Download - October 30, 2007
![Page 1: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
October 30, 2007October 30, 2007
Lustyik
Diffussion, thermodiffusion.Diffussion, thermodiffusion.
Biological role of diffusionBiological role of diffusionOsmosis, chemiosmosisOsmosis, chemiosmosis
The microscopic transport of material
![Page 2: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Examples for the biological Examples for the biological role of diffusionrole of diffusion
![Page 3: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Motion of small molecules:
Diffusion of water in water: D = 2 x 10-9 m2/s
R2
= 6D
R = 1 cm: 8300 s (2 h 18 m)
R = 3 m (E. coli): 7.5 x 10-5 s
![Page 4: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Movement of K+ ions through the plasma membrane
Diffusion of K+ ions in water: D = 10-16 m2/s
100 nm x 100 nm
3 x 104 K+ ion /sec
x = 10 nm
C = 500 mM n/t = -D *A/x * c
![Page 5: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
O2
CO2
Cells and tissues
Blood flow
Diffusion
Diffusion
Légzés
Convective transport
Convective transport
![Page 6: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Oxygen and CO2 exchange in the lung
R2
= 6D
CO2
OO22
~1 m
Alveolus of the lung
Kapillary vessel
Alveolar epithelium
Kapillary endothelium
oxigen ~500 s
CO2 ~80 s Doxigen = 10-9 m2/s
DCO2 = 6 x 10-9 m2/s
![Page 7: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Diffusion limited rections
A + B AB PkD
k-D
k 1
2kA + B P
Racting molecules Reaction complex
Product
Reaction constants
Ha k-D k 1<<
k 2 kD=
![Page 8: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching)
D
Cell
Nucleus
![Page 9: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Flu
ores
cen
ce in
ten
sity
Time
FRAP recovery curve
Recovery
Bleaching
![Page 10: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Myoblast, expressing a compound that contains GFP (Green Fluorescence Protein)
FRAP
![Page 11: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
dndt
dd= - Drot
Rotational diffusion, Florescence anisotropy
![Page 12: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
fR
kTDrot
fR = 8r3
8rkT
Drot= 3
= 2DrotMeasurement with
fluorescence anisotropy
![Page 13: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Diffusion potencial
+ +
+++
+++
+
U
Cell membrane
+ +
+++
+++
+
![Page 14: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
dU =u+ - u-
u+ + u-RTzF
d(lnc)
Diffusion potential:
„ion mobility”
Integration of this equation provides the
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation
![Page 15: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
October 30, 2007October 30, 2007
Lustyik
Biological role of diffusionBiological role of diffusion
Osmosis, chemiosmosisOsmosis, chemiosmosis
The microscopic transport of material
![Page 16: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Solvent
Solute
Semipermeable wall or membrane
Osmosis
![Page 19: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
AlcoholAlcohol
Este Reggel
Nollet Abbe, 1748
Dutrochet, 1830
Sucrose solution
Water
![Page 20: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Models of osmosis:
Vant’Hoff law
Thermodynamic theory
![Page 21: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
vant’Hoff’s law
= RTc
= p
Solution
h
p = h g
Pure water
Jacobus Hendricus van’t Hoff (1852-1911)
![Page 22: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Thermodynamic theory
o1 = o + RT ln xo1
Chemical potential of the solvent:
o1 o2
p1 p2
+ Vpmp1
Vpm: parcial molar volume
![Page 23: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
o1 = o + RT ln xo1 + Vpmp1
Equilibrium:
o2 = o + RT ln xo2 + Vpmp2
o1 o2
p1 p2
o1 = o2
![Page 24: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
p2 – p1 = RTVpm
lnxo2xo1
o1 = o + RT ln xo1 + Vpmp1
o2 = o + RT ln xo2 + Vpmp2
o1 = o2
![Page 25: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
RT
Vpm
lnxo2
xo1
One compartment is pure solvent (xo1=1)The solution is incompressible (Vpm=konstans)
Solvent concentration is low
Vant’Hoff’s law: = RTc
= c (concentration of the solute)
![Page 26: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
= RTc
Molality: The number of moles of solute in 1 kg of solvent
Molarity: The number of moles of solute in 1 kg of solution
![Page 27: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
0,3 M glicerin:
0,3 M NaCl (Na+, Cl-):
0,3 Osmol
0,6 Osmol
Ozmolarity =
= molarity x number of dissociated ions
![Page 28: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Isotonic solutions:
If their ospmotic pressure is equal
Isotonic solutions with blood and cytoplasm:
0,15 M-os (0,87%) NaCl solution
5,5%-os glucose solution
3,8%-os Na-citrate solution
![Page 29: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Isotonic solution
Hypotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
Human and animal cells
Plant cells
![Page 30: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Thermoosmosis
Cold Warm
Equal concentrations (at start)
Solvent transport fom the warmer to the cooler side
Dilution concentration
![Page 31: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Biological, medical importance and application:
•Lysing red blood cells for clinical laboratory
•Development of oedemas
•Oedema treatment with hypertonic solution
•Mg-szulfát: causing diarrhea
•Hemodialisis of patients suffering from kidney insufficiency
•Dialisis of laboratory specimens
![Page 32: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Isotonic solution = isoosmotic solution
• Colloid osmotic pressure
• Membrane is permeable to the solvent
= RTc„reflection” coefficient 0 < < 1
![Page 33: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Szemipermeable membrane
„Leaky” membrane
Time
Hid
rost
ati c
pre
ssu
re d
iffe
ren
cep
„leaky”: permeable to the solvent
![Page 34: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Volume regulation of living animal cells
Time
Ch
ange
of
cell
vol
um
e
V Shrinking (water uptake)
Volume regulation
Ion transport, release of isotonic solution
![Page 35: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Flow maintained by thermodynamic forces:
Jk = Lk1 X1 + Lk2 X2 + … + Lkn Xn
k = 1, 2, 3, …n
Jv = Lpp p + Lpd Jd = Lpd p + Ldd
Onsager equations:
Jv: „volume” flow Jd: diffussion (osmotic) flow
![Page 36: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
JQ
Je Jm
Jv
T
U
c
p
Heat flow Volume flow
Electric current
Mass transport
Elektric potencial difference
Pressure difference
Concentration difference
Temperature difference
Diffusion
Thermoosmosis
![Page 37: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis
![Page 38: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Q
CyCNADH
I
II
III
NAD+
OH-
OH-
++
O2
Cytochrom system
ADP
ADP ATP
ATP
ATP Synthase
Chemiosmosis
![Page 39: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Q
CyCNADH
I
II
III
NAD+
OH-
OH-
++
O2
Citokróm rendszer
ADP
ADP ATP
ATP
ATP Synthase
Ca2+ +Cy A
No “Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore”
![Page 40: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Membrare potencial in mitochondria
Intact Damaged
![Page 41: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Limited and Facilitated Limited and Facilitated DiffusionDiffusion
Additional cellular transport mechanismsAdditional cellular transport mechanisms
![Page 42: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Passive transport (simple diffusion)
Facilitated diffusion
Cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
Membrane proteins
![Page 43: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
www.whfreeman.com
![Page 44: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Special, diffusion associated cellular mechanisms
The ability of an organism or cell to move towards or against concentration gradient of a specific chemical compound
Inflamatory response: Migration towards the inflamatory center
Bacterial migration for finding regions that it deems favorable
Sporulation of amebas
Chemotaxis:
![Page 46: October 30, 2007](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681309d550346895d968c03/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Running: flagella turn counterclockwise
„Tumbling”: flagella turn clockwise
Random walking on organelle scale.