Download - Nonreferecial
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The Teacher’s Grammar of Englishby: Ron Cowan
Chapter 7:
Nonreferencial It & There
Presented by: Nadia BAT
Supervised by: - Jennifer Evans- Youssef Tamer
TEFL & ICT Master program
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OutlineNonreferencial It
Nonreferencial There
Nonreferencial There in discourse
Additional facts about Nonreferencial there
Problems that ESL / EFL Ss have withNonreferencial IT & There
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
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Nonreferencial IT & There
o The words it and there commonly function as pronouns.
o They refer to some other element in the samesentence or in the preceding discourse.
o Sentences beginning with nonreferencial itand there occur frequently in all registers of spoken and written English.
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Nonreferencial It
Referncial/ Nonreferencial?
He picked up a flat stone and skipped it across the surface of water.
It’s raining pretty hard.Is it raining?It’s been raining all day.It was raining earlier,isn’t it?It’s a rainy day.It are raining.
Sentences with Nonreferencial It
Special constractions with Nonreferencial It
WeatherTemperatureTimeDays of the week and Holydays
Distance and environment
It’s sunny todayWhat time is it?It’s 27 degrees out thereI don’t know what day of the week it is.It’s Mother’s dayIt’s hot in here.
Cleft sentences:
It’s my brother who gotmarried,not me.It was 6 months ago that he got his promotion.
Extraposed subject clause:
It’s interesting [that you beleive that].It’s unusual [to find suchwisdom in someone soyoung].
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Exercise 1
Referencial or NonReferencial?
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It was so smoky in that room that my eyeswere watering.
Nonreferencial
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The lost and found department called.they think they found
your watch, but you will have to go and identify it.
Referencial
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A: Are you going out?
B: Are you kidding? It’s freezing out there.
Nonreferencial
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He is so disorganized that he doesn’t even know
what day it is.
Nonreferencial
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He found a good solid stock and invested all his
money in it.
Referencial
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Nonreferencial there
Referncial/ Nonreferencial?
referencial:
Put the boxes over there
Nonreferencial:
Are there any cookies left?There is something we need
to talk about.
Contractions and There Occurrences
Subject-Verb Agreement
With is before ingularNPWith are before plural NPWith modalsWith modal verbs units of measurement,currency&time
• There’s a hole in my life.• There’re lots of deer.• There’s been some criticism
of his book.• There must be another
solution to this problem•There was 20 dollars in his
the verbs that follows thereshould agree in number withthe NP after it
• There are two beds in anyroom
•There is a crack in the seiling
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Nonreference there in discourse
Sentences with nonreferencial there serve several basic functions:
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Intoducing new information:
There is a new sheriff in town. And he’s going to clean all the corruption
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Responding to questions about existence of something:
A:Where can i get some money?
B: there’s a bank overe there.
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Shifting the focus of a discussion:
Using there to introduce new paragraph.
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Calling something to mind:
A: I can’t decide where to take Debbie for lunch.
B: well, there’s that restaurant we ate at last month
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Additional facts about nonreferencial there
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Some sentences with nonreferencial therecan be rewritten as sentences with indifinitesubjects( a/an or some and a noun).
Nonreferencial there sentences and theircounterparts:
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• There is a man standing under the tree.• A man is standing under the tree.
•There are some flowers in front of yourhouse.
•Some flowers are in front of your house.
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• There was an accident on the freeway last night.
• An accident was on the freeway last night.
no
When the NP after be in a sentence with nonreferencialthere describes an event or an occurance, it does not havea grammatical counterpart sentece with an indefinitesubject
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Indefinite NP Relative clause
• There are [[several possibilities][ that we haven’t considered]].
• Several possibilities are that we haven’t considered
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Nonreferencial there with verbs other than be:
There appeared a strange face in the window.
once upon a time, there lived ab ancient mariner
There remain only two more issues to dealt with
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Idioms with nonreferencial there:
There’s + no +present participle verb form
• There’s no telling what he will do.
• There’s no getting out of it.
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Exercise 2
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Is there any gas in that can cover there?
No,there isn’t.
Grammatical
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There’s quite a lot of really strange looking characters hanging
around in the supermarket parking lot .
ungrammatical
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There’s a number of ways to do that
ungrammatical
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She told me that there was a dozen place mats
in that drawer.
Grammatical
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Problems that EFl/ESL Students have with nonreferencial IT & There
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The absence of nonreferencial IT in manylanguages:
• Today very hot.
• It’s very hot today.
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Missing relative pronoun in nonreferencial thereis/are sentences (chinese).
• There are many varieties of cancer exist.
• There was a tire hanging from the roof servedas their playground.
There are many varieties of cancer that exist.
There was a tire hanging from the roof servedas their playground.
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Incorrect use of polarity items with nonreferencialthere (Korean):
• There’s no any questions which check students’ reading comprehension.
• There’s no particular difficulties in understandingcultural background.
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Thank you!