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Ocular
manifestations of
HIV disease
Dr Linda Visser
Department of Ophthalmology,
Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine
University of KwaZulu-Natal
2016
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Conflict of interest: None
Financial disclosure: None
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1. 10 – 15%
2. 30 – 35%
3. 50 – 55%
4. 70 – 75%
Audience interaction slide 1
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Ocular manifestations
Incidence
70% - 75% of patients with HIV/AIDS will develop ocular disease sometime during the course of their illness
It may be the first sign
Etiology
Microvasculopathy
Opportunistic infections
Neoplasms
Immune dysregulation (autoimmune and hyperallergic
diseases)
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Ocular manifestations
Presentation
External (orbital and adnexal) manifestations
Anterior segment manifestations
Posterior segment manifestations
Neuro –ophthalmic manifestations
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Ocular manifestations correlating with immune status and stage of HIV infection
CD4 EXTERNAL EYE ANTERIOR SEGMENT POST SEGMENT NEURO OPHTHALMIC
1000 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Headache
500-1000 Allergic conjunctivitis HIV uveitis Retinal vasculitis Optic neuritis
Hypertrichosis Childhood arthritis and uveitis
200-500 Dry eye Herpes zoster Intraocular lymphoma Cryptococcal M
Blepharitis Herpes simplex Tuberculosis uveitis Lymphoma
HZO Keratitis Syphilitic uveitis TBM
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Molluscum contagiosum
OSSN
0-200 HIV Retinopathy
CMVR
PORN
Toxoplasmosis
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External eye manifestations
Allergic conjunctivitis
Dry eyes (sicca)
Blepharitis
Trichomegaly/hypertrichosis
Molluscum contagiosum
HZO
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN)
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital lymphoma
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Allergic conjunctivitis
Uncomfortable, red, itchy and sticky eyes
Similar to vernal conjunctivitis
Onset at older age
Stringy discharge
Mostly responds to weak steroid drops eg fluoromethalonebut may need systemic treatment
Recurs
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Dry eyes (sicca syndrome)
Burning uncomfortable
red eyes
Due to destruction of
lacrimal gland tissue or
lid infections or
secondary to Stevens-
Johnson syndrome
Treat with artificial tears
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Blepharitis
Common
Often associated with recurrent Meibomian
cysts
Lid hygiene, lid scrubs
and hot compresses
Antibiotic ointment
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Trichomegaly/hypertrichosis
Exaggerated eyelash
growth
Unknown cause but likely
autoimmune
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Molluscum contagiosum
DNA virus of pox virus family
Small elevation with central umbilicus
Often multiple and bilateral in AIDS
Treatment:
Surgical excision
Curettage
Cryotherapy
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Audience interaction slide 2
1. Kaposi sarcoma
2. Lymphoma (intraocular)
3. Lymphoma (orbital)
4. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN)
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Ocular Surface Squamous
Neoplasia (OSSN)
Patients <50yrs - ±50% are HIV +ve
Spectrum
Mild dysplasia
Moderate dysplasia
Severe dysplasia
Carcinoma-in-situ (CIS)
Invasive squamouscarcinoma
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OSSN
More aggressive in HIV disease
Elevated, well-demarcated grey to red gelatinous mass
Interpalpebral
Straddles nasal or temporal limbus
Prominent feeder vessels
Surface keratin
May be papilliform with tufted superficial vessels
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OSSN
Locally invasive if neglected
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OSSN
Treatment
Surgery
Complete local
excision with or without
lamellar dissection into
sclera or corneal
stroma
Enucleation of eye or
exenteration of orbit if
neglected and
invading eye or orbit
MMC 0,4% tds
alternate weeks x3
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Kaposi sarcoma (KS)
± 30% of AIDS patients
20% of these involve the eyelid skin or conjunctiva.
More malignant when associated with HIV and can disseminate
Red/purple (violaceous) subepidermal/ subepithelial nodule
Flat to elevated
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KS
Treatment
Local
Radiotherapy (8Gy)
Cryotherapy
Surgical excision
Intralesionalvinblastin
Systemic
Cytotoxicchemotherapy
Immunotherapy (alpha-interferon)
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Orbital disease
Fortunately rare
Ptosis or proptosis
may occur due to:
Infections
Inflammation
Neoplasms
of the paranasal
sinuses and
orbital tissues
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Anterior segment
manifestations
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Uveitis associated with arthritis in children
Anterior uveitis in adults
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO)
Herpes Simplex keratoconjunctivitis
Keratitis
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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Mucocutaneous disease
resulting in acute
membranous conjunctivitis
Caused by infections (HIV
per se, Herpes simplex,
streptococcus species) or
drugs (ARVs, sulfonamides)
Can lead to severe dry
eyes, conjunctival
vascularization and
keratinisation
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Uveitis associated with arthritis
in children
Similar to JIA, but
polyarticular
rather than
pauciarticular,
more common in
males and all
ANA negative
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Uveitis/arthritis in children
Following bilateral cataract surgery
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Anterior uveitis in adults
Caused by HIV per se or other
viruses (Herpes or CMV) or
bacteria (syphilis or TB)
Signs and symptoms
Pain and redness
Decrease in vision
Mild inflammation
AC activity
Treat with steroid eye drops
and treat underlying infection
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Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
(HZO)
Patients <40yrs usually
HIV +ve
Worse clinical course
than HIV -ve
Early or late in course
of HIV disease
Ocular involvement
may be severe
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HZO
Maculo-papulo-vesicular rash in trigeminal nerve distribution
Vesicles become pustules in 3 to 4 days, then dry and crust in 10 to 12 days
Neuralgia in the dermatome can continue for months or years
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HZO
Ocular involvement common (>70%)
Hutchinson’s sign (Vesicles on tip of nose)
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis
Dendritic
Neurotrophic
Episcleritis/Scleritis
Uveitis
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HZO
Secondary bacterial infection often occurs which compounds the scarring and leads to cicatricial entropion or ectropion
Chronic inflammation may lead to corneal vascularization, opacification, lipid keratopathy, thinning and even perforation of the cornea
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HZO
Treatment
Avoid dessication
Antivirals (7 – 10 days)
Acyclovir (Zovirax) 800mg 5x/day
Analgesics
Eg Brufen (acute pain)
EMLA gel
Amitriptyline at night for neuralgia
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Herpes simplex
Keratoconjunctivitis
Keratitis
More frequent recurrences
Dendrites located peripherally
Treatment:
Acyclovir – sometimes resistant
Topical acyclovir ointment 5 x dly
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Keratitis
Bacterial or fungal
Larger and more
aggressive
Slow improvement on
treatment
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Posterior segment
manifestations
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis (CMVR)
Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis (PORN)
Toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis
Tuberculous choroiditis/choroidal granulomas
Syphilitic chorioretinitis
Multifocal choroiditis of disseminated disease
HIV microangiopathy (cotton-wool spots)
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CMV Retinitis
Most common cause for visual loss in AIDS.
Typically in advanced stages of AIDS when CD4+ < 50 cells/mm³
Full-thickness retinal necrosis
Various patterns of infection
Brushfire, fulminant, indolent, perivascular, peripheral, frosted branch angiitis
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1. Twice a week
2. Weekly
3. Fortnightly
4. Monthly
5. Every 2 months
Audience interaction slide 3
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Treatment
Intravitreal ganciclovir
Twice weekly for 2 – 3
weeks
Weekly thereafter until
CD4 >60
Then fortnightly until
CD4 > 100
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Progressive outer retinal
necrosis (PORN)
HSV or VZV
Often have a history of cutaneous zoster infection, recent chicken pox infection or HSV ulcer
Rapid progression in circumferential fashion
Relative sparing of retinal vasculature early in the course
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PORN
67% blind within 1 month –
mainly due to rhegmatogenous RD
Treatment is with
intravitreal GCV –
excellent response
Add oral acyclovir
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The rapid progression of PORN
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Toxoplasmosis
Intense, white, focal
area of retinal
necrosis
Solitary, multifocal or
miliary patterns
Larger than in
immunocompetent
individuals and
usually no preexisting
scar
Substantial
inflammation
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Toxoplasmosis
Almost always has concomitant CNS involvement
10-40% of population has latent infection (congenital or acquired)
Reactivation of quiescent tissue cysts in HIV – 90% brain involved, then lungs and retina
Diagnosis on serology -IgG
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Treatment
Cotrimoxazole 4 qid for 2 weeks, then 4 bd for 1 month, then 2 bd until CD4 > 300
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TB choroiditis/choroidal
granuloma
Infrequently seen, usually very ill patients
with disseminated TB
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Syphilitic chorioretinitis
Vitritis associated with
bilateral, large,
solitary, placoid, pale
yellow subretinal
lesions with central
fading.
Stippled RPE
hyperpigmentation
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Multifocal choroiditis and
systemic dissemination
Cryptococcus
neoformans
Pneumocystis carinii
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Atypical
mycobacteria
Combination of 2 or
more
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Cotton-wool spots
NFL infarcts, part of HIV microangiopathy
CD4+ < 50 cells/mm³
Posterior pole or around optic disc
Can be associated with small intraretinalhaemorrhage similar to small focus CMVR
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Cotton-wool spots
Spontaneously resolve over several
months
Repeat examination
in 2 weeks to
distinguish between
this and CMVR
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Neuro-ophthalmic
manifestations
Optic Neuritis
Cranial nerve palsies
Papilloedema
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Optic Neuritis
Can be due to HIV disease per se
Can be associated with Neurosyphilis, TB meningitis, Cryptococcalmeningitis
Unilateral or bilateral
Severe decrease in vision
As vision can be lost permanently, systemic steroids are indicated
Do LP
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Cranial nerve palsies
Due to CNS lymphoma or CNS
infections eg neurosyphilis
Can be secondary to
microvasculopathy or HIV infection
per se
Often multiple cranial nerves
involved simultaneously
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Papilloedema
Secondary to :
Cryptococcal meningitis
TB meningitis
CNS Toxoplasmosis
Neurosyphilis
CNS Lymphoma and other
intracranial tumours
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Summary
HIV/AIDS is still on the increase in South Africa
and the rest of sub-Saharan Africa
More than 70% of patients will present to an
Ophthalmologist at some stage during their
illness and sometimes the Ophthalmologist will
be the one to make the diagnosis of HIV
The ophthalmic markers of HIV infection are
important for timeous referral and treatment.
![Page 54: Ocular manifestations of HIV disease - AWACC Visser - Ocular... · Ocular manifestations of HIV disease Dr Linda Visser Department of Ophthalmology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040210/5e5f7022c6c38a52df6a7ee2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
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