Download - Nscu 302 wk 7 1
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Levels of Organization
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28.1 Levels of Organization
KEY CONCEPT The human body and other organisms have five levels of organization.
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28.1 Levels of Organization
A. Levels of Structural Organization
AtomMoleculeCellTissueOrganOrgan SystemOrganism
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28.1 Levels of Organization
Examples:
≈ carbon≈ phospholipid≈ nerve cell≈ nervous tissue≈ brain≈ nervous system≈ human
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
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28.1 Levels of Organization
1. Atoms combine to form molecules
Atoms Molecule
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28.1 Levels of Organization
2. Molecules form cells
Molecules Cell
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28.1 Levels of Organization
a. Specialized cells develop from a single zygote.
• Organisms are made up of specialized cells.
red blood cell nerve cell
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28.1 Levels of Organization
• Zygotes first divide into embryonic stem cells.
• Stem cells develop in two stages. – determination, or
committing to become one cell type
– differentiation, or acquiring specialized structures and functions
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28.1 Levels of Organization
3. Cells form tissuesSimilar cells with a
common function form tissues
• There are 4 basic tissue types:• Epithelial• Nervous• Muscular• Connective
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28.1 Levels of Organization
cell
4. Specialized cells function together in tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism. • Specialized cells perform specific
tasks. • Tissues are groups of
similar cells working together.
tissue
– epithelial tissue – connective
tissue – muscle tissue – nervous tissue
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28.1 Levels of Organization
5. Tissues form organs• Two or more tissue types form
an organ
An organ is a structure that performs a specific function for the body
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28.1 Levels of Organization
6. Organs form Organ Systems• A group of organs which
work together for a common purpose is an organ system
Brain, Spinal Cord, etc. Nervous System
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28.1 Levels of Organization
B. Body Systems1. Integumentary SystemSkin is the only organ
Protects from injury Regulates body temperature Receptors for temperature, pain,
and pressure
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28.1 Levels of Organization
2. Skeletal SystemBones, cartilage, ligaments, and
joints Supports body Protection Storage for minerals (calcium)
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28.1 Levels of Organization
3. Muscular SystemMuscles contract (shorten)
to cause movement• Skeletal muscles are large,
fleshy, and attached to bone
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28.1 Levels of Organization
4. Nervous SystemBrain, spinal cord,
nerves, & sensory receptors
• Responds to
irritants or stimuli
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28.1 Levels of Organization
5. Endocrine System
Releases hormones to control: Growth Reproduction Food use
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28.1 Levels of Organization
6. Circulatory SystemMade of 2 organ systems:
Cardiovascular System:- Heart and blood vessels- Transport oxygen, etc.
Lymphatic System:- Cleanses blood, immunity
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28.1 Levels of Organization
7. Respiratory System• Nasal passages,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Supplies body with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
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28.1 Levels of Organization
8. Digestive System• Mouth, oral cavity, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to blood for cells in the body
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28.1 Levels of Organization
9. Urinary System• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and
urethra• Removes Nitrogen-containing
wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine
Regulates:– Water balance– Salt balance– pH (acid-base) balance
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28.1 Levels of Organization
10. Reproductive SystemFunctions to produce offspring• Male testes produce sperm
Male Structures: scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system
• Female ovaries produce eggs Female structures: uterine tubes,
vagina, uterus (where fetus develops)
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28.1 Levels of Organization
All of the organ systems form the organism