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Miami-Dade Water & Sewer Department
Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department | www.miamidade.gov/water
February 25, 2016
Nutrient Reduction by Use of Industrial Deep Injection Wells,
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Virginia Walsh, PhD, P.G.Ed Rectenwald, P.G.
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Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department (WASD) Overview
• Largest water and sewer utility in Florida, serving more than
2.2 million residents
• Water System:
3 large regional and 5 small water treatment plants
Supplying an average of 304 million gallons per day
90% of the County’s public water supply
Per capita water use 137 gpcd
100 water supply wells
Biscayne Aquifer
Floridan Aquifer
Aquifer Storage and Recovery
7,918 miles of pipes (12.740 km)
38,381 fire hydrants
126,913 valves
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WASD Overview
• Wastewater System:
3 wastewater treatment plants
2 ocean outfalls (3 and 7 miles from
coast) and 21 deep injection wells
(~2,500 ft depth)
Collecting, treating, and disposing 316
MGD
6,292 miles of mains and laterals
1,042 sewer pumps stations (operated)
Reusing 10.2 MGD
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WASD Water & WastewaterTreatment Facilities
Ocean Outfalls
Deep injection
wells
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2008 Ocean Outfall LegislationChapter 2008-232, Laws of Florida
• Reduce nutrient loading to the ocean
Meet Advance Wastewater Treatment (AWT) by Dec 31, 2018, or
Reduce cumulative outfall loadings (from 2008-2025) equivalent to AWT from 2018-2025
• December 31, 2025, stop using outfall and implement 60% reuse
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EPA
2005
Underground Injection Control Program—Revision to the Federal Underground
Injection Control Required for Class I Municipal Disposal Wells in Florida
(40 CFR Part 146 [FRL-7999-7]).
Requirement for High Level Disinfection(HLD) treatment facilities to be added atthe South District Wastewater TreatmentPlant (SDWWTP).
An HLD facility is required before a permit for theconstruction of any new Class I municipal injectionwells can be issued in South Florida, includingMiami-Dade County.
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Anhydrite confining units(not carbonate units)
Current deep
injection well Boulder Zone (within
the FAS)
Potential disposal zones within fractured interval
(not in the FAS)
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Exploratory Well Objectives
• Permit as a Class V Exploratory Well
• Perform Standard and Petrophysical Geophysical Logs, Testing, and Coring
• Analyze for sufficient confinement above the Boulder Zone
• Analyze the sub-Floridan confinement above the permeable Cretaceous Formations
• Analyze for adequate injection zone within Cretaceous Formations to approximately 10,000 feet bls
• Complete injection well within the Boulder Zone, Permit as Class I Industrial with Dual-Zone Monitor Well
• Preliminary Evaluation and Site Characterization for future disposal into the permeable Cretaceous Formations Reduce nutrient
loading
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Virginia Key Landfill
Interdepartmental Agreement with Miami-Dade Water and Sewer and Public Works and
Waste Management to dispose of groundwater remediation
leachate into adjacent Central District Plant Deep Injection
Wells
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USGS Carbonate Aquifer Characterization LaboratoryDavie, FL
Preliminary seismic studies
at Virginia Key in collaboration
with USGS prior to drilling
Seismic profiling at CDWWTP
Miami-Dade County
USGS PROVISIONAL DO NOT CITE
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Central District Wastewater Treatment PlantVirginia Key
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CDWWTP IW-1 Class V Injection Well Design
10,000’
Sub-FloridanConfinement Zone
Potential Injection Zone
10000
9200
8800
8400
8000
7600
7200
6800
6400
5600
5200
4800
4400
4000
3600
3200
2800
2400
2000
1600
1200
800
400
0
6000
9600
Base of USDWat 1,360’ bls
Boulder Zone
3,150’
2,780’
Well IW-1 Actual Casing Depths to Date
• 74-inch Steel to 73 feet bls• 66-inch Steel to 300 feet bls• 56-inch Steel to 1,060 feet bls• 46-inch Steel to 2,090 feet bls• 36-inch Steel to 2,780 feet bls
Well IW-1 Anticipated Casing Depths• 24-inch FRP to 2,780 feet bls
Well IW-1 Injection Zone• 2,780 feet to 3,150 feet bls
Permitted injection capacity is 19.9MGD
• ~1 MGD Centrate• ~12 MGD Scrubber Blowdown• ~5 MGD Effluent• ~1 MGD Leachate
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Youngquist Brothers Incorporated (YBI)E-Rig Series Electric Drilling Rig
• SAFETY-CENTRIC JOB SITE (WELL CAP TRAINING, H2S
TRAINING, CPR/FIRST AID TRAINING)
• API RATED ELECTRIC DRILL RIG WITH MAX RATED
HOOKLOAD OF – 1,086,000 LBS.
• 140’ TALL DERRICK + 16’ SUBSTRUCTURE
• 16’ SUBSTRUCTURE DESIGNED/ENGINEERED TO
ACCOMMODATE 5000 PSI BOP AND WEIGHT OF
RIG/LOAD
• REDUNDANT BOP OPERATION/CONTROL WITH ELECTRIC
AND DIESEL OPTIONS.
• RACKING BOARD DESIGNED/ENGINEERED TO RACK
10,000’ OF 7” DRILL PIPE
• PORTABLE SUBSTATION TIES IN DIRECTLY TO UTILITY
PRIMARY POWER FOR CLEAN ENERGY.
• 1500 HP DRAWWORKS
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Youngquist Brothers Incorporated (YBI)5,000 PSI Rated Blowout Preventer (BOP)
• API and HSE Certification
• 13 5/8” Annular BOP
• 13 5/8” Double Ram with Shear Rams
• BOP Control System
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Large Diameter Boreholes
• Largest diameter borehole (46-inches) in Florida to a depth of 2,780 feet bls
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CementingLarge diameter mudded borehole
• 66 inch diameter borehole to 1,070 ft BLS
Pilot hole vs. Reamed hole
• 15 stages to back plug pilot hole from 3,500 ft BLS
• 56 stages to cement in 36 in steel casing from 2,780 ft BLS
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Lithologic Descriptions, Core Analysis, Geophysical Logging, Packer Testing
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Permeability within Cretaceous Aged FormationComplex Injection Capacity Evaluations
• Permeability/Transmissivity
• Fractures/Fissures
• Geochemistry– Injection zone TDS could be
300,000 mg/L
– Injectate TDS will be 1,000 mg/L.
– Need to properly analyze buoyancy effects in testing data sets.
• Goal is to predict injection capacity and wellhead pressure.
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Cretaceous Geology
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Text Book Anhydrite
Bulk Density = 2.96 gm/cc
Pe = 5
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Cretaceous Permeable Units
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$2.5 billion in HLD costs to comply with the Ocean Outfall Legislation
24 inch: 26/30
30 inch:19/22
Analysis to determine injection to Cretaceous formations cost effective vs traditional disposal zones
Determination of suitable sites for additional Class I Industrial Waste Wells
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$1.2 billion for HLD facilities at existing facilities$1.3 billion for new HLD West District Wastewater
Treatment Plant____________________________
$2.5 billion in HLD costs to comply with the Ocean Outfall Legislation
CDWWTPTreatment/Disposal MethodHLD PlantBoulder Zone Injection WellsTotal for HLD w/Boulder Zone injection wells
NDWWTP*HLDBoulder Zone Injection WellsTotal for HLD w/Boulder Zone injection wells
Total WASD System Wide
CDWWTP/NDWWTP HLD and Wells
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Presentation Outline
•Overview
•Objectives
•Preliminary Investigations
•Technical Design
•Construction Activities
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Compliance with Ocean Outfall Legislation
If build AWTfor nutrient
removal 2018:
• Reduce nutrient loading to the ocean
Meet Advance Wastewater Treatment (AWT) by Dec 31, 2018, or
Reduce cumulative outfall loadings (from 2008-2025) equivalent to AWT from 2018-2025
• December 31, 2025, stop using outfall and implement 60% reuse
Centrate Deep injection well 2017:
60,015,437 lbs
59,874,077 lbs
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Miami-Dade
CDWWTP
Injection Well
Rebecca Shoal ReefPossible permeable zones for injection
Documented Deep Geology Caverns in Miami-Dade County
Well 41
Well 6
Well 52
Central District WWTP
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Geophysical Logging
• Dipole Shear Sonic
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
• Formation Microimager
• Neutron Porosity
• Optical Borehole Imaging
• Petroleum industry logs for
analysis of mineral and
porosity
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Packer Testing
• Obtain discrete water quality data
• Validate log-derived results
• Estimate confinement properties
• Target monitor zones
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Complex Injection Capacity Evaluations
• Need to understand buoyancy effects during testing.
• Injection zone TDS could be 300,000 mg/L
• Injectate TDS will be 1,000 mg/L.
• Need to properly analyze buoyancy effects in testing data sets.
• Goal is to predict injection capacity and wellhead pressure.
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Formation Plugging and Precipitation Analysis
Chemical Characteristics - Desktop Evaluation
• Preliminary Blended Waste Stream Evaluation
• Preliminary Blending of Combined Waste Stream with Groundwater
StruviteNH4MgPO4·6H2
BlendingScenario 1
BlendingScenario 2
Parameters mg /L mg /L
pH 6.77 6.41
Ammonia-N 43.26 21.94
Magnesium 66.85 67.10
Total P 3.39 1.92
Struvite Saturation Index 0.006096 0.0004909
Precipitation and Plugging Potential - Bench Scale TestsBlended waste streams Blended injectate with ambient aquifer water of injection zone
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Blended Wastestream• ~1 MGD Centrate• ~12 MGD Scrubber
Blowdown• ~5 MGD Effluent• ~1 MGD Leachate
Conceptual Diagram of Stream Characterization Phases
Ammonia-N Total P
Wastestream mg /L mg /L
Digester Gas Scrubber 1 10.8 2.9
Digester Gas Scrubber 2 18.9 3.1
Centrate 868.5 60.35
Secondary Effluent 20.6 1.65
Landfill Leachate 44.3 0.44
Nutrient Reduction -Nitrogen averaged annual 6.3 million lbs
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FRP Injection Tubing Installation
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) injection tubing is installed with threaded connections and properly
torqued by a Make-up Service Company
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Temporary Steel Casing Installation
Fe
et
be
low
la
nd
su
rfa
ce
(b
ls)
10000’
Boulder Zone
Sub-FloridanConfinement Zone
Potential Injection Zone
Base of USDW at 1,360’ bls
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Corrosive Deep Saline Groundwater
• TDS could be 300,000 mg/L
• High H2S concentrations
• Potential permanent damage to drill pipe from long term exposure.
• Potential damage to geophysical logging equipment.
• Potential surficial aquifer contamination from spillage of super saline brine on ground.