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Objective Personality TestsObjective Personality Tests
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Examples of uni-dimensional traitsSurveys
Examples of uni-dimensional traitsSurveys
Locus of Control Need for Cognition Tolerance of Ambiguity Type A/B
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Locus of ControlLocus of Control
Julian Rotter 1966 Internal vs External Control of reinforcement Internal = own action determines rewards External = rewards determined by luck,
fate, chance
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Need for CognitionNeed for Cognition
Cacioppo and Petty 1982 “tendency for an individual to engage in and
enjoy thinking”
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Tolerance for AmbiguityTolerance for Ambiguity
MSTAT - Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance
David McLain 1993 “ability to tolerate contradictory and
incalculable information” Trait or state?
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Type A/BType A/B
Friedman and Jordan 1950s Type A = ambitious, rigidly organized,
highly status conscious, sensitive, truthful, impatient, try to help others, meet deadlines, multi-task
Type B = apathetic, patient, relaxed, easy-going, no sense of time schedule, poor organizational skills
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Examples of uni-dimensional traitsBehavioral
Examples of uni-dimensional traitsBehavioral
Impulsive/Reflective (Kagan - Matching familiar figures)
Field Dependent/Independent (Witkin - embedded figures)
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Impulsive/ReflectiveImpulsive/Reflective
Matching Familiar Figures – (MFF) Jerome Kagan – 1965 Based on time to react Slower, more accurate = reflective Faster, less accurate = impulsive
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Field Dependent/IndependentField Dependent/Independent
Embedded Figures Test – (EFT)
Herman Witkin – 1950’s
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Field DependentField Dependent
– has trouble finding geometric shape embedded in background = very interpersonal, reads social cues well, openly convey own feelings. Women more likely field dependent
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Field independentField independent
– readily finds geometric shape regardless of background = has internal frame of reference, imposes own sense of order on situation lacking structure, impersonal and task oriented, separate own self identity from field. Men frequently field independent.
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Personality assessmentPersonality assessment
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Briggs 1940s Based on Jung’s personality dimensions 126 forced choice questions 20-30 minutes
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Heavily used in research lots of validity studies used in academic and counseling settings vocational preferences interpersonal interactions
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (example of MBTI types)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (example of MBTI types)
Measures 4 dimensions of personalityextroversion-introversion (EI)
sensing-intuition (SN)
thinking-feeling (TF)
judgement-perception (JP) combine into 16 personality types e.g. ESTJ
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Keirsey Temperament Sorter – IIKTS-II
Keirsey Temperament Sorter – IIKTS-II
Similar to MBTI test profile - high validity – computerized - shorter
4 Scales (E)=Expressive vs. (I)=Attentive (S)=Observant vs. (N)=Introspective (T)=Tough-minded vs. (F)=Friendly (J)=Scheduling vs. (P)=Probing
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MBTI/KRT/imagesMBTI/KRT/images Scores???? ESFJ – (MBTI) ISFJ – (KRT) ENTP – ABAB Reliability???? Validity????? Standardization????
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Survey dataSurvey data
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16 Personality Factors - 16 PF16 Personality Factors - 16 PF Cattell - 1956 - last revised 2000 data reduction by factor analysis Started with 18,000 adjectives describing
personality = 16 factors 185 items (true, ?, false) 30-60 minutes 5th grade reading level (16 years and over) computer or hand score
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16 Personality Factors - 16 PF16 Personality Factors - 16 PF
Measures 16 primary personality traits good reliability - test/retest, internal good validity - construct and criterion lots of norms and profiles Heavily used in research Counseling (couples) Career and vocational guidance
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16 factor scales16 factor scales 16 bipolar dimensions of personality 5 global factors
Extraversion Anxiety Tough-mindedness Independence Self-control
IM (impression management)
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16 factors – additional scales16 factors – additional scales
Vocational themes Validity scales Leadership scores Degree of compatibility
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Revised NEO Personality InventoryNEO – PI-R
Revised NEO Personality InventoryNEO – PI-R
Costa & McCrae - 1985/1995 Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness
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16 PF and NEO16 PF and NEO
Are they the same dimensions?????
How would we tell?????
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Original development 1940 –Hathaway & McKinley
(MMPI-2 1989) MMPI-2-RF 2008 Over 18 years MMPI -A – 1992 (adolescent) 14 – 18 yrs Clinical populations paper-pencil, computer or audio 35-50 minutes About 338 questions
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI-2-RF)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI-2-RF)
Criterion based (or data reduction)
large pool of questions
select appropriate criterion groups
factor analysis
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MMPI – 2-RF scalesMMPI – 2-RF scales
50 scales 8 Validity scales addiction scales supplemental scales
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Problems with MMPI-2Problems with MMPI-2
norms inter-item consistency is low high inter correlations between scores validity reading at 6th grade self-report
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California Psychological Inventory-260 (CPI)
California Psychological Inventory-260 (CPI)
Developed 1956 -- revised 2005 assess normal adult personality 260 true/false questions (1/2 from MMPI) 30-45 minutes paper-pencil normed on college students
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California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
29 socially desirable behavioral tendenciesInterpersonal styles
self acceptance
self control
flexibility more positive than MMPI used for educational, vocational, counseling
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