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NoiseIn
RF Systems
Ralph J. Pasquinelli
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
What are sources of electrical noise?
Random motion of electrons produces thermal noiseSometimes referred to as “white noise”
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
What are sources of electrical noise?
Vacuum Tube TransistorParticle Accelerator
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
What are sources of electrical noise?
Other undesirable charged particles
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Noise Basics
Thermal Noise = kTB Boltsman’s constant x Temperature x Bandwidth
WattDegrees K Seconds
Degrees KSeconds 1
x x
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
GainNoise In Noise OutNoise Basics
Noise Figure or
Noise FactorNoise Out (Gain)(Noise In)
The Perfect Gain Box adds no noise, so NF=1 or 0 dB
Noise Added
Noise unit is watts
Signal InNoise InSignal OutNoise Out
(Signal In)(Noise Out)(Gain)(Signal In)(Noise In)
=NF= = =
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
GainNoise In Noise OutNoise Basics
Noise Out = Noise In x Gain + Noise Added
Noise Added
Noise Added = Noise Out - Noise In x Gain=NF x Noise In x Gain - Noise In x Gain=(NF - 1)x Noise In x Gain
Noise In = kTB
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Noise BasicsWhere is the noise floor?
Temperature DependentNoise Energy = kT = joules = watt seconds
=(1.38x10-23 joules/K)x(290 K)=4 x 10-21 joules=4 x 10-18 milliwatt seconds=-174 dBm per Hz
Have a MHz of Bandwidth then add 60 dB for -114 dBm per MHz
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
How to Measure Noise FigureD.U.TGain
Noise In
ExcessNoise Detector
Measure a ratio of powers
Excess Noise x Gain
Noise In x GainD.U.T added Noise
Noise In x GainD.U.T added Noise
excess noise offexcess noise on
Noise Basics
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
How to Measure Noise FigureD.U.TGain
Noise In
ExcessNoise Detector
Measure a ratio of powers
NF = Excess Noise Ratio x1
Measured Ratio - 1
Noise Basics
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
How to Measure Noise FigureD.U.TGain
Noise In
ExcessNoise Detector
Noise Diode Hot and Cold noise source
Noise Basics
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Noise Figure Test Setup
CryostatNoiseSource
Detector
LocalOscillator
Network Analyzer
Amplifiers
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
System Noise Figure G2NF2
Noise In
G1NF1
G3NF3
NFsystem = NF1 +NF2 - 1 NF3 -1
G1 G1 G2
+
Noise BasicsNoise Out
NFsystem = Noise Out(Noise In) G1G2G3
NFsystem = +kTBG1G2G3 + (NF1-1) kTBG1G2G3kTBG1G2G3
(NF2-1)kTBG2G3kTBG1G2G3
+ (NF3-1)KTBG3kTBG1G2G3
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Mount AmplifierHERE!
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Look into these boxesThe impedance looks the same!
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Typical Stochastic Cooling Feedback System
Itsy bitsy signal-80 dBm=10-11 watts
Need 100 WattsOf Signal+50 dBm=102 watts
Pickup Kicker
Beam
Beam
preampPower amp
Solution…gain = 1013 or 130 dB???
coax
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Typical Stochastic Cooling Feedback System
Pickup Kicker
Beam
Beam
preampPower amp
coax
NF1=1 dB=1.25Atten=1 dB=1.25Gain=-1 dB=0.794
NF2=3 dB=2Gain=30 dB=1000
NF3=10 dB=10Gain=100 dB=1010
NF=1dB=1.25NF=4dB=2.51=1.25 + (2-1)/0.794
300K
NF=4.01dB=2.52=1.25 + (2-1)/0.794 +(10-1)/(0.794*1000)
Input signal and noise
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Typical Stochastic Cooling Feedback System
Pickup Kicker
Beam
Beam
preampPower amp
coax
NF1=1 dB=1.25Atten=1 dB=1.25Gain=-1 dB=0.794
NF2=3 dB=2Gain=30 dB=1000
NF3=10 dB=10Gain=100 dB=1010
-80 dBm Signal-84 dBm noise
290K
System BW= 1GHz
-81 dBm Signal-84 dBm noise
-51 dBm Signal-51 dBm noise
SNR=4 dB
Case I
+49 dBm Signal = 79 W+49 dBm noise = 79 W 158 W total
SNR= 0 dBNF=4.01 dBTeff=441 K
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Typical Stochastic Cooling Feedback System
Pickup Kicker
Beam
Beam
preampPower amp
coax
NF1=1 dB=1.25Atten=1 dB=1.25Gain=-1 dB=0.794
NF2=1 dB=1.25Gain=30 dB=1000
NF3=10 dB=10Gain=100 dB=1010
-80 dBm Signal-84 dBm noise
290K
System BW= 1GHz
-81 dBm Signal-84 dBm noise
-51 dBm Signal-53 dBm noise
SNR=4 dB
Case IIBuy betterpreamp
+49 dBm Signal = 79 W+47 dBm noise = 50 W 129 W total
SNR= 2 dBNF=2 dBTeff=168 K
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Typical Stochastic Cooling Feedback System
Pickup Kicker
Beam
Beam
preampPower amp
coax
NF1=0 dB=1Atten=0 dB=1Gain=0 dB=1
NF2=1 dB=1.25Gain=30 dB=1000
NF3=10 dB=10Gain=100 dB=1010
-80 dBm Signal-89.6 dBm noise
80K
System BW= 1GHz
-80 dBm Signal-89.6 dBm noise
-50 dBm Signal-58.6 dBm noise
SNR=9.6 dB
Case IIIBuy betterPreamp& chill front end
+50 dBm Signal = 100 W+41.4 dBm noise = 14 W 114 W total
SNR= 8.6 dBNF=1 dBTeff=73 K
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
$$ What’s the Cost $$
Case I: Warm pickup and 3 dB NF preamp79 watts signal + 79 watts noise = 158 watts
Did not meet 100 watt signal minimum so must add 26% more total power for 200 Watts
Preamp cost……………..$500Power cost……………$20,000Subtotal………………$20,500
Power costs $100 per watt for this system
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
$$ What’s the Cost $$
Case II: Warm pickup and 1 dB NF preamp79 watts signal + 50 watts noise = 129 watts
Did not meet 100 watt signal minimum so must add 26% more total power for 162 Watts
Preamp cost…………….$2000Power cost……………$16,200Subtotal………………$18,200
Power costs $100 per watt for this system
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
$$ What’s the Cost $$
Case III: Cold pickup and 1 dB NF preamp100 watts signal + 14 watts noise = 114 watts
Cryogenics …………..$50,000Preamp cost…………….$2000Power cost……………$11,400Subtotal………………$63,400
Power costs $100 per watt for this system
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Debuncher Stochastic Cooling Cryo Preamp
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
What if?
Power Handling?
Ferrite Saturation? Tight fit?No room
For More Kickers
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Noise BasicsWhere is the noise floor?
Temperature DependentNoise Energy = kT = joules = watt seconds
=(1.38x10-23 joules/K)x(290 K)=4 x 10-21 joules=4 x 10-18 milliwatt seconds=-174 dBm per Hz
Have a MHz of Bandwidth then add 60 dB for -114 dBm per MHz
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Noise Performance of Swept Frequency Spectrum Analyzer
With a Resolution Bandwidth of 1 MHz noise floor = -91 dBmSome 23 dB worse than ideal, i.e. NF = 23 dB, Teff= 58,000 deg K
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Optical Amplifier Noise Performance
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
+
Synchronous Phase & Phase Stability
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Plot of Phase Noise vs Frequency
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Intermodulation Noise in a Power Amplifier
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Coherent Beam Signal NoiseTevatron Schottky Signal
70 dB
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Tevatron Schottky Time Domain SignalsAfter pickup
After pre-amplifier
After power amplifier
Peak Power Levels canSaturate the systemBut not be Obvious in theFrequency Domain
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Effects by gating on Tevatron Schottky Signal
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Dynamic Range = Max operable power/Noise floor power
Total Power Is the
Integral acrossFull bandwidth
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems
Digital ConnectionHow many bits?
Digital is base two, so everyBit is 2 x voltage or 6 dB
Take required dynamic range dB and Divide by 6 dB for number of bits!
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R. J. Pasquinelli
Noise in RF Systems