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NUCLEAR POWER
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NUCLEAR POWER
PRESENTED BY
ASIF MEHMOOD
AMMAD RABBANI KHAN ATAZAZ HASSAN
SYED MUHAMMAD HARIS ALI
PRESENTED TO
DR. SAJID SALEEM
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INTRODUCTION
Nuclear power is generated using Uranium,which is a metal mined in various parts of theworld.
Some military ships and submarines havenuclear power plants for engines
Nuclear power produces around 11% of theworld's energy needs, and produces huge
amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel,without the pollution that you'd get fromburning fossil fuels.
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How it Works
The main bit to remember:
Nuclear power stations work in pretty muchthe same way as fossil fuel-burning
stations, except that a "chain reaction"inside a nuclear reactor makes the heatinstead.
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Nuclear Power Plants
The pursuit of nuclear energy for electricity generationbegan soon after the discovery in the early 20th centurythat radioactive elements, such as radium, releasedimmense amounts of energy, according to the principleof massenergy equivalence. However, means of
harnessing such energy was impractical, becauseintensely radioactive elements were, by their verynature, short-lived (high energy release is correlatedwith short half-lives). However, the dream of harnessing"atomic energy" was quite strong, even it was dismissed
by such fathers of nuclear physics like ErnestRutherford as "moonshine." This situation, however,changed in the late 1930s, with the discovery of nuclearfission.
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Nuclear Fusion
When the fusion reaction is asustained uncontrolled chain, itcan result in a thermonuclearexplosion, such as that generatedby a hydrogen bomb. Non-selfsustaining reactions can stillrelease considerable energy, aswell as large numbers of neutrons
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Fusion Energy
When deuterium and tritiumfuse, the two nuclei cometogether to forma helium nucleus (an alpha
particle) and a high energyneutron.
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Nuclear Fuel
In order to give you an idea about the scale of fuelquantities involved in a nuclear power station vis--vistraditional power stations, I ask you to imagine thataround a pound of nuclear fuel like say Uranium givesthe energy equivalent to burning a million gallons ofgasoline. This should not come as a surprise since wehave already learned that the energy released in anuclear reaction is the equivalent of the mass changewhich takes place during the process. It is thereforehuge compared to energy which is released as a resultof combustion and related chemical reactions during
traditional fuel burning.
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Nuclear Power
Nuclear poweris produced by controlled(i.e., non-explosive) nuclear reactions.Commercial and utility plants currentlyuse nuclear fission reactions to heat waterto produce steam, which is then used togenerate electricity.
In 2009, 13-14% of the world's electricity
came from nuclear power. Also, morethan 150 naval vessels using nuclearpropulsion have been built.
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Nuclear Fission
Simple diagram of nuclearfission. In the first frame, aneutron is about to be capturedby the nucleus of a U-235 atom.In the second frame, the neutronhas been absorbed and brieflyturned the nucleus into a highlyexcited U-236 atom. In the thirdframe, the U-236 atom has
fissioned, resulting in two fissionfragments (Ba-141 and Kr-92)and three neutrons, all with largeamounts of kinetic energy.
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Fission
Nuclear fission produces energy for nuclearpower and to drive the explosion of nuclearweapons. Both uses are made possiblebecause certain substances called nuclearfuels undergo fission when struck by freeneutrons and in turn generate neutrons whenthey break apart. This makes possible a self-sustaining chain reaction that releases energy
at a controlled rate in a nuclear reactor or at avery rapid uncontrolled rate in a nuclearweapon.
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Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan
In Pakistan, nuclear power makes a small contributionto total energy production and requirements, supplyingonly 2.34% of the country's electricity. Total generatingcapacity is 20 GWe and in 2006, 98 billion kWh grosswas produced, 37% of it from gas, 29% from oil.
The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) isresponsible for all nuclear energy and researchapplications in the country.
Its first nuclear power reactor is a small (125 MWe)
Canadian pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR)which started up in 1971 and which is underinternational safeguards - KANUPP near Karachi, whichis operated at reduced power.
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Nuclear Power Plant in Pakistan
The second unit is Chashma-1 in Punjab, a 325 MWe(300 MWe net) pressurized water reactor (PWR)supplied by China's CNNC under safeguards. Themain part of the plant was designed by ShanghaiNuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute
(SNERDI), based on Qinshan-1. It started up in May2000 and is also known as CHASNUPP-1.
Construction of its twin, Chashma-2, started inDecember 2005. It is reported to cost PKR 51.46
billion (US$ 860 million, with $350 million of thisfinanced by China). A safeguards agreement withIAEA was signed in 2006 and grid connection isexpected late in 2010 or in 2011.
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Current Status of Nuclear Power:Global Picture
Countries using nuclear power : 31
Units in operation : 435
Total net installed capacity : 370,003 MWe
Electricity generation in 2011 : 2518 TWh (14 % of
total)
Units under construction : 62
Total capacity : 59,245 MWe
Units under construction in China : 26
Total capacity : 26,620 MWe
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Nuclear Plant
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Nuclear Plant
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Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
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Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
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NUCLEAR REACTOR
A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are
initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as opposed to
a nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of
a second and is uncontrolled causing an exploitation.
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CONTROL RODS
Control rods made of a material that absorbs neutrons are
inserted into the bundle using a mechanism that can rise or lower
the control rods.
. The control rods essentially contain neutron absorbers like,
boron, cadmium or indium.
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STEAM GENERATORS
Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert water into
steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core.
Either ordinary water or heavy water is used as the coolant.
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STEAM TURBINE
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal
energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful
mechanical
Various high-performance alloys and super alloys have been
used for steam generator tubing.
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FEED PUMP
Steam coming out of the turbine, flows through the
condenser for condensation and recalculated for the
next cycle of operation.
The feed pump circulates the condensed water in the
working fluid loop.
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CONDENSER
Condenser is a device or unit which is used to condense vapor
into liquid.
The objective of the condenser are to reduce the turbine exhaust
pressure to increase the efficiency and to recover high quality
feed water in the form of condensate & feed back it to the steam
generator without any further treatment.
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COOLING TOWER
Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process
waste heat to the atmosphere.
Water circulating through the condenser is taken to the cooling
tower for cooling and reuse
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* Others include imported electricity for Pakistan and geothermal,wind, solar etc for the world.
0.1%
40.6%35.6%
5.1%
28.9%
21.4%
3.0%
13.4%
32.0%
16.2%
0.3% 3.3%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Oil
Oil
Coal
GasGas
NuclearNuclear
HydroHydro
Others Others
World-2009Pakistan-2010/11
Electricity Generation Mix
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A major advance by adeveloping country in
the peacefulapplication of nuclear
technology
Commercialcontract signed
with Canada
for 137 MW KarachiNuclear
Power PlantKANUPP
1965
KANUPP startscommercialoperation
137 MW KANUPP
Pakistanbecomes the 15th
Country to havecommissioned anuclear power
plant
1972
KANUPP fuel
bundle
First indigenousfuel bundle
loaded inKANUPP
All Pakistani fuel
by 1990
Canada unilaterallywithdraws vendor
support forKANUPP
Other restrictions aswell
PAEC initiates a selfreliance programfor fuel and spare
parts fabrication
1976 1980
Major Milestones in Development ofNuclear Power in Pakistan
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A few windowsopened as Pakistanbecame member ofWANO and COG
WANO: WorldAssociation ofNuclear Operators
and
COG: CANDUOwners Group
1989
Contract signed forC-1
Start of
South-South
Cooperation
1991
C-1, Pakistans secondnuclear power plant
connected to gridthefirst from China
325 MW C-1
2000
Pakistan NuclearRegulatory Authority
created
2001
Major Milestones in Development ofNuclear Power in Pakistan
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Major Milestones in Development ofNuclear Power in Pakistan
Contractsigned for
C-2
KANUPPre-licensed
beyonddesign life
2004
Pakistan EnergySecurity Plan
allocated 8,800MW to nuclear by
2030
2005
C-2
Commercial
OperationMay 11
inauguration bythe Prime Minister
First ConcretePourC-3
2011
First ConcretePourC-4
2011
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Current Status of Nuclear Power:Pakistan
Nuclear Power
Plants
Capacity
(MWe)
Year of
Commissioning
In OperationKANUPP 137 1972
CHASNUPP-1 325 2000
CHASNUPP-2 325 2011
Under-constructionCHASNUPP-3 340 2016
CHASNUPP-4 340 2017
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KANUPP
Type : CANDU-Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor
Commercial operation : 1972
Contract : Turn-key with CanadianGeneral Electric (CGE), Canada
Power : Design: 137 MWe(Now restricted to 90 MWe)
A 400,000 US gallons/day nuclear desalination demonstration plant wasinstalled in 2010
On commissioning of KANUPP, Pakistan became:
The 15th country of the world to have a nuclear power plant
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KANUPP: Self Reliance
Vendor support was stopped in 1976 following the nuclear test
by India. Other developed countries also imposed embargoes
on transfer of nuclear technology to Pakistan
This initiated a self-reliance program leading to:
Development of indigenous fuel
Development of technical support system including fuel
management and safety assessment
Manufacturing of spare parts
KANUPP operated safely, completed its design life in 2002 and
was re-licensed after a number of safety retrofits had been
carried out.
Slide 33 of 29
A il bilit F t f KANUPP
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2012: 84%(up to 28 June)
Slide 34 of 29
Availability Factor of KANUPP
(Beyond Design Life)
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Construction ofSecond Nuclear Power Plant
Despite keen interest, it took some two decades to begin
construction of the second nuclear power plant mainly because
of international embargoes
Development of the nuclear power industry in China opened a
window for Pakistan
A contract was signed with CNNC on December 31, 1991 for a
325 MWe PWR at Chashma - CHASNUPP -1
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Chashma Nuclear Power Plant(Unit 1: C-1)
Construction Started on : August 1992
Constructed by : China National Nuclear Corporation
Commercial operation : September 2000
Type/Size : Pressurized Water Reactor, 325 MW
Operation & Maintenance : By PAEC
Lifetime capacity factor achieved : 72.4%
Capacity factor last 3 years : 85.0%
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2012: 99.1%(up to 31 May)
Availability Factor of C-1
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Capacity Factor (from one Re-Fueling Outage to the next)
* By 31 May 2012
(Continuing)
Performance of C-1
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Chashma Nuclear Power Plant(Unit 2: C-2)
Construction Started on : Dec 2004
Constructed by : China National Nuclear Corporation
Commercial operation : May 2011
Type/Size : Pressurized Water Reactor, 325 MW
Operation & Maintenance : By PAEC
Lifetime capacity factor achieved : 85%
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Size and Type: 2x340 MW Pressurized Water ReactorsContractor: China National Nuclear Corporation
C-3 C-4
Contract Signing 20 Nov 2008 20 Nov 2008
Contract Effective Date 31 Mar 2010 31 Mar 2010Groundbreaking 5 Aug 2010 1 Apr 2011
First Concrete Pouring 4 Mar 2011 18 Dec 2011
IAEA Approval of Safeguards 8 Mar 2011 8 Mar 2011
Commercial Operation (as percontract)
31 Dec 2016 31 Oct 2017
Chashma Nuclear Power Project(Units 3 and 4: C-3/C-4)
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Projection Made in 2005 2009 2011
Plan/StudyMedium TermDevelopmentFramework
IntegratedEnergy Plan
NTDC(Planningpower)
Terminal Year of Plan/Study 2030
2022
2035
Projected Economic Growth7-8%
per year
5%
per year
6.5%
per year
Projected Capacity (MW) 162,590 55,000 169,373*
* Peak Demand in High Scenario
Projected Electricity Needs of Pakistan
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Track record High capacity factors (C-1, 229 days continuous operation)
More than 51 reactor-year safe operation
Economical option
NPP generates electricity at lower cost than oil-fired, coal-fired
and imported gas based plants
Enhance energy security
Fuel can be stored for 2-3 years
Stability in electricity price
Electricity generation cost is relatively insensitive to market
fluctuations of fuel cost (because of low share of fuel cost in
generation cost)
Environment friendly source of power
No acidic and greenhouse gas emissions
Need for Expansion of Nuclear Power
C i f El i i G i
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Comparison of Electricity GenerationCost
@ $29/barrel = Breakeven with Nuclear@ $100/barrel
$100/barrel
UpfrontTarifffor
1000MWp
lant
UpfrontTarifffor
1000MWp
lant
$13/MBTU
UpfrontTariffbyNEPRA
Current Tariff of C1 : Rs. 5.26 (US Cent 5.60) per kWhC2 : Rs. 7.81 (US Cent 8.31) per kWh
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2030Current
Nuclear Power Programs of Other Countries
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Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) Masters and PhD programs in engineering and sciences
Karachi Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering (KINPOE)
Masters, Post-Graduate and Post-Diploma programs in
nuclear power technology
CHASNUPP Centre of Nuclear Training (CHASCENT)
Post-Graduate and Post-Diploma programs
Training for licensing of PWR Operations Shift Supervisors
using a full scope training simulator
National Centre for Non-Destructive Testing and Pakistan
Welding Institute
Human Resource Development
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Full Scope Training Simulator for C-2
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Safety of Nuclear Power Plants
Pakistan has been safely operating its NPPs with continuing
effort to develop and improve safety culture, further.
To ensure safe operation of NPPs, we have safety committees
at the plant level, and a Safety Directorate at the corporatelevel.
At National Level PNRA controls, regulates and supervises all
the matters related to safety of NPPs in Pakistan,
independently.
Pakistan is party to various international conventions on
nuclear safety.
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Quality Assurance
Safe operation, maintenance and construction of nuclear
plant/facilities requires stringent quality control and quality
assurance programs at all levels.
Implementation of systematic Quality Assurance program
guarantees safety of plant equipment and personal.
All Nuclear Projects are subject to three levels of QA
Audit/Surveillance
Plant/Project level QA
Corporate Level QA
QA by Regulatory Authority
Peer Reviews by WANO and IAEA
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PAEC Response to Fukushima
Fukushima Response Action Plan
Immediate
Short-term
Long-term
Main elements of the action plan Re-assessment of external hazards
Additional sources of emergency power
Diverse means of core cooling
Comprehensive emergency preparedness plan
Implementation and Monitoring
Internal safety reviews by independent group
Review of KANUPP action plan by COG
Concluding Remarks
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Pakistan is a pioneer developing country in
using nuclear technology for producingelectricity.
Nuclear power can play a significant role in
providing base-load electricity and minimizing
imports of expensive fossil fuels.
Despite international embargoes, nuclear
power program in the country is moving
forward - slowly but steadily to achieve the
target of 8,800 MW by 2030.
Safety will remain on top priority in the
nuclear power program of Pakistan.
Concluding Remarks
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Advantages
Nuclear power costs about the same as coal,so it's not expensive to make.
Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so
it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Produces huge amounts of energy from small
amounts of fuelso cheaper logistics
Produces small amounts of waste.
Nuclear power is reliable.
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Disadvantages
Although not much waste is produced, it is very, verydangerous.It must be sealed up and buried for many thousands ofyears to allow the radioactivity to die away.For all that time it must be kept safe from earthquakes,
flooding, terrorists and everything else. This is difficult. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be
spent on safety - if it doesgo wrong, a nuclearaccident can be a major disaster.People are increasingly concerned about this - in the
1990's nuclear power was the fastest-growing sourceof power in much of the world. In 2005 it was thesecond slowest-growing.