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Characteristics of AR systems
Applications Types of AR Issues in AR
Human Factors 2: Augmented Reality
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Augmented Reality Characteristics
Combines real and virtual: virtual objects superimposed or composited with the real world (adding and/or removing)
Interactive in real time Registered in 3-D In contrast to VE’s, AR supplements reality rather than
replacing it
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Components of an AR system
NB: AR can be applied to all senses. There are systems that are being developed that can
accommodate sound, in which the user wears headphones equipped with microphones.
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Why use AR?
The information conveyed by the virtual objects helps the user perform real-world tasks. It provides information to the user that is not directly available to the user’s senses otherwise.
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Applications
Medical: project non-invasive imaging scans (MRI, CT, ultrasound) onto the patient’s body - “x-ray vision”. Particularly useful for minimally invasive surgery. Also for guiding precision surgery or training.
ultrasound guided needle biopsy
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Applications
Assembly, maintenance and repair: Instructions available on-site as superimposed 3D drawings (video)
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Applications
Visualization: e.g. architects may visualize how a particular structure will change the view of the environment. Or they may employ “x-ray vision” to visualize pipes, electric lines or structural supports inside walls (video).
Annotation: tag objects or enviroments with public or private information. E.g. a context sensitive (hand-held) display could provide info on library books as the user walks around a library.
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object IDobject ID
NaviCam [Rekimoto, UIST’94]
context-sensitive information assistant
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Applications
Robot path planning: due to long communication delays with a real robot, controlling the virtual version may be preferable
Military aircraft: superimpose vector graphics onto the pilot’s view of the world
Entertainment: e.g. virtual sets merging real actors with virtual backgrounds
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Applications
Wearable computing: context-sensitive & mobile
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http://www.microopticalcorp.com/
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Types
Optical see-through HMD Video see-through HMD Monitor based AR
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Optical See-Through HMD
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Video See-Through HMD
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Monitor based AR
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Issues in AR
What’s wrong with this picture?
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Issues in AR
WIMP interface is fundamentally wrong for AR Users are very sensitive to visual offsets (<1 min of arc) -
HMD trackers and displays cannot provide this level of accuracy: the registration problem (not so much a problem in VE’s). Note that some applications will demand high accuracy! Static errors: optical distortion; errors in tracking; misalignments Dynamic errors: end-to-end system latency (pot. solutions: lag
reduction; temporal stream matching (only w. video based systems); location prediction)
AR is in its infancy: No turnkey, off-the-shelf AR systems available; much research still needed on perceptual, cognitive and social issues