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Chapter 23: The Coming War
OBJECTIVES: Chapter 23:1, Dictators and War
o We will examine how dictators and militaristic regimes arose in several nations in the 1930s.
o We will summarize the actions taken by aggressive regimes in Europe and Asia.
o We will analyze the responses of Britain, France, and the United States to these aggressive regimes.
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(Pro 17:15) He that justifieth the
wicked, and he that condemneth
the just, even they both are
abomination to the LORD.
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Chapter 23: The Coming War
• In November 1918, World War I ended when Germany surrendered to the Allies.
• At Versailles, only Britain, France and the U.S. had real say in most of the important decisions.
• Germany and Russia were not even present.
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Chapter 23: The Coming War
• Italy and Japan both allies
expected far more land for
their sacrifices.
• A mountain of frustration and
bitterness and a desire for
revenge capped what Wilson
said was “The war to end all
wars.”
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Chapter 23: The Coming War
• In the 1920s many nations moved towards democracy and freedom.
• Others took opposite direction embracing repressive dictatorships or totalitarianism.
• Totalitarianism is a government where a single party or leader controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people.
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Rise of Totalitarianism
• In 1917 Communist Revolution in Russia led to the first totalitarian state.
• The communist leader Vladimir Lenin created the beginnings of a Totalitarian system of control to maintain power.
• His programs resulted in civil war, starvation, famine, and the death of millions of Russians.
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Rise of Totalitarianism
• After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph
Stalin led the Soviet Union.
• Stalin means “man of steel” in
Russian.
• He was extremely cruel and
ruthless.
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Rise of Totalitarianism
• His efforts to transform the Soviet Union into a industrial power and form state-run collective farms resulted in the deaths of at least 10 million people.
• In what was known as a the Great Terror, Stalin purged the Communist Party of real or suspected traitors ordering deaths or imprisonment of up to a million people.
• A combination of fear and massive propaganda left Stalin in power.
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Rise of Totalitarianism
• In Italy, the nation was disappointed that it did not gain territory it sought from the break up of Austria-Hungary.
• Added was a postwar depression that made it difficult for returning veterans to get jobs.
• A communist movement grew and the government seemed inept to stop it.
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Rise of Totalitarianism
• During this time Benito Mussolini came on the scene in 1919 and founded the Fascist Party.
• A right-wing organization that trumpeted nationalism and promised to make Italy great again.
• Followers of this man were known as Black Shirts.
• They fought in the streets against socialists and communists.
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Rise of Totalitarianism
• Fearing Revolution King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to form a government.
• Mussolini called himself leader and consolidated his control over the government and the army within a few years.
• He outlawed political parties, took over the press, created a secret police, organized youth groups to indoctrinate the young and suppressed strikes.
• He opposed liberalism and socialism.
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• Isa_33:22 For the LORD is
our judge, the LORD is our
lawgiver, the LORD is our
king; he will save us.
• 1Jn_4:8 He that loveth not
knoweth not God; for God is
love.
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• The exercise of force is contrary to the principles of God's government; He desires only the service of love; and love cannot be commanded; it cannot be won by force or authority. Only by love is love awakened. To know God is to love Him.... {Desire of Ages: 22.1}
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Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan
• After World War I, Germany became a democracy.
• Weimar Republic struggled throughout the 1920s to establish a functioning democracy.
• However, Germany was beset with severe economic troubles in the 1920s, including runaway inflation.
• Anger over the Treaty of Versailles and internal disunity also plagued the young government.
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Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan
• In the 1930s, the worldwide
Great Depression hit the Weimar
Republic hard, worsening
problems that already existed.
• Increasingly antidemocratic
parties on the right especially
the National Socialist German
Workers Party (Nazi) threatened
the Republic.
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Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan
• Nazis were not socialists.
• They bitterly opposed Communism
and socialism and promoted class
interests or worker’s right above
German ethnic solidarity.
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Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan
• Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party, the son of a minor civil servant from Austria, a failed artist, and a wounded and decorated WWI soldier.
• Hitler was also in prison after the party attempted a rebellion and he wrote the book Mein Kampf, in which he stated his observations of the problems facing Germany.
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Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan
• He criticized many people, political programs, and ideologies, but his sharpest assaults were against communists and Jews.
• Hitler was violently anti-Semitic or prejudiced against the Jewish people.
• He preached that the greatest threat against Germany was the Jewish people.
• His book became a national bestseller and inflamed already prejudice against Jews, for their religious differences and economic intolerance.
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Hitler Seizes Power
• Over the next two years, Hitler became
president as well as chancellor,
consolidated his power, and ruled
unchecked by the Reichstag or the
German parliament.
• By 1935 the democratic institutions of
the Weimar Republic was silenced,
and Hitler spoke alone as the voice of
Germany.
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Hitler Seizes Power
• The shattered German economy, the widespread unemployment, homelessness and hunger played into Nazi’s hands.
• Recognizing the power of Hitler’s party, in January 1932, the president of the Weimar Republic appointed Hitler chancellor over Germany.
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Hitler Seizes Power
• Hitler was aided by a secret police that crushed all opposition, a state-controlled press that praised his accomplishments.
• And a state controlled educational system that indoctrinated the young, that portrayed Hitler in a godlike aura.
• By the late 1930s, Hitler’s economic policies, including rearmament and massive public works projects had ended the depression in Germany.
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Hitler Seizes Power
• Many Germans followed his lead
and cheered for him at Nazi rallies.
• Hitler’s political initiative restricted
freedom.
• He openly attacked Jewish people,
Communists, and socialists.
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Discussion Question
• Why do you think nations like Germany were ready to embrace leaders like Hitler?
• What is the significant of totalitarian regimes controlling the media and education system? Why do you think they want to control information? Do you think even in the United States, the media is seeking to cause people to think and believe in a certain way especially when it comes to morality and lifestyle?
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Militarists Gain Power in Japan Guided Notes, page 6.
• In Japan as in Germany, the 1920s
was a period of increased
democracy and peaceful change.
• The Japanese government reduced
the power of the military, passed
laws to give all men the right to
vote, legalized trade unions, and
allowed several diverse political
parties to be established.
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Militarists Gain Power in Japan
• This period ended with the Great
Depression, the economic crisis
discredited Japan’s Civilian
Leaders.
• Reasserting their traditional
powers, military leaders argued that
expansion throughout Asia would
solve Japan’s economic troubles
and guarantee future security.
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Militarists Gain Power in Japan
• Throughout the 1930s, the military
played a significant role in shaping
Japanese civilian and military
policy.
• However there was no single
charismatic leader and Japan
continued as a constitutional
monarchy headed mainly by aloof
emperor.
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Expansion of the Empire
• Military control led to aggression.
• In 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria a region of northeastern China and established a puppet state.
• Japan controlled its domestic and foreign policies as well and its abundant natural resources.
• In 1937, Japan moved against China, gaining control over major Chinese railroad links and costal areas.
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Expansion of the Empire
• In the then capital city of Nanjing
Japanese soldiers acted with such
brutality, murdering more than
200,000 residents and burning a
large section of the city that the
incident became known as the
“Rape of Nanjing.”
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Dictators Turn To Aggression
• League of Nations never recovered from America’s refusal to join it.
• League was handicapped by its own charter.
• It had no standing army and no real power to enforce its decrees.
• Hitler focused on restoring Germany’s strength and nullifying the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
• From 1933 to 1936, he rebuilt the German economy and dramatically enlarged the army, navy, and air force in direct defiance of the Treaty of Versailles.
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Dictators Turn To Aggression
• In the mid-1930s Hitler sought toward his goal of unifying all Germanic people into one state.
• In 1935 he reclaimed Saar region from French control.
• In 1936, in a direct challenge to the League, he sent German troops into the Rhineland.
• The League failed to respond.
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Dictators Turn To Aggression
• Mussolini in 1935 invaded Ethiopia
and when her Emperor, Haile
Selassie appealed to the League for
support, the organization did
nothing.
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Dictators Turn To Aggression
• Fascists also were victorious in the Spanish Civil War where Germany and Italy supported Francisco Franco who overthrew Spain’s democratic Republican government.
• They also tested their military technology.
• The U.S. and Great Britain and France were largely in the sidelines.
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Dictators Turn To Aggression
• The policy that France and Britain pursued against aggressive nations during the 1930s is known as appeasement.
• It is a policy of granting concessions to a potential enemy in hope that it will maintain peace.
• This allowed the Fascist powers to be more bold and aggressive.
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• U.S. played an important role in this
appeasement policy.
• Although in the 1930s, FDR
pursued a good neighbor policy
with Latin America and improved
relations with the Soviet Union, he
did not take a forceful line against
German aggression.
• Instead the U.S. concerned itself
with its own economic troubles and
embraced a policy of isolationism.
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• Hitler took advantage and in
1938 annexed Austria called
Anschluss.
• Hitler then took Sudetenland
a portion of western
Czechoslovakia largely
populated by ethnic
Germans.
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Munich Conference:
• At the Munich Conference with Hitler, British prime minister Neville Chamberlain and French premiere Edouard Daladier sacrificed the Sudetenland to preserve the peace.
• On the return to London, Chamberlain declared that the Munich Pact was meant to secure peace.
• He was wrong.
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Discussion Question
• What would you have done differently if you
were in the position of Britain, France, and
the United States in dealing with Hitler?
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Chapter 23: The Coming War
OBJECTIVES: Learning About the Holocaust
o We will trace the roots and
progress of Hitler’s campaign
against the Jews.
o We will study the goals of Hitler’s
Final Solution.
o We will examine how the United
States responded to the
Holocaust.
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Eph_5:11 And have no fellowship
with the unfruitful works of
darkness, but rather reprove
them.
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Hitler Preaches Hate: Page 4 Guided Notes.
• From the start the Nazi
movement was seeped in anti-
Semitism.
• Hitler blamed Jews for all the ills
of Germany, from Communism to
inflation, to abstract painting
and especially the German
defeat of WWI.
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The Holocaust
• At first persecution of Jews was
economic.
• Hitler urged Germans to boycott
Jewish-owned businesses and he
barred Jews from jobs in civil service,
banking, stock exchange, law.
journalism, and medicine.
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The Holocaust
• In 1935, Hitler banned marriage
between Jews and non-Jews and
segregated Jews at every level of
society.
• Hitler had total control of society
and used propaganda to promote
anti-Jew hate.
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The Holocaust
• This was the building blocks for the
Holocaust.
• It is the Nazi attempt to kill all Jews
under their control.
• Nazi ideology stipulated that
Aryans (white, especially German,
Nordic, and Anglo-Saxon blood)
were superior to other people.
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The Holocaust
• In the 1936 Olympics in
Berlin Germany, Jesse
Owens and Sohn Kee
Chung disproved that
theory by winning Olympic
Gold.
• Mack Robinson, Jackie
Robinson’s brother won a
silver medal.
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• Rom_10:12 For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him.
• Joh_13:34 A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another.
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Violence Erupts on Kristallnacht
• On November 9, 1938,
Kristallnacht or night of the
broken class.
• After a Jewish refugee killed a
German diplomat in Paris.
• Nazi officials ordered attacks
on Jews in Germany, Austria,
and Sudetenland.
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Violence Erupts on Kristallnacht
• Secret Police and military units
destroyed more than 1,500
synagogues and 7,500 Jewish
owned businesses, killed more
than 200 Jews and injured
600 others.
• The Nazis arrested thousands.
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Violence Erupts on Kristallnacht
• Between 1933 and 1937
129,000 Jews fled Germany
and Nazi-controlled Austria.
• They included notable
figures in the scientific and
artistic world, including
physicist Albert Einstein.
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Violence Erupts on Kristallnacht
• But the Great Depression caused U.S. and other countries to bar their doors to many Jews.
• The St. Louis departed Germany for Cuba with 900 Jewish refugees.
• 22 passengers were permitted to stay.
• The ship returned to Germany.
• Almost 600 Jews onboard the ship died in concentration camps.
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Violence Erupts on Kristallnacht
• Before the war, the U.S. could have done more if it relaxed its immigration policy and accepted more Jewish refugees.
• Anti-Semitism,
• apathy,
• Preoccupation of problems from the Great Depression
• and a tendency to underestimate Hitler’s genocidal plans played a factor.
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Violence Erupts on Kristallnacht
• The Nazis would culminate their
persecution of the Jews with the
final solution the systematic
extermination of all Jews living in
the region.
• Today we call such wilful
annihilation of a racial, political,
or cultural group as genocide.
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Concentration Camps
• In 1933, the year he became
chancellor, Hitler opened the first
Nazi concentration camps where
members of specifically
designated groups were confined.
• In theory the camps were not to
kill but to rather turn them into
useful members of society.
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Concentration Camps
• Nazi’s also imprisoned political
opponents such as labor
leaders, socialists, communists,
or anyone that opposed the
regime.
• Also considered undesirables
were Gypsies, Jehovah
Witnesses, homosexuals,
physical disabled.
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Discussion Question
• Should nations around the world get involved and use whatever methods to try to stop genocide from happening, including sending troops?
• Do you think the United States should accept refugees freely from dangerous nations such as Syria even though there maybe a possibility for ISIS to pretend to be refugees to attack the U.S.?
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Chapter 23: The Coming War
OBJECTIVES: Chapter 23:2: From Isolation To Involvement
o We will analyze the course of the early years of World War II in Europe.
o We will describe FDR’s foreign policy in the mid-1930s and the great debate between interventionists and isolationists.
o We will examine how the United States became more involved in the conflict.
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(Mat 5:42) Give to him that
asketh thee, and from him that
would borrow of thee turn not
thou away.
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• In Chicago, October 5, 1937,
FDR spoke out against
Japanese aggression in Asia.
• In fact Japan also sunk a
American gunboat Panay on
the Chang River killing three
American sailors.
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• FDR suggested that no part
of the world was truly
isolated from the rest of the
world.
• He was heavily criticized for
his speech but it marked
that he gave alert to some
Americans to the threat
Japan posed to the U.S.
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• Britain and France saw the
need to take action.
• They vowed not to let Hitler
take another country
without consequences.
• Realizing that Hitler’s next
move would be against
Poland, Britain and France
signed an alliance with
Poland promising aid if
Hitler attacked.
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• Hitler was more concerned
about war with the USSR than
with France and Great Britain.
• Not wanting to fight a war in
two fronts Germany singed the
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression
Pact with USSR on August 23,
1939.
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• The two former rivals publicly promised not to attack one another.
• Secretly they agreed to invade and divide Poland and recognize each other’s territorial ambitions.
• The public agreement alone shocked the West and guarantee an invasion of Poland by Germany.
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War Begins
• War came to Europe in the early hours of September 1, 1939, when a massive German blitzkrieg or sudden attack on Poland.
• It was a new style of warfare that emphasized the use of speed and firepower to penetrate deep into the enemy’s territory using coordinated assaults from Planes and Tanks and motorized vehicles and infantry.
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War Begins
o In the midst of this attack, the Soviet Union also invaded Poland from the East.
o Poland was defeated by the end of the month.
o France and Britain declared war against Germany, but they did nothing to help save Poland.
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War Begins
• Europe was at war just like 21
years ago.
• The Axis Powers eventually
included Germany, Italy, Japan,
and several other nations.
• The allies included Britain,
France, and eventually, many
other nations, including the
Soviet Union, the U.S., and China.
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War Begins
• After the Polish invasion there was a eight month period of relative quiet called the phony war.
• The next storm erupted in the spring of 1940,
• Germany’s nonaggression pact with the USSR freed Hitler to send his army west.
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War Begins
• On April 9, 1940 Germany
attacked Denmark and Norway.
• The two countries almost fell
immediately.
• May 10, Netherlands, Belgium,
and Luxembourg.
• The small nations fell like
tumbling dominos.
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France Next.
• Hitler then set his sights on France.
• The French thought that the Germans would invade through Belgium like they did in World War I and sent its finest army there.
• An area thought invasion proof was the Ardennes, a hilly forested area that military experts thought was invasion proof.
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France Next.
• But the experts were proved
wrong as German forces
invaded from that area, and
was in the midst of trapping the
British and French Forces in a
area near the English Channel.
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War Begins
• A few German tactical mistakes allowed Britain enough time to evacuate both British and French forces from the port of Dunkirk numbering 338,000.
• Had they not escaped, it would have been doubtful if Britain remained in the war.
• It was called the Miracle of Dunkirk.
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1Co_10:13 There hath no
temptation taken you but such as
is common to man: but God is
faithful, who will not suffer you to
be tempted above that ye are
able; but will with the temptation
also make a way to escape, that
ye may be able to bear it.
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Paris Falls
• Germany took Paris and forced the French to surrender in the same railway car that the French used for surrender in 1918.
• France was divided into two sections.
• The larger northern section controlled by the Germans were known as occupied France.
• And the smaller southern section administered by the French known as unoccupied France or Vichy France.
• Although officially neutral, they collaborated with the Nazis.
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The Battle of Britain
• After France fell in 35 days, Hitler then sent his forces after Britain.
• New Prime Minister Winston Churchill inspired the people to hold their ground.
• Hitler’s plan was called Operation Sea Lion where the German Luftwaffe or air force sought to destroy the British Royal Air Force and gain control over the skies in the English Channel.
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The Battle of Britain
• The Battle of Britain was an air battle.
• The British lost nearly 1,000 planes and the Germans lost more than 1,700 planes.
• Germany bombed civilian as well as military targets including houses, factories, and churches with a month long blitz against London.
• Yet London held its ground.
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American Debates Intervention
• President Roosevelt shared Churchill’s concerns but at the beginning of the war, the majority of Americans opposed U.S. intervention.
• The Great Depression had everyone focus on domestic affairs.
• Many also believed that the U.S, involved in WWI was a deadly mistake.
• The rise of fascism in Europe made the sacrifices of WWI seem even more pointless.
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American Debates Intervention
• Congress passed the Neutrality
Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937.
• The acts imposed certain
restrictions on Americans during
times of war.
• For example, Americans were
prohibited from sailing on ships
owned by nations at war.
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American Debates Intervention
• The Neutrality Acts also prevented
Americans from making loans to
belligerent nations or selling
weapons.
• The act did not distinguish
between aggressors like Germany
and Italy and victims like Poland
or their allies, France and Britain.
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American Debates Intervention
• Once war began in Europe,
Roosevelt felt confined by the
limitations of the Neutrality Acts.
• Though he issued a proclamation of
American neutrality, he was firmly
anti-Nazi and wanted to aid the
democracies of Europe.
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American Debates Intervention
• Congress agreed and passed the Neutrality Act of 1939 which included a cash-and carry provision.
• This provision allowed belligerent nations to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid and carried the merchandise on their own ships.
• Since the British navy controlled the seas, cash-and-carry in effect aided the allies.
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American Debates Intervention
• Many Americans disagreed with FDR openly pro-allied positions.
• They thought it violated American neutrality and draw the country to the war.
• A great debate between isolationists and interventionists raged particularly after the fall of France and the Battle of Britain.
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Isolationist viewpoint.
• United States should avoid alliances with other nations.
• Americans should focus on issues at home, such as the Depression.
• Complete neutrality was the way to keep the U.S. safe.
• Intervention, in a foreign war would be a mistake just as WWI was.
• Charles Lindbergh believed that the Soviets and Japanese were the real threats and not Western Europe.
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Interventionists Viewpoint
• The U.S. should work with other nations to promote collective security.
• Axis aggressions were wrong and threatened American interests.
• The U.S. should aid the Allies, who were fighting for democracy and freedom.
• The U.S. should put pressure on the Axis powers and prepare for war.
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Preparing For War
• Edward R. Murrow a CBS reporter
brought first-hand accounts on
the blitz in London that the
bombings were directed towards
civilians.
• This convinced Americans to at
least the need to prepare to
defend itself.
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Preparing For War
• Shortly after the fall of
France in September
1940, Germany, Italy,
and Japan signed the
Tripartite Pact and
became allies.
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Preparing For War
• In the same month, after heated
debate between isolationists and
interventionists, Congress passed a
Selective Service Act,
• A peace time draft providing for
military training of 1.2 million troops
and 800,000 reserve troops each
year.
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Preparing For War
• At the same time FDR took an additional step to strengthen Britain.
• He gave the British 50 WWI era Battleships in exchange for eight British defense bases.
• Britain needed the ships to convoy goods across the Atlantic.
• Believing the act to be an emergency measure, FDR made the transfer without the consent of Congress.
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Preparing For War
• On January 6, 1941 after he was elected for a third term, FDR addressed Congress with the “four freedoms.”
• Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
• These freedoms were threatened by Nazi and Japanese militarism.
• FDR believed that the best way to stay out of the conflict with Germany was to aid Britain.
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Discussion Question
• Which of the four freedoms do you feel is the
most important and why?
• Then go to the corner of which freedom you
think is the most important.
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Preparing For War
• In March 1941, Congress approved the Lend-Lease Act symbolically numbered 1776 after much heated debate.
• The act authorized FDR to sell, transfer title, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government any defense article.”
• Whenever he thought it was “necessary in the interest of the defense of the United States.”
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Preparing For War
• By 1945 the U.S. had sent
more than $40 billion of
Lend-Lease to aid to the
Allies, including the Soviet
Union.
• It was basically an economic
declaration of war to the
Axis Power.
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Preparing For War
• In August 1941, FDR met
with Churchill secretly on a
warship off Newfoundland.
• They talked not only about
Britain’s problems in the
war but also about their
hopes for the war after
Hitler’s defeat.
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Preparing For War
• They signed the Atlantic
Charter that endorsed
national self-determination,
and an international system
of “general security.”
• It signaled a deepening
alliance between both
nations.
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U.S. Navy Battles German U Boats.
• Hitler was not blind to the U.S, who began to escort arms shipment to Iceland, where the British picked them up and brought it to England.
• In the fall of 1941, he ordered his German U boats to attack American ships attacking several including the U.S.S. Reuben James that killed more than a hundred sailors.
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U.S. Navy Battles German U Boats.
• This angered the Americans.
• FDR gave orders to the navy to
attack German U boats on sight.
• In June 1941, Germany went to war
against the Soviet Union.
• War seemed inevitable with the
U.S.
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Discussion Question
• If you were living in America in the late
1930s, would you be an interventionist or
isolationist?
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Chapter 23: The Coming War
OBJECTIVES: Chapter 23:3 America Enters the War
o We will examine why Japan decided to attack Pearl Harbor and describe the attack itself.
o We will examine how the United States mobilized for war after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
o We will summarize the course of the war in the Pacific through the summer of 1942.
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(Luk 21:34) And take heed to
yourselves, lest at any time your
hearts be overcharged with
surfeiting, and drunkenness, and
cares of this life, and so that day
come upon you unawares.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
• Although the U.S. and Japan were allies in WWI, tensions were brewing for decades.
• Japan as the area’s industrial and economic leader resented any threats to its authority in the region.
• America’s presence in Guam and the Philippines and its support of China posed such threats.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
• As war in Europe broke out, the Japanese Empire continued to grow in China and began to move into Indochina.
• July 1940, FDR sought to stop this expansion by placing an embargo on important naval and aviation supplies to Japan, such as oil, iron ore, fuel, steel, and rubber.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
• After Japan signed the
Tripartite Pact in 1940
with Germany and Italy,
FDR signed a more
extensive embargo.
• The embargo did not stop
but slowed expansion.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
• In 1941, General Hideki Tojo
became the Japanese prime
minister.
• Known as “the Razor” for his sharp
mind he focused on military
expansion but wanted to keep the
U.S. neutral.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
• In the Summer of 1941 Japan and the U.S. attempted to negotiate an end of their disagreement but with little success.
• Japan wanted to expand and the U.S. was against it.
• Finally in late November 1941, Cordell Hull, the U.S. Secretary of State rejected Japan’s latest demands.
• Tojo had given up on peace and ordered a surprise attack on the U.S. for a decisive blow.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
• Japan’s navy sailed for Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii the site of the
U.S. Navy’s main Pacific base.
• The forces that Tojo sent from
Japan under the command of
Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo
included 6 aircraft carries, 360
planes, and a fleet of warships.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
• Their mission was to eradicate the American naval and air presence in the Pacific with a surprise attack.
• Such a blow would prevent Americans from maintaining a strong resistance to Japanese expansion.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
• Americans suffered heavy losses.
• Nearly 2,500 people killed,
• 8 battleships severely damaged,
• 3 destroyers left unusable,
• 3 light cruisers damaged,
• and 160 aircraft destroyed
• and 128 more damaged.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
o The U.S. battle fleet was knocked out of commission for nearly six months.
o Allowing the Japanese to freely access the needed raw materials for their newly conquered territories just as they planned.
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Dodie Miller: Hero
• Dodie Miller was a cook in the
U.S.S. West Virginia.
• He was the first African
American to receive the Navy
Cross Medal for his actions at
Pearl Harbor.
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Dodie Miller: Hero
• On 7 December 1941. Miller had arisen at 6 a.m., and was collecting laundry when the alarm for general quarters sounded. He headed for his battle station, the antiaircraft battery magazine a midship, only to discover that torpedo damage had wrecked it, so he went on deck. Because of his physical prowess, he was assigned to carry wounded fellow Sailors to places of greater safety. Then an officer ordered him to the bridge to aid the mortally wounded Captain of the ship. He subsequently manned a 50 caliber Browning anti-aircraft machine gun until he ran out of ammunition and was ordered to abandon ship.
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Dodie Miller: Hero
• Miller described firing the machine gun during the battle, a weapon which he had not been trained to operate: "It wasn't hard. I just pulled the trigger and she worked fine. I had watched the others with these guns. I guess I fired her for about fifteen minutes. I think I got one of those Jap planes. They were diving pretty close to us."
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Dodie Miller: Hero
• Miller was commended by the Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox on 1 April 1942, and on 27 May 1942 he received the Navy Cross, which Fleet Admiral (then Admiral) Chester W. Nimitz, the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet personally presented to Miller on board aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) for his extraordinary courage in battle. Speaking of Miller, Nimitz remarked:
• “This marks the first time in this conflict that such high tribute has been made in the Pacific Fleet to a member of his race and I'm sure that the future will see others similarly honored for brave acts.” Source: U.S. Navy Website: History Page.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
• Despite these losses, the situation was not as bad as it could have been.
• The most important ships, the aircraft carriers were out at sea during the time of the attack and were not attacked along with seven heavy cruisers.
• Of the ships attacked, only three, The Arizona, Oklahoma, and Utah suffered irreparable damage.
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Japan Attacks the U.S.
• American submarine bases also survived as did important fuel and maintenance facilities.
• Nagumo canceled a third wave of bombers and refused to seek out the aircraft carriers and turned back towards home because he feared an American counterattack.
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America Declares War
• FDR addressed Congress the following day and asked to declare war against Japan and Congress unanimously voted.
• The attack on Pearl Harbor unified the nation on the war.
• Politics were swept away as the house voted 388 to 1 and 100 to 0 in the Senate.
• Initial suspicion of supporting the allies because of the Soviet Union went away.
• Germany and Italy true to their commitments declared war on the U.S.
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Mobilizing For War:
• A Spirit of Patriotism swept across the country.
• During the war more than 16 million Americans served in the military.
• From 1941 to 1942 alone the army grew from 1.4 million to 3 million.
• The navy increased from under 300,000 to more than 600,000.
• And marines from 54,000 to 150,000.
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Mobilizing For War:
• 300,000 Mexican Americans and 25,000 Native Americans served in integrated units.
• Nearly one million African Americans joined the military but served mostly in segregated units.
• However as casualties mounted, more African Americans saw more active combat, eventually served in White combat units.
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Mobilizing For War:
• Over 350,000 women also responded to the call.
• 1941 Congresswoman Edith Nourse Rogers introduced a bill to establish what would become the Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
• Women became clerical workers, truck drivers, instructors and lab technicians for the U.S. Army.
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Mobilizing For War:
• More than 150,000 women
volunteered for the service,
15,000 served abroad over the
course of the war and over 600
received medals for their service.
• More than 57,000 nurses served
in the Army Nurses Corps.
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Mobilizing For War:
• American production would play a key role in helping the allies win the war.
• Civilian industries would need to be converted into industries that produced war materials.
• In January 1942, the government set up the War Production Board (WPB) to oversee the conversion of peacetime industry to war industry.
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Mobilizing For War:
• Government also created other
agencies to allocate scarce
materials into proper industries,
• regulate the production of
civilian goods,
• establish production contracts,
negotiate with organized labor,
and control inflation.
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Mobilizing For War:
• America managed to create a production miracle.
• Massive defense spending finally ended the Great Depression.
• For the first time in more than a decade there was a job for every worker.
• Each year of the war the U.S. raised its production goals for the military materials, and each year met those goals.
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Mobilizing For War:
• The Ford Motor Company poured all its resources into war production building over 8,000 B-24 liberator bombers.
• Henry J. Kaiser shipyards produced large merchant ships in the space of four and a half days.
• In 1944, American production levels were double those of all the Axis nations put together giving the allies a crucial advantage.
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Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
• In December 1941, General
Douglas MacArthur
commander of U.S. Army
forces in Asia struggled to hold
the U.S. positions in the
Philippines with little support.
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Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
• This task grew even more daunting when the Japanese destroyed half of the army’s fighter planes in the region and rapidly took Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong.
• On December 22, Japan sent its main army to invade the Philippines.
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Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
• MacArthur badly underestimated the Japanese and was forced to retreat.
• U.S. forces fell back from Manila to the Bataan peninsula and a fortification on Corregidor Island, where they dug in for a long siege.
• The Americans began to run low in critical supplies and suffered greatly.
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Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
• MacArthur was ordered
to evacuate to
Australia, the other
Americans remained.
• They held out until early
May 1942 when
75,000 allied soldiers
surrendered.
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Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
• The Japanese forced the sick and malnourished prisoners of war or POWs to march 55 miles up the Bataan peninsula to reach a railway.
• That took them inland where they were forced to march 8 more miles.
• More than 7,000 American and Filipino troops died during the grueling journey called the Bataan Death march.
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Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
• Japanese Forces advance
throughout the Pacific,
securing important raw
materials and fuel for her
army.
• Much of Southeast Asia and
the Western Pacific were
securely under Japanese
control.
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Fierce Fighting in the Pacific
• By the summer of 1942,
Japan appeared ready to
dominate the Indian Ocean,
Australia, New Zealand, and
the central Pacific.
• If the Allies did not regroup
quickly, they would have
little hope of victory.
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America Strikes Back with the Dolittle Raid:
• After Pearl Harbor, FDR wanted
America to retaliate against
Japan.
• American military leaders
devised a plan for a nighttime
bombing raid from the deck of
the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Hornet
led by Colonel James Dolittle.
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America Strikes Back with the Dolittle Raid:
• While still 800 miles away
from mainland Japan, the
Hornet was detected so
rather than wait for night
Dolittle led a force of 16 B-
25 bombers against Tokyo.
• They bombed the city at
around noon.
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America Strikes Back with the Dolittle Raid:
• The raid killed 50 Japanese
and damaged 100
buildings.
• The pilots then flew to China
where they crash landed.
• Dolittle’s raid proved a
minimal military gain but a
morale booster.
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Battle of Coral Sea
• The Battle of Coral Sea also gave hope to the American military.
• In early May 1942 the Japanese moved to take Port Moresby in New Guinea.
• From that position, they would threatened Australia.
• The US. Sent two aircraft carriers, the Lexington and Yorktown along with support vessels.
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Battle of Coral Sea
• On May 7 and 8, in the
middle of a Pacific storm,
Japanese and U.S. aircraft
carriers engaged in battle,
• It was the first sea fight in
which enemy warships
never saw one another.
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Battle of Coral Sea
• Instead planes from both side attacked each others ships.
• Although strategically it was a draw, it forced the Japanese to call off its attack on New Guinea and shifted the momentum towards the Americans.
• From that day on, the Pacific theater of battle would be won or lost on the strength of American carriers and planes.
• America’s productive capacity gave America a marked advantage over their adversaries.
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Discussion Question
• Do you think the attack on Pearl Harbor
could have been prevented if America
heeded the warning signs and was better
prepared?
• Do you think American sanctions on Japan
led to the Pearl Harbor attack?