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Nutrition Expedition
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Proteins
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Functional Proteins: Have specific metabolic roles. They can be enzymes, antibodies and transport molecules. The enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.
Structural Proteins: Form parts of structures. Such as keratin or collagen.
Function in living organisms
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Chemical Structure - Proteins
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Amino acids are the monomers of proteins Amino acids are composed of three groups,
amino group, carboxyl group and r.group There are twenty different amino acids
Protein Structure- Amino Acids
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Polypeptide Structure- Protein
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There are four types of polypeptide protein structure. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary.
Primary Structure: A simple linear chain of amino acids
Secondary Structure: H- Bonds create a spring or linear shape
Tertiary Structure: Portions of the helix form more H-Bonds creating a globular shape
Quaternary Structure: Are groups of Tertiary structures
Polypeptide Structure
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Dipeptide Structure- Protein
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When two amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis they form a dipeptide
A peptide bond is the bond between two amino acids
Peptide bonds are strong covalent bonds
Dipeptide Structure- Protein
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Carbohydrate
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Carbohydrates are either sugars or combinations of sugars
Consumers eat carbohydrates and break polysaccharides into glucose
The monomer of the carbohydrate macromolecule is called a monosaccharide
Function in living organisms
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Chemical Structure- Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides are the base unit of carbohydrate molecules
Glucose, fructose, ribose, and galactose are all examples of monosaccharides
Disaccharides are known as a double sugar Disaccharides are formed when
monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis Maltose, sucrose and lactose are examples of
disaccharides
Monosaccharides/ Disaccharides
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Polysaccharides are the continued dehydration synthesis of mono and disaccharides
They are a long chain of sugar molecules There are three types of polysaccharides, cellulose,
starch and glycogen Cellulose: most prevalent polysaccharide on earth, linear
chain structure Starch: Plant reserve carbohydrate, branched chain
structure Glycogen: A reserve carbohydrate, highly branched
structure
Polysaccharides
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Lipids
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Lipids compose the structural component of cell membranes
Protect against shock and insulation agents in cells/ tissues
Excess fat is stored in adipose tissue
Functions in living organisms
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Chemical Structure- Lipids
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Lipids are non-polar organic compounds that contain C, O, and H atoms
Lipids are insoluble in water due to its non-polar structure
There are several types of lipid molecules, including fatty acids, steroids and phospholipids
Other examples of lipids are oils, waxes, cholesterol and some hormones
Types of Lipids
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Fatty acids are non-polar chains of carbon and hydrogen, they can be saturated or unsaturated
Saturated Fatty Acids: tend to be produced in animal tissue and solid at room temperature, they do not contain and double bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acids: can be produced by plant tissues and are liquid at room temperature, they contain double bonds
Fatty Acids
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Phospholipids are special variations of triglycerides where one of the fatty acids is replaced with a phosphate group
Phospholipids form cell membranes Phospholipids can mix with both polar and
non-polar materials Steroids are non-polar ring structures
Phospholipids/ Steroids
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Dehydration Synthesis: the process by which polymer chains are formed by removing water
Hydrolysis: the process in which polymer chains are broken apart by water
Dehydration Synthesis/ Hydrolysis