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B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION, GLOBALIZATION, REGIONALIZATION & REGIONALIZATION &
PARTICULARISMSPARTICULARISMS
Bruno Munier, Ph.D.Bruno Munier, Ph.D.
B.Munier, Ph.D.
A process:
Growing interactions (trade, finance, security, ecology, culture, demography …)
growing interdependence (affects sovereignty)
complication of “global” relations ( new stakes must be perceived in their globality and multi-dimensional reality)
faster (& faster) pace of change (exponential acceleration)
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITIONGLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION& PARTICULARITIES& PARTICULARITIES
B.Munier, Ph.D.
Globalization is a new phenomenon that deeply change the whole world society. It is not limited to the Economy or the Market, This is a process (set of interactions => dynamics) that can be summarized as the multiplication of exchanges, of all sort & nature, generating growing growing interdependenceinterdependence between a growingly growingly complex set of actorscomplex set of actors..
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITIONGLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION& PARTICULARITIES& PARTICULARITIES
A Multi-dimensional Process
B.Munier, Ph.D.
Multidimentionality: Globalization is:• an economic process (with the growing integration of world market and
finance, phenomenon that stimulates competition between the various economic actors)
• a social process (as it affects cultures, encourages demographic streams)
• a techno-scientific process (progress, as will be later developed, is the source of globalization as it facilitates communications of all sorts and competition, even if technological skills and knowledge is not evenly spread)
• a juridical process (IGOs actively participates even if in some cases or areas still greatly insufficiently to the normalization of rules affecting trade, contracts, employment, conflicts between nations or partners…)
• a political process (as it affects States’sovereignty, role and mission, and global geopolitics): “Global System” in place of “International System”
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITIONGLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION& PARTICULARITIES& PARTICULARITIES
B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITIONGLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION& PARTICULARITIES& PARTICULARITIES
The roots of globalization:
exponential acceleration of the techno-scientific progress, ever & ever faster
dissemination of its use by larger amount of people
&
liberalization of the World Order
Due to political want & the exponential development of the means of communication
(transport, telecommunication, Internet…)
B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITIONGLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION& PARTICULARITIES& PARTICULARITIES
Technology & science (R&D)
+
Capacity & Want to communicate
(exchange, competition)
=
are the keys for development
Communication Competition
Competitiveness & readiness
Adaptation-Reactivity
B.Munier, Ph.D.
Acceleration of the technological innovations cycles & of the dissemination of progress:
Electricity Chemistry TV Satellites Computer PC Cellular PhoneTelephone Automobile
1870 1900 1950 1970 1980 1990
Contribute to improve communication& reduce distances
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITIONGLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION& PARTICULARITIES& PARTICULARITIES
B.Munier, Ph.D.
The process of liberalization a new post-WW2 World Order:• New Geopolitical Order
• Institutionalization of International Relations
• promotion of free trade,
• + monetary and financial stability
as source of development, peace & security
Post WW2 institutionalization: (NIPO & NIEO)Post WW2 institutionalization: (NIPO & NIEO)
UNO (1945),
IMF + BIRD (1944) + IMS (Bretton Woods)
GATT (1947) WTO (1995)
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITIONGLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION& PARTICULARITIES& PARTICULARITIES
Result: creation of an environment favorable to the development of trade
B.Munier, Ph.D.
Liberalization: securing Free Trade:2 steps: - IMS & the GATT explosion of trade & invest *
trlateralization- end of the cold war the end of bipolarization permits a redefinition of priorities and a generalization of liberalism
+The “newly integrated economies” (NIC…)
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITIONGLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION& PARTICULARITIES& PARTICULARITIES
Acceleration of trade, financial & technological flows:
Explosion of imports: 1950 = exportations: 100; 1990 = 2000
production: 100; 500
World Trade = 1978 9% Wd GDP
1998 24%
2005 28% (2000 prev.) WTO 2000
Geoeconomic complication :
The N/S rift?
B.Munier, Ph.D.
new economic policy priorities:
Trade & export strategies Attraction / FDI
PrivatizationDelocalization
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITIONGLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION& PARTICULARITIES& PARTICULARITIES
The quest for competitiveness
B.Munier, Ph.D.
Nowadays, no country nor group of any kind can shut itself off from others:
the world community is growingly characterized by its
Globality
we must here make (with BECK) a distinction with another concept :
GLOBALISM that illustrates “the view that the world market eliminates
or supplants political action” (the end of politics!), which proved to be wrong!
In contradiction with the multi-dimension perspective
adaptation of the perception ( / stakes)
New « adapted » answers ( / global security, development, ecology…)
Must square with the Globality and complexity of the presentday World System
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITIONGLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION& PARTICULARITIES& PARTICULARITIES
B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITYGLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
Economic and financial disparities
B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITYGLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITYGLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
World Trade
B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITYGLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
GNP / capita
B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITYGLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
HDI
B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITYGLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
Growth divergences
B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITYGLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
Growth divergences
B.Munier, Ph.D.
Bipolarity, multipolarity, unipolarity?
The World OrderThe World Order