Latin IB Supplementum: Nōmen ____________________________
“National Latin Exam” Diēs _______________________________
NATIONAL LATIN EXAM
LATIN I
STUDY PACKET
SYLLABUS
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I. LANGUAGE
A NOUNS: Declensions I, II & III1. Nominative: subject & predicate nominative2. Genitive: possession3. Dative: indirect object4. Accusative: direct object
object of the prepositions ad, ante, circum, contra, in, inter, per, post, prope, trans
5. Ablative: object of the prepositions ā / ab, cum, dē, ē/ex, in,
prō, sine, sub; means / instrument6. Vocative: direct address
B. PRONOUNS
1. Personal: egō, tū, nōs, vōs (all four cases)2. Interrogative: quis, quī, quid (nominative & accusative)
C. ADJECTIVES: Declensions I & II1. Noun / Adjective Agreement2. Interrogative quot3. Numbers
a. Cardinal Numbers 1-10, 100, 1000b. Roman Numerals
D. ADVERBS: Positive forms from I & II adjectives1. Interrogative cūr, ubi, quōmodō2. Irregular bene, male
E. CONJUNCTIONS: aut, et, neque, quod, sed, ubi, et…et, neque…neque
F. ENCLITICS: -ne, -que
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G. VERBS: Conjugations I, II, III, & IV1. Four tenses of the Indicative Mood / Active Voice: Present,
Imperfect, Future, & Perfect2. Present Active Imperative & Negative Imperative3. Irregular Verb sum in Present, Imperfect, Future, & Perfect4. Present Active Infinitive
II. CULTURE & CIVILIZATION
A. GEOGRAPHY
1. Important Italian locations2. Provinces & major cities
B. HISTORY
1. Basic historical divisions & associated terms2. Kings of Rome and early Roman heroes
C. MYTHOLOGY
1. The Olympians and associated myths2. Major heroes & monsters
D. ROMAN LIFE
1. City of Rome2. Architectural structures3. Housing, Meals, & Clothing
III. LATIN IN USE
A. BASIC SPOKEN PHRASES
B. ENGLISH DERIVATIVES
C. EXPRESSIONS, MOTTOES, & ABBREVIATIONS
IV. READING LEVEL: Students read words, phrases and simple sentences designed to assess their ability to comprehend the Latin. The reading comprehension passage is composed of mostly familiar vocabulary
with glosses provided where appropriate. Passage content is based on familiar topics.
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GRAMMAR REVIEW
I. NOUN CHART
1st
Declension(F, few M)
2nd
Declension (M)
2nd
Declension (N)
3rd
Declension (M/F)
3rd
Declension(N)
(Singular)Nominative -a -us -um varies varies
Genitive -ae -ī -ī -is -isDative -ae -ō -ō -ī -ī
Accusative -am -um -um -em variesAblative -ā -ō -ō -e (-ī) -e (-ī)(Plural)
Nominative -ae -ī -a -ēs -(i)aGenitive -ārum -ōrum -ōrum -(i)um -(i)umDative -īs -īs -īs -ibus -ibus
Accusative -ās -ōs -a -ēs -(i)aAblative -īs -īs -īs -ibus -ibus
II. CASE FUNCTIONS
A. Nominative = Subject OR Predicate NominativeB. Genitive = PossessionC. Dative = Indirect Object OR Object of Special VerbsD. Accusative = Direct Object OR Object of PrepositionsE. Ablative = Object of PrepositionsF. Vocative = Direct Address
III. DEFINITIONS
A. The SUBJECT is the noun which DOES the action.B. The PREDICATE NOMINATIVE is a noun or adjective which follows
the verb (in English) and DESCRIBES / MODIFIES THE SUBJECT (nominative) in the sentence.
C. The DIRECT OBJECT is the noun which RECEIVES the action.D. The INDIRECT OBJECT in the noun which RECEIVES the direct object.
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E. POSSESSION is expressed by “of” or an APOSTROPHE, e.g., Mike’s book.
F. PREPOSITIONS (in Latin) usually show PLACE or MOTION.G. The VOCATIVE CASE is used when addressing someone. The
VOCATIVE CASE is usually the same as the NOMINATIVE CASE EXCEPT in forms that end in a -us suffix or an -ius suffix. When the Nominative form ends in a -us, change the -us to an -e. When the Nominative form ends in an -ius, change the -ius to an -ī.IV. EXAMPLES
A. Caecilius Quīntō togam dedit.Nom + Dat + Acc + VerbCaecilius gave a toga to Quintus.Sub + Verb + D.O. + I.O.
B. amīcus in vīllā Caeciliī cēnābat.Nom + Abl/Prep + Gen + VerbThe friend was dining in the house of Caecilius.Sub + Verb + Prep Phrase + Possessive
C. turba per portas urbis ruebat.Nom + Acc/Prep + Gen = VerbThe crowd was rushing through the gates of the city.Sub + Verb + Prep Phrase + Possessive
D. Vocative Case1. Metella (Nominative) → Metella (Vocative)2. puellae (Nominative) → puellae (Vocative)3. Quīntus (Nominative) → Quīnte (Vocative)4. Caecilius (Nominative) → Caecilī (Vocative)5. servī (Nominative) → servī (Vocative)6. Clēmēns (Nominative) → Clēmēns (Vocative)7. Grumiō (Nominative) → Grumiō (Vocative)8. iūvenēs (Nominative) → iūvenēs (Vocative)
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V. PRONOUN CHART
1st Person / Singular 2nd Person / SingularNominative egō tū
Dative mihi tibiAccusative mē tē
Ablative mē tē1st Person / Plural 2nd Person / Plural
Nominative nōs vōsDative nōbīs vōbīs
Accusative nōs vōsAblative nōbīs vōbīs
VI. ADJECTIVES
A. NOUNS & ADJECTIVES must AGREE in three ways…1. Gender; Masculine, Feminine, Neuter2. Number; Singular, Plural3. Case; Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative
B. Nouns & Adjectives must be EQUAL but not IDENTICAL2 + 2 = 1 + 3 4 = 4
The sides of the equation do not look IDENTICAL BUT
If you solve the equation, both sides are EQUAL.C. CARDINAL NUMBERS
1. ūnus, -a, -um = one2. duō, duae, duō = two3. trēs, trēs, tria = three4. quatttuor = four5. quīnque = five6. sex = six7. septem = seven8. octō = eight9. novem = nine10. decem = ten11. centum = one hundred
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12. mille = one thousand
D. ROMAN NUMERALS
1. The base numbers are...I V X L C D M1 5 10 50 100 500 1,000
2. Roman Numerals are written…a. …from LEFT to RIGHT
b. …from BIG to LITTLE
c. …EXCEPT digits of 4’s and 9’s where the little number will precede the big number, indicating that
you should subtract those two before continuing with the addition process.
VII. ADVERBS: Latin adverbs are formed from Latin adjectives from the 1 / 2 Declensions in the following manner…
A. laetus, -a, -um = happy → laetē = happilyB. cautus, -a, -um = cautious → cautē =
cautiouslyC. intentus, -a, -um = intent → intentē = intentlyD. celerrimus, -a, -um = very quick → celerrimē = very
quicklyE. optimus, -a, -um = very good → optimē = very well
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VIII. VERB CHARTS
Present1st
Conjugation
2nd
Conjugation
3rd
Conjugation
3rd -io4th
Conjugation
Irregular “sum”
Singular1st / “I” laudō habeō bibō faciō audiō sum
2nd / “you” laudās habēs bibis facis audīs es3rd / “h/s/i” laudat habet bibit facit audit est
Plural1st / “we” laudāmus habēmus bibimus facimus audīmus sumus
2nd / “y’all” laudātis habētis bibitis facitis audītis estis3rd / “they” laudant habent bibunt faciunt audiunt sunt
Imperfect1st
Conjugation
2nd
Conjugation
3rd
Conjugation
3rd -io4th
Conjugation
Irregular “sum”
Singular1st / “I” laudābam habēbam bibēbam faciēbam audiēbam eram
2nd / “you” laudābas habēbas bibēbas faciēbas audiēbas eras3rd / “h/s/i” laudābat habēbat bibēbat faciēbat audiēbat erat
Plural
1st / “we” laudābāmus
habēbāmus bibēbāmus faciēbāmu
saudiēbāmu
s erāmus2nd / “y’all” laudābātis habēbātis bibēbātis faciēbātis audiēbātis erātis3rd / “they” laudābant habēbant bibēbant faciēbant audiēbant erant
Future1st
Conjugation
2nd
Conjugation
3rd
Conjugation
3rd -io4th
Conjugation
Irregular “sum”
Singular1st / “I” laudābō habēbō bibam faciam audiam erō
2nd / “you” laudābis habēbis bibēs faciēs audiēs eris3rd / “h/s/i” laudābit habēbit bibet faciet audiet erit
Plural
1st / “we” laudābimus habēbimus bibēmus faciēmus audiēmus erimus
2nd / “y’all” laudābitis habēbitis bibētis faciētis audiētis eritis3rd / “they” laudābunt habēbunt bibent facient audient erunt
Perfect1st
Conjugation
2nd
Conjugation
3rd
Conjugation
3rd -io4th
Conjugation
Irregular “sum”
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Singular1st / “I” laudāvī habuī bibī fēcī audīvī fuī
2nd / “you” laudāvistī habuistī bibistī fēcistī audīvistī fuistī3rd / “h/s/i” laudāvit habuit bibit fēcit audīvit fuit
Plural
1st / “we” laudāvimus habuimus bibimus fēcimus audīvimus fuimus
2nd / “y’all” laudavistis habuistis bibistis fēcistis audīvistis fuistis3rd / “they” laudāvērun
t habuērunt bibērunt fēcērunt audīvērunt fuēruntIX. DEFINITIONS & TRANSLATIONS
A. The Present Tense indicates that the action is happening NOW.B. The Present Tense translates as he walks, he is walking,
he does walk.C. The Imperfect Tense indicates that the action happened in the
past BUT it is NOT COMPLETE.D. The Imperfect Tense translates as he was walking, he used to
walk.E. The Future Tense indicates that the action WILL happen.F. The Future Tense translates as he will walk.G. The Perfect Tense indicates that the action happened in the
past AND it is COMPLETE.H. The Perfect Tense translates as he walked, he has walked,
he did walk.X. INFINITIVE
A. An Infinitive verb is one which is NOT limited by person.B. The Infinitive is always the 2nd Principal Part of the verb.C. The Infinitive translates as to walk.D. The Infinitive is generally utilized as a Complementary
Infinitive.1. IRREGULAR VERBS
a. posse (to be able) + infinitiveb. velle (to want) + infinitivec. nōlle (to not want) + infinitive
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2. IMPERSONAL VERBS
a. difficile est (it is difficult) + dative + infinitiveb. facile est (it is easy) + dative + infinitivec. necesse est (it is necessary) + dative + infinitived. commodum est (it is convenient) + dative + infinitivee. decōrum est (it is proper) + dative + infinitivef. periculōsum est (it is dangerous) + dative + infinitiveg. melius est (it is better) + dative + infinitive
3. MISCELLANEOUS
a. temptāre (to try, attempt) + infinitiveb. amāre (to like, love) + infinitivec. cupīre (to want, desire) + infinitived. audēre (to dare) + infinitivee. solēre (to be accustomed) + infinitive
XI. IMPERATIVE MOOD
A. The Imperative mood is a verb in the Command form.B. POSITIVE: To form the Imperative mood, start with the 2nd
principal part of the verb and drop the -re. This gives you the singular form. In order to make it plural, simply add a -te suffix. N.B.: In the 3rd declension, you will need to change the short -e to a short -i before adding the -te, like we do for the present tense.
1. festināre → festinā! / festināte!2. sedēre → sedē! / sedēte!3. bibere → bibe! / bibite!4. audīre → audī! / audīte!
C. NEGATIVE: THE SINGULAR IS NOLI + INFINITIVE THE PLURAL IS NOLITE + INFINITIVE
1. noli festinare (don’t hurry) nolite festinare (don’t hurry, ya’ll)
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2. noli sedēre nolite sedēre3. noli bibere nolite bibere4. noli audīre nolite audīre
GEOGRAPHYI. THE ROMAN WORLD
↑Britannia↑ Germania
Gallia Pontus Euxinus Italia ←Tiber River
Hispania •Roma •Brundisium
Mesopotamia Sardinia Asia Minor
Macedonia Achaea •Athenae
Syria Carthago• Sicilia
Phoenicia Mauretania Creta
Mare Nostrum Iudaea
Africa Alexandria• ArabiaCyrenaica ←Nile River
Aegyptus
II. ITALY
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HISTORYI. HISTORICAL DIVISIONS & TERMS
A. ROMAN MONARCHY, 21 April 753 B.C. – 509 B.C.1. A monarchy is a rule by kings, from the Greek words…
a. μονο (mono) = oneb. αρχος (archos) = ruler
2. There were 7 kings of Rome3. Supreme authority was symbolized by a bundle of rods
with an ax, called the fasces from which we derive fascism
B. ROMAN REPUBLIC, 509 B.C. – 27 B.C.1. A republic is a rule by the people, from the Latin words…
a. rēs, reī, F = thing
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b. publicus, -a, -um = public2. After the expulsion of Tarquin the Senate voted to never
again allow the rule of a king and reformed Rome into a republican style of government.
3. A new office was created with the title of CONSUL.a. Initially the consuls possessed all of the king’s
powers in the form of two men, elected for a one year term, who could veto each other’s actions.
b. Later, the consuls’ powers were broken down further by adding other magistrates that each held a small portion of the king’s original powers.
c. Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus were the first consuls of Rome.
4. OTHER MAGISTRACIES
a. PRAETOR = magistrates who were responsible for judicial aspects of the state
b. QUAESTOR = magistrates who were responsible for the treasury and the financial affairs of the state
c. AEDILE = magistrates who were responsible for public works, like maintenance on public buildings, roads, and aqueducts as well as the regulation of religious festivals and public games
d. CENSOR = magistrates who were responsible for conducting the census
e. Under the new republican style of government, the Romans strictly adhered to a system of
annuality (yearly elections) and collegiality (the holding of an magistracy by two men…sometimes more than two with the exception of the magistracy of consul).
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5. The king’s religious powers were given to two new offices…a. The REX SACRORUM was the (de iure) highest
religious official for the Republic. His sole task was to make the annual sacrifice to Jupiter.
b. The PONTIFEX MAXIMUS was the (de facto) highest religious official. He had the power to
appoint all Vestal Virgins, Flamens, Pontiffs, and even the Rex Sacrorum himself.
C. EARLY REPUBLIC
D. LATE REPUBLIC
E. THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE
F. THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
G. ROMAN EMPIRE, 27 B.C. – 476 A.D.
II. THE SEVEN KINGS OF ROME
A. ROMULUS, 753-716 B.C. – founder, namesake(Refer to Mythology, III for more information about Romulus and the founding of Rome.)
B. NUMA POMPILIUS, 715-674 B.C. – calendar reform, creation of religious rituals- introduces the Flames, Vestal Virgins, Pontiffs, etc
C. TULLUS HOSTILIUS, 673-642 B.C. warlike, aggressive, etc
D. ANCUS MARCIUS, 642-617 B.C. – builds first prison, fortifies hills, builds bridge across the Tiber, forms alliances, founds port
city Ostia
E. TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, 616-579 B.C. Etruscan, wages war, drains swamp-like area and begins construction of Forum; founds
the Circus Maximus, killed at the hands of Ancus’ Marcus’ sons
F. SERVIUS TULLIUS, 578-535 B.C Etruscan; builds wall around Rome, establishes first census (divides people into classes); assassinated by daughter Tullia and her husband Servius Tullius
G. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS (…the Proud), 535-509 B.C.
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Tarquin was also of Etruscan birth. It was during his reign that the Etruscans reached the apex of power. Tarquin was known for his use of violence, murder, and terrorism to maintain control over Rome, repealing many of the earlier constitutional reforms set down be his predecessors. Tarquin removed and destroyed all of the Sabine shrines and temples and he permitted the rape of the Sabine woman, Lucretia, at the hands of his own son. Lucius Junius Brutus, (ancestor to Marcus Brutus) kinsman of Lucretia summoned the Senate and together they expelled Tarquin and the monarchy from Rome.
III. EARLY ROMAN HEROES
Aeneas- Trojan prince who led the survivors of Troy to Italy. Considered the ancestor of the Roman race, since his descendants included Romulus and Remus.
Romulus and Remus- twin sons of Rhea Silva and the god Mars; abandoned as infants by their evil uncle, the king. They were found and nursed by a she-wolf and reclaimed their rightful place as royalty. When they grew up, Romulus and Remus decided to start a new city; they argued over where to build the city- Romulus wanted the Palatine Hill and Remus wanted the Aventine Hill; Romulus won the argument, killed Remus, and became the first king of Rome.
Cloelia- a young girl who had been captured and taken as a hostage during war against the Etruscan king Lars Porsenna. She led a number of other female hostages by swimming across the Tiber river.Mucius Scaevola- During the Roman war with the Etruscan king Lars Porsenna, Mucius decided to sneak into the Etruscan camp and kill Lars Porsenna once and for
all. When captured, Mucius stuck his right hand into a nearby flame in order to demonstrate the courage and bravery of the Romans. Porsenna was so impressed that he let Muciusgo free. Mucius later received the cognomen Scaevola which means “left-handed”
Horatius- hero who single-handedly defended the bridge over the Tiber River against the attacking Etruscans, allowing the Romans to escape.
Tarquinius Superbus- last king of Rome, driven out in 509 BC by Brutus and Collatinus
Cincinnatus- former consul who was called upon to be dictator to defend Rome during a time of extreme emergency. He took supreme command, defeated Rome’s enemies, and returned to his farm, all within 16 days. George Washington is often considered the “Cincannatus” of U.S. history
E. THE GRACCHI- TIBERIUS AND GAIUS Politicians of the 2nd century B.C. who advocate for the lower classes and propose agricultural reforms; their political agendas earn them many enemies and they are both murdered.
MYTHOLOGYpage 16
I. THE OLYMPIANS
Greek Name Roman Name Significance Iconography Sacred Places
Zeus JupiterKing of the Gods
God of the Heavens & Weather
Eagle, lightning bolt & lotus staff
Crete, Olympia, Dodona
Hera Juno
Queen of the GodsGoddess Women,
Marriage, & Childbirth
Peacock(some say lion) Argos
Poseidon Neptune God of the Sea Mare, trident Athens & Crete
Demeter Ceres Goddess of the Harvest
Sheath of Wheat or grain, lotus staff & torch
Eleusis
Hestia Vesta Goddess of the Hearth & Home Sacred flame The Home
Apollo ApolloGod of the Sun,
Music, Medicine, & Prophecy
Lyre, laurel wreath &
bow/arrowDelos & Delphi
Greek Name Roman Name Significance Iconography Sacred Places
Artemis Diana God of the Moon & Hunt
Bow/Arrow, hunting spear &
deer
Delos, Delphi, Brauron
Ares Mars God of War Helmet & spear Thebes & Thrace
Athena Minerva Goddess of Wisdom, Weaving & War
Helmet, aegis, spear & owl Athens
Aphrodite Venus Goddess of Love & Beauty
Eros (Cupid)Seashell
Cyprus & Cythera
Hermes Mercury
Messenger of the Gods
God of Travel & Trade
Winged hat/sandals &
caduceus
Mt. Cellene & Arcadia
*Dionysos *Bacchus God of WineThyrsos,
grapevines & panther
Delphi & Asia
*Hephaestus *Vulcan Blacksmith of the Gods
Hammer/anvil, tongs & donkey
Lemnos & Athens
Nota Bene: #12 could be either Dionysos/Bacchus or Hephaestus/Vulcan…it just depends on the sources which you read.
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Nota Bene: The first 5 on this list are the children of Cronos & Rhea, the Titans. Their 6th child is Hades/Pluto, but he is not considered one of the 12 Olympians because he drew the lot of the Underworld.
II. ASSOCIATED MYTHS
A. Daphne & Apollo- Daphne was a wood nymph whom Apollo loved. As Daphne was fleeing Apollo’s advances, she prayed to her father for protection. Daphne
was then turned into a laurel tree. The laurel tree became sacred to Apollo and a crown made of its leaves was given to victors in music and athletic contests.
B. Arachne & Minerva Arachne was a human weaver who boasted that she was moretalented than Minerva, even after being warned not to anger the gods. After a weaving contest with Minerva, in which she created a tapestry depicting theindiscretions of the gods, Arachne was turned into a spider. The Greeks usedthis myth to explain the origin of spiders spinning webs.
C. Diana & Actaeon- Acteon was a hunter who mistakenly came across Diana whileshe was bathing. Diana, enraged, turned Acteon into a stag (a deer).
Acteonwas later hunted and killed by his own hunting dogs.
D. Ceres & Proserpina- Ceres, the goddess of grain, loved her daughter Proserpina verymuch and thus was terribly upset when Pluto kidnapped Proserpina in orderto make her Queen of the Underworld. Eventually Ceres found her daughter,but because Proserpina had eaten some pomegranate seeds while in theUnderworld, she had to remain in Hades for half of the year. When her daughter was away from her, Ceres caused crops to stop growing, but whenProserpina returned, Ceres made flowers and plants bloom again. The Greeks and Romans used this myth to explain the seasons
Greek Heroes
-Perseus- defeated Medusa, the Gorgon with snakes for hair.
Theseus- defeated the Minotaur, the half-man, half-bull who inhabited the labyrinth
Jason- led the Argonauts on a quest to discover the golden fleece
Hercules/Heracles- hero who completed the twelve labors, including killing of the Nemean Lion and the Lernian Hydra, and wore a lion’s pelt over his shoulders.
Midas- greedy king who foolishly made the wish that everything he touched would turn to gold.
Orpheus- the Greek musician whose wife Eurydice died and went to the Underworld. Orpheus
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journeyed through Hades and convinced Pluto/Hades to return Eurydice, with the condition that he not turn around to look at Eurydice until they had returned to the world of humans. At the last second Orpheus turned around and Eurydice was taken from him forever
Odysseus- Greek hero, also known as Ulysses, who invented the Trojan Horse and then spent ten years trying to return to his homeland in Ithaca. He battled the one-eyed monstercalled the Cyclops, was imprisoned by the nymph Callypso, and then had to fightoff the greedy suitors who had taken over his palace because they were trying to convince Odysseus’s wife Penelope to marry them.
IV. OTHER MAJOR HEROES
A. BELLERPHON – defeats the Chimera,
B. ACHILLES (Father = Peleus, mother =Thetis) Greek hero in the Trojan war; mother dips him in the river
Styx and he comes in invincible except on the heel; defeats the Trojan hero Hector but is later killed in the heel by an arrow of Paris.
C. Aeneas- Trojan hero who wanders the Mediterranean, falls in love withthe Carthaginian queen Dido but eventually leads his
people to Italy, where his descendants Romulus and Remus establish the city of Rome
V. BEASTS
A. ERINNYES / FURIES: Alecto, Tisiphone, & Megara1. Three Sisters who were responsible for avenging / haunting
those who had committed evil against the world. They were usually depicted as wild looking women, sometimes with wings, sometimes without wings.
2. Some of their more famous victims include Orestes, Oedipus, Alcmaeon, and Penthesilea the Amazon Queen.
B. GIGANTES / GIANTS tall and frightening creatures with long hair and beards. They were 24 in number.
C. SIRENS
Creatures with the head of a woman and the body of a bird. They lived on the island of Sirenum Scopuli, three small rocky islands. With the
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irresistible charm of their songs, they lured mariners to their destruction on the rocks surrounding their island.
D. GORGONS: Medusa, Stheno, & Euryale1. These three women were transformed into hideous beasts by
Athena. They had skin made of scales, dragon’s wings, and hair of coiling snakes. Anyone who met their gaze was immediately turned to stone.
2. Medusa was the youngest and most beautiful of the 3 sisters. She was also the only mortal of the three. Medusa
was eventually slain by Perseus with the help of the gods. The winged horse Pegasus sprung from her blood when she was beheaded.
E. CERBERUS
1. Different sources describe him in different ways. Horace says 50 heads, Hesiod says 100 heads, but most others say only 3
heads.He also had the tail of a dragon & a mane of snakes.
2. Cerberus is the Watchdog of the Gates of Hell. He lies chained at the gates where the Acheron enters the
Underworld, harassing the spirits as they enter. Hero encounters include Herakles, Aeneas, & Orpheus.
F. GRIFFIN This creature has the face, beak, talons, and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion. Sometimes it is portrayed with a long
snake-like tale..
G. CYCLOPES: These were giant creatures with one eye in the center of their forehead.
H. CHIMAERA1. This creature was a fire-breathing she-goat with the head of a
lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent.2. Its parents were Typhon and Echidna.3. This dreaded monster took up residence in a place called Lycia
and caused great havoc, killing and terrorizing all the neighboring area. In due time, the hero called Bellerophon,
riding the winged horse Pegasus, challenged this beast.
I. CENTAURS: Chiron (Achilles’ story) & Nessus (Hercules’ story)1. These creatures were a tribe of ½ man ½ horse.
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K. HYDRA
1. This creature was a giant water snake with nine heads, one of which was immortal.
2. This creature inhabited the lands of Lerna. It was eventually killed by Herakles. The only way in which to kill it was to
lop of each head and cauterize the neck before more head could grow back
in its place.
L. MINOTAUR
1. This creature has the body of a man and the head of a bull.2. It is believed that the Minotaur is the offspring of Pasiphae,
who was the wife of King Minos.3. It is believed that the Minotaur was born due to a grave
error of arrogance on the part of King Minos of Crete. The King bragged that he had been granted the kingdom from the gods. He declared that whatever he prayed for would be granted. Therefore he prayed to the god Poseidon to produce a beautiful bull…and thus he would sacrifice this bull to the god. However,
he decided to sacrifice a different bull and offended Poseidon. Thus Poseidon contrived that Pasiphae, the queen, should
fall in love with the bull, thus producing the Minotaur.Minos commissioned Daedalus to construct a great
Labyrinth within which to contain the great Minotaur.Theseus is credited with the killing of the Minotaur in order
to rescue the people of Crete from the yearly sacrifice of seven young men and seven maidens.
M. SPHINX1. This creature had the head of a woman, the breast, feet, &
tail of a lion, AND wings of a bird.2. She was another child of Typhon & Echidna.3. Hera (read websites for further information on why) sent
the Sphinx to harass the people of Thebes with her riddle…no one could pass unless they could solve the riddle. “What goes first by four, then by two, and at last by three?”
It was the unrecognized son of Laius and Iocasta…Oedipus by name…who solved the riddle of the Sphinx. (Read the websites for further information on Oedipus.)
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N. SCYLLA & CHARYBDIS
1. Scylla is described as having the upper body of a woman and the lower body of six dogs.
Charybdis is sometimes depicted as having the upper body of a woman and the lower body of snakes…not 100% sure.
2. Scylla is often referred to as the clashing rocks…she would lure sailors towards her and crash their ships between her rocks.
Charybdis is often referred to as the whirlpool…she would lure the sailors into her cavernous region and suck the ships into her whirling waves and spew them back out.
It is believed that these two resided in the Straits of Messina.
ROMAN LIFEI. CITY OF ROME
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II. SEVEN HILLS OF ROME
A. Situated on the Tiber River near the west central coast of Italy, Rome encompassed seven hills.
1. Capitoline Hill = this is the location of the Temple of Jupiter, the most important and revered of all of the Roman gods, hence our use of the English word Capitol
2. Palatine Hill = this is the centermost hill originally founded by Romulus, the most affluent Roman families had large homes and palaces on this hill
3. Quirinal Hill = according to legend, this hill was originally the site of the small village of the Sabines
4. Viminal Hill5. Esquiline Hill = this hill was quite attractive to the wealthy
residents of Rome because originally it overlooked the beautiful valley which was later to become the home of the Colosseum
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6. Caelian Hill = under the reign of Tullius Hostilius, the entire population of Alba Longa was forced to resettle here;
during the Roman Republic, like the Esquiline Hill, this was also an attractive location for the wealthy residents of the city
7. Aventine Hill = this hill was a strategic point in controlling trade on the Tiber River.
B. The area in which Rome was situated was called Latium, the origin of our word Latin.
C. Rome’s outlet to the sea was at Ostia, a seaport about 16 miles down the Tiber River.
III. BASIC STRUCTURES
A. forum = a marketplace; center for business, government, & religion
1. basilica = courthouse, court2. curia = senate house (usually the one in Rome)3. horreum = granary (for public distribution)4. macellum = covered market5. tabernae = shops6. mēnsa ponderaria = table of weights & measures7. templa = temples (to various gods, goddesses, emperors,
etc.)B. theātrum = a theater; musical performances, comedies, &
tragedies.1. cavea = seating area2. scaena = stage
C. amphitheātrum = an amphitheater; gladiatorial combats1. cavea = seating area2. arēna = combat floor
D. circus = a racetrack; chariot racing
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E. thermae = the baths1. apodytērium = changing room2. tepidārium = warm room3. caldārium = hot room4. frigidārium = cold room5. balneum = a bathing pool6. palaestra = exercise yard7. thermopōlium = hot food stand
F. campus Martius = Field of Mars, training ground of the Roman army
IV. HOUSING
A. Three types of Roman domiciles.1. vīlla = a large farming estate usually located outside city
walls.2. domus = a townhouse located within city walls.3. īnsula = an apartment building located with city walls.
B. Common rooms of a Roman house.1. ātrium = reception hall2. cubiculum = bedroom, usually surrounding the atrium3. tablīnum = master’s office / study4. triclīnium = dining room5. peristylium = open courtyard in the 2nd half of the house
a. flower gardens / shrubberyb. vegetable / herb gardensc. statuesd. fountains
6. culīna = kitchen7. latrīna = toilet
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C. Miscellaneous1. iānua = front door2. vestibulum / faucēs = hallway between front door and
atrium3. larārium = household shrine4. complūvium = opening in the ceiling in the atrium5. implūvium = rainwater pool in the center of the atrium6. tabernae = shops often located on either side of front door
V. CLOTHING
A. Common Clothing1. tunica = basic article of clothing worn by all people2. sandalia = sandals3. calceī = enclosed shoes
B. Roman Men / Boys1. toga = large woolen wrap worn only by citizens2. toga virilis = natural white toga worn by men once they
have undergone their manhood ceremony at age 15 / 163. toga praetexta = toga with a wide purple border worn by
young boys prior to their manhood ceremony and by Roman officials
C. Roman Women / Girls1. stola = a dress, could be made of wool, linen, or silk and
could be a variety of colors…all of these variations depend upon money
2. palla = a wrap similar to a toga (not as large or shaped the same) worn for the purpose of covering a “lady” in public
D. Miscellaneous1. fibula / fibulae = brooches / pins used to pin articles of
clothing
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2. bulla = a protective amulet worn by children, boys until their manhood ceremony, girls usually until their wedding day
VI. HOUSEHOLD
A. Family Vocabulary1. gēns, gentis, f = clan, tribe2. familia, -ae, f = household3. dominus / domina = master / mistress of the household4. pater, patris, m = father5. marītus, -ī, m = husband6. māter, mātris, f = mother7. uxor, uxōris, f = wife8. fīlius / fīlia = son / daughter9. frater, fratris, m = brother10. soror, sorōris, f = sister11. lībertus / līberta = freedman / freedwoman12. servus / ancilla = slave / slave girl
a. vernae = slaves born into the householdb. alumnī = slaves acquired as babies / children
B. Household Relationships1. paterfamilias = head of the household2. patria postestas = power of the head of the household3. patrōnus, -ī, m = patron, one who offers certain privileges /
protections to his clients such as protection under the law.
4. cliēns, clientis, m = client, usually ex-slaves of a master, but also other (often lower class) men who pay respect to a
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patron by offering him support in his business and political endeavors.
BASIC SPOKEN PHRASESI. GREETINGS
A. salve! / salvete! = Hello! (singular / plural)B. vale! / valete! = Good-bye! (singular / plural)C. quid agis? / quid agitis? = how are you doing? (singular / plural)D. quod nomen est tibi? = what is your name?
II. QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
A. quis est? = who is he / she / it? B. quid est? = what is he / she / it?C. quid agit? = what is he / she / it doing?D. ita! = yes!E. minime! = no!
III. CLASSROOM COMMANDS
A. sede! / sedete! = sit down!B. audi! / audite! = listen!C. specta! / spectate! = look!D. scribe! / scribite! = write!E. repete! / repetite! = repeat!F. responde! / respondete! = respond!G. tace! / tacete! = be quiet!H. dic! / dicite! = speak! / say!
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I. veni huc! / venite huc! = come here!
DERIVATIVESThroughout the year, we have consistently identified English words which are
derived from our Latin vocabulary words. Therefore the FIRST source you should turn to in order to help you prepare for this aspect of the exam should
be your Stage Vocabulary / Derivative worksheets. The SECOND way in which to prepare / review is to go to the vocabulary lists which accompany
each story and consider the English derivatives which we brainstormed together during our classes.
EXPRESSIONS, MOTTOES,& ABBREVIATIONS
I. EXPRESSIONS
A. Legal Phrasesbona fide in good faithhabeas corpus you shall have the bodyin camera in chamber / in secret / closed sessionipso facto by the very fact itselfper se in / by itself
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prima facie on first appearance / at first sightpro forma as a matter of form / according to formpro tempore for the time / temporarilyquid pro quo what for what / something for
somethingres gestae things done / deeds / facts of a case
which are admissible as evidencesine qua non without which not / an essential
elementstatus quo manner in which / conditionsui iuris of one’s own right
B. Miscellaneous Latin Phrasesad hoc with respect to this objective /
purposead infinitum to infinityad nauseam to the point of disgustalma mater fostering motheralter ego the other “I”ante bellum before the warcum laude with praisede facto from the fact / in point of fact / actualdeo volente god willingdeus ex machine a god from a machineex libris from the library ofex officio from duty / by virtue of office or positionfacta non verba deeds, not wordshomo sapiens wise / thinking manin loco parentis in the place / position of a parentin medias res into the midst of thingsin memoriam in memory ofin toto in the whole / complete
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magna cum laude with great praisemagnum opus a great workmea culpa my faultpanem et circenses bread and circusesper capita by heads / by the personper diem by the day / per daypersona non grata a person not acceptablepost mortem after deathrara avis a rare birdsub rosa under the rose / in secretsumma cum laude with the highest praiseterra firma on solid ground / a solid footingvice versa the positions having been changedvox populi the voice of the people
C. Famous Roman Quotesalea iacta est.
The die has been cast. -Julius Caeasar
ars longa, vita brevis.Art is long, life is short.
morturi te salutamus.We, who are about to die, salute you.
carpe diem.Sieze the day. -Horace
cave canem.Beware of the dog.
caveat emptor.Let the buyer beware.
cedant arma togae.Let arms yield to the toga.Let the military yield to civil power. -Cicero
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de gustibus no disputandum.Concerning tastes there must not be disputing.
delenda Carthago est.Carthage must be destroyed. -Cato
errare est humanum.To err is human. -Seneca
fortuna favet fortibus.Fortune favors the brave / strong.
gaudeamus igitur.Let us rejoice therefore.
in vino veritas.In wine there is truth.
labor omnia vincit.Work conquers all things. -Vergil
pax vobiscum.Peace be with you.
quo vadis?To where are you going?
tempus fugit.Times flies.
veni, vidi, vici.I came, I saw, I conquered. -Julius Caesar
II. MOTTOES
A. Mottoes of the USA and the Statese pluribus unum
one from many -USA
annuit coeptis(God) has approved our beginnings -USA
iustitia omnibusjustice for all -Wash. D.C.
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audemus iura nostra defenderewe dare to defend our rights -Alabama
ditat DeusGod enriches -Arizona
regnat populus (regnant populi)the people rule -Arkansas
nil sine numinenothing without the Deity -Colorado
qui transtulit, sustinethe who transplanted continues to sustain -Connecticut
esto perpetuamayest thou endure forever -Idaho
ad astra per asperato the stars through difficulties -Kansas
dirigoI direct / I guide -Maine
scuto bonae voluntatis tuae coronasti noswith the shield of Thy good will thou hast crowned us
-Maryland
ense petit placidam sub libertate quietemwith the sword she seek peace under liberty
-Massachusetts
si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspiceif you seek a pleasant peninsula, look around you
-Michigan
vitrute et armisby valor and arms -Mississippi
salus populis suprema lex estolet the welfare of the people be the supreme law
-Missouri
crescit eundoit grows by going / it grows as it goes -New
Mexico
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excelsiorhigher -New York
esse qum viderito be rather than to seem -North
Carolina
imperium in imperioan empire in an empire -Ohio
labor omnia vincitlabor conquers all things -Oklahoma
alis volat propriisshe flies with her own wings -Oregon
animis opibusque paratiprepared in spirit and riches -South Carolina
dum spiro sperowhile I breathe I hope -South Carolina
sic semper tyrannisthus always the tyrants -Virginia
montani semper liberimountaineers are always freemen -West Virginia
libertas et fidelitasfreedom and loyalty -West Virginia
cedant arma togaelet the arms yield to the toga -Wyoming
B. Other Mottoes
III. ABBREVIATIONS
A.D. anno domini in the year of our LordA.M. ante meridiem before the middle of the dayA.U.C. anno urbis conditae
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in the year of the founding of the city (Rome)
(basis of Roman dating prior to B.C. & A.D.)
ad lib. ad libitum at one’s pleasureB.A. artium baccalaureus Bachelor of Arts (degree)c. / ca. circa near / about (used with
dating years)e.g. exempli gratiae for the sake of exampleet al. et alii and other personset al. et alibi and elsewhere (et alius + ibi)etc. et cetera and other thingset seq. et sequens / sequentes and the one/ones followingibid. ibidem in the same place (ibi + idem)id. idem the same thingi.e. id est that isI.H.S. in hoc signo in this sign (of the cross)I.N.R.I. Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum
Jesus the Nazarene King of the JewsJ.D. jurum doctor doctor of lawslb. libra a pound (in weight)M.A. artium magister master of arts (degree)M.D. medicinae doctor doctor of medicineN.B. nota bene note wellop. cit. opere citato in the work citedPh.D. philosophiae doctor doctor of philosophy (degree)P.M. post meridiem after the middle of the dayP.S. post script written after (appended
information)pro tem. pro tempore for the time (temporarily)Q.E.D. quod erat demonstrandum
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which was to be provenQ.E.F.quod erat faciendum which was to be doneR.I.P. requiescat in pace may he / she rest in peacesc., scil. scilicet it is permitted to know / that is to
sayS.P.Q.R. Senatus Populusque Romanus
the Senate and the People of Romevs. versus against
COMMON VOCABULARYBelow is a list of vocabulary words that other textbooks introduce in the first year of Latin. You might encounter some of these words on the exam.
NOUNS
aedificium, aedificiī, N: buildingager, agrī, M: fieldamicitia, amicitiae, F: friendshipannus, annī, M: yearaquila, aquilae, F: eagleaudacia, audaciae, F: boldnessarma, armae, N, Pl.: weaponsauriga, aurigae, M: charioteerauxilium, auxiliī, N: helpbellum, bellī, N: warbeneficium, beneficiī, N: kindnesscaelum, caelī, N: skycampus, campī, M: field, plaincaptīvus, captīvī, M: captive, prisonercarrus, carrī, M: cart, wagoncasa, casae, F: hut, small housecaupōna, caupōnae, F: inncausa, causae, F: cause, reasoncolonia, coloniae, F: colonyconcordia, concoridae, F: harmonyconsilium, consiliī, N: plan, ideacopia, copiae, F: abundance, supply
cura, curae, F: caredea, deae, F: goddessdeus, deī, M: goddiligentia, diligentiae, F: diligence, caredisciplīna, disciplīnae, F: instruction, trainingdōnum, dōnī, N: gift, presentepistula, epistulae, F: letterfactum, factī, N: deedfama, famae, F: reportforma, formae, F: shapefortūna, fortūnae, F: fortune, luckfossa, fossae, F: ditch, trenchfrumentum, frumentī, N: grainfuga, fugae, F: flightgaudeum, gaudeī, N: joygloria, gloriae, F: glory, famegratia, gratiae, F: thankshora, horae, F: hourimperium, imperiī, N: empire, commandiniuria, iniuriae, F: injustice, injuryinopia, inopiae, F: lack, wantīra, īrae, F: angeriūdicium, iūdiciī, N: judgment
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legātus, legātī, M: lieutenant, envoylingua, linguae, F: language, tonguelittera, litterae, F: letterlupus, lupī, M: wolfmateria, materiae, F: matter, timbermemoria, memoriae, F: memorymodus, modī, M: manner, waymora, morae, F: delaynatūra, natūrae, F: natureofficium, officiī, N: dutyopera, operae, F: work, effortoppidum, oppidī, N: townōtium, ōtiī, N: leisure, pleasurepatria, patriae, F: fatherland, countryperīculum, perīculī, N: dangerpilum, pilī, N: javelinplaustrum, plaustrī, N: cart, wagonpoena, poenae, F: penaltypraeda, praedae, F; loot, bootypraemium, praemiī, N: prize, rewardpretium, pretiī, N: priceproelium, proeliī, N: battleprovincia, provinciae, F: provinceraeda, raedae, F: carriageraedārius, raedāriī, M: coachmanramus, ramī, M: branchregīna, regīnae, F: queenregnum, regnī, N: kingdomripa, ripae, F: shorerivus, rivī, M: riverrota, rotae, F: wheelrusticus, rusticī, M: peasantsagitta, sagittae, F: arrowsaxum, saxī, N: rockschola, scholae, F:; schoolscientia, scientiae, F: knowledgescutum, scutī, N: shieldsocius, sociī, M: ally, comradestudium, studiī, N: eagernesstelum, telī, N: weaponterra, terrae, F: ground, landunda, undae, F: wavevallum, vallī, N: wallvehiculum, vehiculī N: vehicleverbum, verbī, N: wordvictoria, victoriae, F: victoryvigilia, vigiliae, F: watchvīlicus, vīlicī, M: overseer, farm managervīta, vītae, F: life
ADJECTIVES
aequus, -a, -um: equal, fair, justalter, altera, alterum: anotheraltus, -a, -um: high, tall; deep
amplus, -a, -um: large, ampleangustus, -a, -um: narrowaureus, -a, -um: goldenbarbarus, -a, -um: foreigncalidus, -a, -um: hotcertus, -a, -um: certain, sureclarus, -a, -um: clear; famouscommodus, -a, -um: convenientcupidus, -a, -um: desirousdexter, dextra, dextrum: right durus, -a, -um: hard, harshfalsus, -a, -um: falseferus, -a, -um: wild, fiercefinitimus, -a, -um: neighboringfirmus, -a, -um: firm, strongfrigidus, -a, -um: coldgratus, -a, -um: pleasing, gratefulidoneus, -a, -um: suitableinfirmus, -a, -um: weakinimīcus, -a, -um: unfriendlyinsānus, -a, -um: insaneinteger, integra, integrum: untouched, freshlatus, -a, -um: widelentus, -a, -um: slowlīber, lībera, līberum: freelongus, -a, -um: longmadidus, -a, -um: soaking wetniger, nigra, nigrum: blacknōtus, -a, -um: well-known; famousnōvus, -a, -um: newpaucī, -ae, -a: a fewplanus, -a, -um: levelplēnus, -a, -um: fullperīculōsus, -a, -um: dangerousposterus, -a, -um: followingpraeclarus, -a, -um: famousprīmus, -a, -um: firstproprinquus, -a, -um: nearproximus, -a, -um: next, nearestpublicus, -a, -um: publicrectus, -a, -um: straightsacer, sacra, sacrum: sacredsalvus, -a, -um: safesānus, -a, -um: sane, healthyscelestus, -a, -um: wicked, evilsingulī, -ae, -a: one at a timesinister, sinistra, sinistrum: leftstrenuus, -a, -um: active, energeticsummus, -a, -um: highest, greatesttardus, -a, -um: slowultimus, -a, -um: last, finalvacuus, -a, -um: emptyvalidus, -a, -um: strongvarius, -a, -um: changing, various
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vērus, -a, -um: truevicīnus, -a, -um: neighboringvīvus, -a, -um: alive, living
VERBS
appellō, -āre, -āvī: to callappropinquō, -āre, -āvī: to approachcēlō, -āre, -āvī: to hidecessō, -āre, -āvī: to do nothingcōnvocō, -āre, -āvī: to call togethercurō, -āre, -āvī: to care fordēbeō, -ēre, debuī: to owe, oughtdemonstrō, -āre, -āvī: to show, point outerrō, -āre, -āvī: to make a mistake, wandergaudeō, -ēre: to rejoicehaereō, -ēre, haesī: to cling, stickiubeō, -ēre, iussī: to ordermandō, -āre, -āvī: to ordermereō, -ēre: to deservemigrō, -āre, -āvī: go departmittō, -ere, mīsī: to sendnavigō, -āre, -āvī: to sailoccupō, -āre, -āvī: to occupyprobō, -āre, -āvī: to proveproperō, -āre, -āvī: to testrogō, -āre, -āvī: to asktemptō, -āre, -āvī: to try, attemptvolō, -āre, -āvī: to flyvulnerō, -āre, -āvī: to wound
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