Nursing Research as the Nursing Research as the Basis of NursingBasis of Nursing
Importance of Nursing Importance of Nursing ResearchResearch
Nurses ask questions aimed at gaining new Nurses ask questions aimed at gaining new
knowledge to improve pt. careknowledge to improve pt. care
Research-based (evidence based) practice =Research-based (evidence based) practice =
integrating research findings into clinical integrating research findings into clinical
decision makingdecision making
Gaining knowledge in nursingGaining knowledge in nursing
Tradition:Tradition: ““It’s always been done this way”It’s always been done this way”
Information seeking:Information seeking: ““Let’s see what the experts have to say”Let’s see what the experts have to say”
Experience:Experience: ““I found that this works best…”I found that this works best…”
Problem solving/trial & error:Problem solving/trial & error: ““If this doesn’t work, let’s try it this way…”If this doesn’t work, let’s try it this way…”
Research…Research…
What Is Research?What Is Research?
It means: “to search again”It means: “to search again”
It involves:It involves: Diligent and systematic inquiryDiligent and systematic inquiry
Planning & organizationPlanning & organization PersistencePersistence
DiscoveryDiscovery New knowledge about topicsNew knowledge about topics Learning about new areas of studyLearning about new areas of study
Why Is Research Important?Why Is Research Important?
Develop an evidence-based practice for Develop an evidence-based practice for nursing that promotes improved outcomes for:nursing that promotes improved outcomes for:
Patients and familiesPatients and families NursesNurses Health care systemHealth care system
Definition of Nursing ResearchDefinition of Nursing Research
A scientific process that validates and refines A scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice.influences nursing practice.
Nursing research is essential for developing Nursing research is essential for developing and refining knowledge that can be used to and refining knowledge that can be used to improve clinical practiceimprove clinical practice
Ultimate goal of nursing:Ultimate goal of nursing:
Providing evidence-based care that promotes Providing evidence-based care that promotes quality outcomes for patients, families, health quality outcomes for patients, families, health care providers, and the health care systemcare providers, and the health care system
Ultimate goal of nursing research:Ultimate goal of nursing research:
Generation of an empirical knowledge base to Generation of an empirical knowledge base to guide nursing practiceguide nursing practice
Relationships Between Theory, Relationships Between Theory, Practice & ResearchPractice & Research
Theory
PracticeResearch
Nursing
Through nursing research, scientific Through nursing research, scientific knowledge can be developed to improve knowledge can be developed to improve
nursing care, patient outcomes, and the health nursing care, patient outcomes, and the health care delivery systemcare delivery system
Research Participation at Various Research Participation at Various Levels of Educational PreparationLevels of Educational Preparation
Research DesignResearch Design
Hypotheses
TheoreticalFramework
Research DesignReview ofLiterature
Research ?s
Types of nursing researchTypes of nursing research
Quantitative researchQuantitative research: uses numbers, precise : uses numbers, precise measurement measurement Examples: rates of wound healing, control of BP Examples: rates of wound healing, control of BP
or blood sugaror blood sugar Qualitative research:Qualitative research: explores feelings, explores feelings,
experiences, cultures, philosophiesexperiences, cultures, philosophies Examples: what does it feel like to have cancer? Examples: what does it feel like to have cancer?
How do nurses define patient satisfaction?How do nurses define patient satisfaction?
Descriptive researchDescriptive research
Exploring and describing phenomena in real-life Exploring and describing phenomena in real-life situationssituations
Provides accurate data about the people or Provides accurate data about the people or phenomena being studiedphenomena being studied
Researchers: Researchers: discover new meaningdiscover new meaning describe what existsdescribe what exists determine the frequency with which something occursdetermine the frequency with which something occurs categorize informationcategorize information
Experimental researchExperimental research
Used to test the effectiveness of nursing interventionsUsed to test the effectiveness of nursing interventions
Main goalMain goal: figure out cause and effect!: figure out cause and effect!
Researcher looks to compare outcomes of patients Researcher looks to compare outcomes of patients who receive a new nursing treatment as compared to who receive a new nursing treatment as compared to patients who received the traditional treatmentpatients who received the traditional treatment
Experimental researchExperimental research
Patients are randomly assigned to the group that Patients are randomly assigned to the group that receives the new treatment or the group that receives receives the new treatment or the group that receives the traditional treatmentthe traditional treatment
Researchers conduct careful measurements to see Researchers conduct careful measurements to see which treatment is most effectivewhich treatment is most effective
Researchers conduct experimental research very Researchers conduct experimental research very carefully to make sure that the results are accurate carefully to make sure that the results are accurate and trueand true
Historical researchHistorical research
Examines events of the pastExamines events of the past Philosophy: One can learn from the past, and the Philosophy: One can learn from the past, and the
search for wisdom in which the historian examines search for wisdom in which the historian examines what has been, what is, and what ought to bewhat has been, what is, and what ought to be
Examples: Examples: The early years of nursing in IrelandThe early years of nursing in Ireland Determining the worth of nurses’ work: nursing salaries Determining the worth of nurses’ work: nursing salaries
from 1900-1930from 1900-1930 Women giving nursing care during the Civil WarWomen giving nursing care during the Civil War
BSN role in nursing researchBSN role in nursing research
Identify research problems in own clinical practiceIdentify research problems in own clinical practice
Assist with data collection for established studiesAssist with data collection for established studies
Critique research studies for use in own clinical Critique research studies for use in own clinical practicepractice
Use research findings in clinical practiceUse research findings in clinical practice
Evidence-based practice Evidence-based practice
Use of research findings to:Use of research findings to: Promote the understanding of patients’ and Promote the understanding of patients’ and
families’ experience of health and illnessfamilies’ experience of health and illness
Implement effective nursing interventions to Implement effective nursing interventions to promote optimal patient healthpromote optimal patient health
Provide quality, cost-effective care within the Provide quality, cost-effective care within the health care systemhealth care system
Model of Professional Nursing Practice Model of Professional Nursing Practice RegulationRegulation
Steps of nursing researchSteps of nursing research1. Identify the problem1. Identify the problem
Goal of the studyGoal of the study
Guides the development of the research objectives Guides the development of the research objectives and questionsand questions
Area of concern where there is a gap in the Area of concern where there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practiceknowledge base needed for nursing practice
Research is needed to generate knowledge to address Research is needed to generate knowledge to address the problem the problem ultimate goal is evidence-based ultimate goal is evidence-based nursing carenursing care
Steps of nursing researchSteps of nursing research2. Pick the study design2. Pick the study design
Blueprint for the studyBlueprint for the study
Maximizes control over factors that interfere with the Maximizes control over factors that interfere with the studystudy
Is tailored to the individual studyIs tailored to the individual study
Precision and care within the study design increase Precision and care within the study design increase the odds that the study findings will be valid (an the odds that the study findings will be valid (an accurate reflection of reality)accurate reflection of reality)
Steps of nursing researchSteps of nursing research3. Conduct the study3. Conduct the study
Gather subjects for the studyGather subjects for the study
Collect the dataCollect the data
Accuracy & consistency are very important to ensure Accuracy & consistency are very important to ensure that the data is correct and truthfulthat the data is correct and truthful
Researchers must work to minimize error in the data Researchers must work to minimize error in the data collection processcollection process
Steps of nursing researchSteps of nursing research4. Analyze the data4. Analyze the data
Statistical procedures are used to examine the Statistical procedures are used to examine the numerical data gathered in a studynumerical data gathered in a study
Enter data into computer and check for errorsEnter data into computer and check for errors
Perform analysis of the data using statistics designed Perform analysis of the data using statistics designed for the research processfor the research process
Interpret the data to develop findings and conclusionsInterpret the data to develop findings and conclusions
Steps of nursing researchSteps of nursing research5. Use the findings5. Use the findings
Adapt the research study findings so that they can be Adapt the research study findings so that they can be used in clinical practiceused in clinical practice
Spread the word about the study and findings through Spread the word about the study and findings through journal articles and conferencesjournal articles and conferences
Come up with recommendations for further researchCome up with recommendations for further research
* Research is not done when a study is completed- * Research is not done when a study is completed- more research is always waiting to be done!more research is always waiting to be done!
Ethics and nursing researchEthics and nursing research
Right to anonymity and confidentialityRight to anonymity and confidentiality
Anonymity:Anonymity: when subject’s identity cannot be linked, even by when subject’s identity cannot be linked, even by the researcher, with his/her individual responsesthe researcher, with his/her individual responses
Confidentiality:Confidentiality: when subjects’ identity and information is when subjects’ identity and information is kept anonymous from otherskept anonymous from others
ConfidentialityConfidentiality
Researcher’s management of private information shared by a Researcher’s management of private information shared by a subjectsubject
Researchers Researchers mustmust not share not share this information without consent this information without consent of the subjectof the subject
Breach of confidentialityBreach of confidentiality: : when researcher allows unauthorized person to gain access when researcher allows unauthorized person to gain access
to confidential study informationto confidential study information When subject’s identity is revealed when study is When subject’s identity is revealed when study is
published/reportedpublished/reported
ConfidentialityConfidentiality
Scientific misconductScientific misconduct
Plagiarism:Plagiarism: Intentionally representing someone else’s work as Intentionally representing someone else’s work as
your ownyour own Rewording your own paper to create a new paper Rewording your own paper to create a new paper
based on the same databased on the same data Sharing confidential information from othersSharing confidential information from others
Research misconductResearch misconduct
Fabrication:Fabrication: making up results making up results
Falsification:Falsification: changing results changing results
Plagiarism:Plagiarism: copying results copying results