4 68.2Total 90.1 183.2 517.7 266.2
GW by Depth (m)
Resource Not Yet Assessed
U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Resource
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Current Technology
Offshore Wind Turbine Development
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Arklow Banks WindfarmThe Irish Sea
R. Thresher
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Fixed Bottom Substructure Technology
Monopile Foundation Gravity Foundation Tripod/Truss Foundation
Most Common Type Minimal FootprintDepth Limit 25 mLow stiffness
Larger FootprintDepth Limit?Stiffer but heavy
No wind experience Oil and gas to 450 mLarger footprint
Graphics source: http://www.offshorewindenergy.org/
Proven Designs Future
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Transitional Depth Foundations 30-m to 90-m Depths??
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Floating Foundations >60-m Depths
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Source: Wind Directions, September 2004
Location of Existing Offshore Installations Worldwide
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440 metric tonnesEnercon 4.5MW 112 meter rotor
Enercon 4.5-MW Offshore Prototype
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RePower 5-MW –World’s Largest Turbine
• 5-MW Rating• 61.5-m blade length (LM Glasfibres)• Offshore Demonstration project by
Talisman Energy in Beatrice Fields45-m Water DepthsTwo machinesRePower
RePower
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Typical Offshore Wind Farm Layout
Cable Laying Ship
Horns Rev
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Country: DenmarkLocation: West CoastTotal Capacity: 160 MWNumber of Turbines: 80Distance to Shore: 14-20 kmDepth: 6-12 mCapital Costs: 270 million EuroManufacturer: VestasTotal Capacity: 2 MWTurbine-type: V80 – 80-m diameterHub-height: 70 mMean Windspeed: 9.7 m/sAnnual Energy output: 600 GWh
Horns Rev Wind Farm -Denmark
Horns Rev
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0.001
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Omega (rad/s)
P-M (m^2/(rad/s))JONSWAP (m^2/(rad/s))Kaimal ((m/s)^2/(rad/s))
Wind and Wave Spectra
0.001
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Omega (rad/s)
P-M (m^2/(rad/s))JONSWAP (m^2/(rad/s))Kaimal ((m/s)^2/(rad/s))
Wind and Wave Spectra
Offshore Technical Challenges
Turbulent winds • Hydrodynamics:
• Irregular waves - scattering
• Gravity / inertia - radiation
• Aerodynamics: - hydrostatics
- induction • Elasticity
- skewed wake • Mooring dynamics
- dynamic stall • Control system
• Fully coupled cx
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GE Energy
Offshore Turbine Access
GE Energy
GE Energy
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Radar Images of Migrating Birds at Nysted Wind Power Plant - Denmark
Operation (2003):
Response distance:day = c. 3000 mnight = c. 1000 m
Birds perceive the presence of wind turbines even in bad visibility
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Offshore Wind / Wave Synergy
Reproduced with permission of Hy-Spec Eng
Wind / Wave Integrated Platform
• Common Engineering & Design Considerations
• Maximize Grid Interconnect Potential Through Dual Technologies
• Improve Intermittency & Total Energy Output
• Increase System Reliability & Reduce Maintenance
EPRI Building a Coalition of Developers, Universities and Other Stakeholders to Explore the Wind / Wave Development Potential
Small Wind-OWC Wave Platform
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LWST Turbines:• 3¢/kWh at 13 mph• Electricity Market
2012
Offshore LWST Turbine:• 5 Cents/kWh• Shallow/Deep Water• Electricity Market• Higher Wind Sites
2012 and Beyond
Custom Turbines:• Electricity• H2 Production• Desalinate Water• Storage• Multi-Market
2030 and Beyond
2005
A Future Vision for Wind Energy Markets
Bulk Power Generator
4-6¢ at 15 mph
• Land Based
• Bulk Electricity
• Wind Farms
Potential 20% of Electricity Market
Land Based Electricity Path Transmission Barriers
Cost & Regulatory Barriers
Land or Sea Based:• Hydrogen• Clean Water
Cost & Infrastructure Barriers
Land Based LWSTLarge-Scale
2–5 MW
Offshore Turbines5 MW and Larger
Tomorrow
Offshore Electricity Path
Advanced Applications Path
Today