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Ofer Lahav University College London
(I) Neutrino Masses from LSS
(I) Neutrino Masses from the CMB
(III) The Dark Energy Survey
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Concordance Cosmology
SN Ia CMB LSS – Baryonic
Oscillations Cluster counts Weak Lensing Integrated Sachs Wolfe
Physical effects: * Geometry * Growth of Structure
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Massive Neutrinos and Cosmology
* Why bother? – absolute mass, effect on other parameters * Brief history of ‘Hot Dark Matter’
* Limits on the total Neutrino mass from cosmology within CDM M < 1 eV * Mixed Dark Matter? * Non-linear power spectrum and biasing – halo model
* Combined cosmological observations and laboratory experiments
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Brief History of ‘Hot Dark Matter’
* 1970s : Top-down scenario with massive neutrinos (HDM) – Zeldovich Pancakes
* 1980s: HDM - Problems with structure formation
* 1990s: Mixed CDM (80%) + HDM (20% )
* 2000s: Baryons (4%) + CDM (26%) +Lambda (70%): But now we know HDM exists! How much?
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Globalisation and the New Cosmology
How is the New Cosmology affected by Globalisation?
Recall the Cold War era: Hot Dark Matter/top-down (East) vs. Cold Dark Matter/bottom-up (West)
Is the agreement on the `concordance model’ a product of Globalisation?
OL, astro-ph/0610713
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From Great Walls to Neutrino Masses
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Neutrinos decoupled when they were still relativistic, hence they wiped out structure on small scales
k > knr = 0.026 (m/1 eV)1/2 m1/2 h/Mpc
Colombi, Dodelson, & Widrow 1995
WDMCDM+HDM
CDM
Massive neutrinos mimica smaller source term
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Neutrino properties
TheThe number of neutrino species Nnumber of neutrino species N affects affects
the expansion rate of the universe, hence BBN.the expansion rate of the universe, hence BBN.
BBN constraints BBN constraints NN between between 1.7 and 31.7 and 3 (95% CL) (95% CL)
(e.g. Barger et al. 2003).(e.g. Barger et al. 2003).
From CMB+LSS+SN Ia, From CMB+LSS+SN Ia, NN =4.2 =4.2+1.2+1.2-1.7-1.7 (95% CL)(95% CL)
(Hannestad 2005)(Hannestad 2005)
We shall assume NWe shall assume N=3=3
Electron, muon and tau neutrinos neutrinos Eigen states Eigen states m1, m2, m3
neutrinos per cmneutrinos per cm33
hheVeV
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Neutrino Mass Hierarchy
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Absolute Masses of Neutrinos
Based onmeasuredsquared mass differences from solar and atmosphericoscillations
Assuming
m1 < m2 < m3
E & L, NJP 05
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What could cosmic probes tell us about Neutrinos and
Dark Energy?
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The Growth factor: degeneracy of Neutrinos Mass and Dark Energy
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Kiakotou, Elgaroy, OL
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Kiakotou, Elgaroy, OL 2007, astro-ph 0709.0253
P(k)/P(k) P(k)/P(k) = -8 = -8 mm
Not valid on useful Not valid on useful
scales!scales!
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Weighing Neutrinos with 2dFGRS
Free streaming effect: /m< 0.13
Total mass M< 1.8 eV
(Oscillations) (2dF)
a Four-Component Universe ?
Elgaroy , Lahav & 2dFGRS team, astro-ph/0204152 , PRL
= 0.05
0.01
0.00
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What do we mean by ‘systematic uncertainties’?
• Cosmological (parameters and priors)
• Astrophysical (e.g. Galaxy biasing)
• Instrumental (e.g. ‘seeing’)
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Degeneracy of neutrino mass
n= 0.9
n= 1.1
n=1.0
Prior 0< m<0.5
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Biasing vs. neutrino mass
Elgaroy & Lahav , JCAP, astro-ph/030389
---- SAM for
L>0.75 L*
Pg(k) = b2(k) Pm(k)
b(k) = a log(k) + c a
Total neutrino mass
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Weak Lensing is promising
Abazajian & Dodelson (2003)
also Hannestad et al. 2006
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Non-linear P(k) with massive neutrinosAbazajian et al. (astro-ph/0411552) modeled the effects of neutrino infall into CDM halos and incorporated it in the halo model. The effect is small: P(k)/P(k) » 1%
at k » 0.5 h/Mpc for M » 1 eV
Future work : high-resolution simulations with CDM, baryons and neutrinos
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CMB with massive
E&L 2004E&L 2004M =0.3, 0.9, 1.5, 6.0 eVFixed cdm = 0.26
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Neutrinos masses and the CMB If znr > zrec h2 > 0.017 (i.e. M > 1.6 eV) Then neutrinos behave like matter - this defines a critical value in CMB features * Ichikawa et al. (2004 ) from WMAP1 alone M < 2.0 eV * Fukugita et al. (2006) from WMAP3 alone M < 2.0 eV
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Normalization vs neutrino mass using WMAP alone +
concordance model
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Is CMB polarisation useful for neutrino mass?
Fukugita, Ichikawa,
Kawasaki, OL, astro-ph/0605362
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Not directly, but reduces degeneracy with the reionization optical depth
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Ratio of bulk flows with massive neutrinos =0.04
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Deriving Neutrino mass from Cosmology
Data Authors Mmi
2dF (P01) Elgaroy, OL et al.02 < 1.8 eV
WMAP+LSS+SN…
Spergel et al. 06 < 0.68 eV
2dF (C05)+CMB Sanchez et al. 05 < 1.2 eV
BAO+CMB+LSS+SN
Goobar et al. 06 < 0.62 eV
Ly- + SDSS+ WMAP+…
Seljak et al. 04 < 0.17 eV
WMAP alone Ichikawa et al. 04
Fukugita et al. 06
< 2.0 eV
All upper limits 95% CL, but different assumed priors !
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Forecasting Neutrino mass from Cosmology
Data Authors error
High-z galaxy surveys + Planck
Takada et al. (2006) 0.03-0.06 eV
High-z galaxy surveys + Planck
Hannestad & Wong (2007)
0.05 eV
SKA + Planck Abdalla & Rawlings(2007)
0.05 eV
Note different error definitions and assumed priors !
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Combined Cosmology & Terrestrial Experiments
Fogli et al.Hep-ph/0408045
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Combining KATRIN+CMB (Host, OL, Abdalla & Eitel 2007) =>> Ole’s talk
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Neutrinos - Summary * Redshift surveys (+ CMB) M < 0.7-1.8 eV
Ly-(+ CMB+LSS) M < 0.17 eV
* Within the -CDM scenarios, subject to priors. * Alternatives: MDM ruled out. * Future: errors down to 0.05 eV using SDSS+Planck, and weak gravitational lensing of background
galaxies and of the CMB. Resolve the neutrino absolute mass!
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Baryon Wiggles as Standard Rulers
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Imaging Surveys Survey Sq. Degrees Filters Depth Dates Status
CTIO 75 1 shallow published
VIRMOS 9 1 moderate published
COSMOS 2 (space) 1 moderate complete
DLS (NOAO) 36 4 deep complete
Subaru 30? 1? deep 2005? observing
CFH Legacy 170 5 moderate 2004-2008 observing
RCS2 (CFH) 830 3 shallow 2005-2007 approvedVST/KIDS/
VISTA/VIKING 1700 4+5 moderate 2007-2010? 50%approved
DES (NOAO) 5000 4 moderate 2008-2012? proposedPan-
STARRS ~10,000? 5? moderate 2006-2012? ~funded
LSST 15,000? 5? deep 2014-2024? proposed
JDEM/SNAP1000+ (space)
9 deep 2013-2018? proposed
VST/VISTA
DUNE
5000? 2010-2015?moderate 4+5 proposed
20000? (space) 2+1? moderate 2012-2018? proposed
Y. Y. Mellier
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DUNE: Dark UNiverse Explorer
Mission baseline: • 1.2m telescope • FOV 0.5 deg2
• PSF FWHM 0.23’’• Pixels 0.11’’ • GEO (or HEO) orbit
Surveys (3-year initial programme):• WL survey: 20,000 deg2 in 1 red broad band, 35 galaxies/amin2 with median z ~ 1, ground based complement for photo-z’s
• Near-IR survey (J,H). Deeper than possible from ground. Secures z > 1 photo-z’s
• SNe survey: 2x60 deg2, observed for 9 months each every 4 days in 6 bands, 10000 SNe out to z ~ 1.5, ground based spectroscopy
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Photometric redshift
• Probe strong spectral features (4000 break)
• Difference in flux through filters as the galaxy is redshifted.
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*Training on ~13,000 2SLAQ
*Generating with ANNz Photo-z for ~1,000,000
LRGs MegaZ-LRG
z = 0.046
Collister, Lahav,Blake et al., astro-ph/0607630
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Baryon oscillations
Blake, Collister, Bridle & Lahav; astro-ph/0605303
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The Dark Energy Survey• Study Dark Energy using 4 complementary techniques: I. Cluster Counts II. Weak Lensing III. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations IV. Supernovae
• Two multi-band surveys 5000 deg2 g, r, i, z 40 deg2 repeat (SNe)
• Build new 3 deg2 camera and data management system Survey 2010-2015 (525 nights) Response to NOAO AO
Blanco 4-meter at CTIO
300,000,000 photometric redshifts
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The DES CollaborationFermilab: J. Annis, H. T. Diehl, S. Dodelson, J. Estrada, B. Flaugher, J. Frieman, S. Kent, H. Lin, P. Limon, K. W. Merritt, J. Peoples, V. Scarpine, A. Stebbins, C. Stoughton, D. Tucker, W. WesterUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: C. Beldica, R. Brunner, I. Karliner, J. Mohr, R. Plante, P. Ricker, M. Selen, J. ThalerUniversity of Chicago: J. Carlstrom, S. Dodelson, J. Frieman, M. Gladders, W. Hu, S. Kent, R. Kessler, E. Sheldon, R. WechslerLawrence Berkeley National Lab: N. Roe, C. Bebek, M. Levi, S. PerlmutterUniversity of Michigan: R. Bernstein, B. Bigelow, M. Campbell, D. Gerdes, A. Evrard, W. Lorenzon, T. McKay, M. Schubnell, G. Tarle, M. TecchioNOAO/CTIO: T. Abbott, C. Miller, C. Smith, N. Suntzeff, A. WalkerCSIC/Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (Barcelona): F. Castander, P. Fosalba, E. Gaztañaga, J. Miralda-EscudeInstitut de Fisica d'Altes Energies (Barcelona): E. Fernández, M. MartínezCIEMAT (Madrid): C. Mana, M. Molla, E. Sanchez, J. Garcia-BellidoUniversity College London: O. Lahav, D. Brooks, P. Doel, M. Barlow, S. Bridle, S. Viti, J. Weller University of Cambridge: G. Efstathiou, R. McMahon, W. Sutherland University of Edinburgh: J. Peacock University of Portsmouth: R. Crittenden, R. Nichol, R. Maartnes, W. PercivalUniversity of Sussex: A. Liddle, K. Romer
plus postdocs and students
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The Dark Energy Survey UK Consortium
(I) PPARC funding: O. Lahav (PI), P. Doel, M. Barlow, S. Bridle, S. Viti, J. Weller (UCL), R. Nichol (Portsmouth), G. Efstathiou, R. McMahon, W. Sutherland (Cambridge) J. Peacock (Edinburgh)
Submitted a proposal to PPARC requesting £ 1.7M for the DES optical design. In March 2006, PPARC Council announced that it “will seek participation in DES”. PPARC already approved £220K for current R&D.
(II) SRIF3 funding: R. Nichol, R. Crittenden, R. Maartens, W. Percival (ICG Portsmouth) K. Romer, A. Liddle (Sussex)
Funding the optical glass blanks for the UCL DES optical work
These scientists will work together through the UK DES Consortium. Other DES proposals are under consideration by US and Spanish funding agencies.
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DES Forecasts: Power of Multiple Techniques
Assumptions:Clusters: 8=0.75, zmax=1.5,WL mass calibration
BAO: lmax=300WL: lmax=1000(no bispectrum)
Statistical+photo-z systematic errors only
Spatial curvature, galaxy biasmarginalized,Planck CMB prior
Factor 4.6 improvement over Stage II
w(z) =w0+wa(1–a) 68% CL
DETF Figure of Merit: inversearea of ellipse
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DES z=0.8 photo-z shell
Back of the envelope: improved by sqrt (volume) => Sub-eV from DES(OL, Abdalla, Black; in prep)
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0.0 eV0.40.91.7
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• * 4-5 complementary probes
• * Survey strategy delivers substantial DE science after 2 years
• * Relatively modest (~ $20-30M), low-risk, near-term project with high discovery potential
• * Synergy with SPT and VISTA on the DETF Stage III timescale
• * Scientific and technical precursor to the more ambitious Stage IV Dark Energy projects to follow: LSST and JDEM
DES and a Dark Energy Programme
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Some Outstanding Questions:
* Vacuum energy (cosmological constant, w= -1.000 after all ?) * Dynamical scalar field ? * Modified gravity ?
* Why /m = 3 ? * Non-zero Neutrino mass < 1eV ? * The exact value of the spectral index: n < 1 ?
* Excess power on large scales ? * Is the curvature zero exactly ?