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1-0-4-0Qnns,Hmhsh`kBnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ---30
1-0-4-1Qnns,Ldch`kBnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---32
1-0-4-2 Qnns,Ehm`kBnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--33
1-0-4-3 Bnmrnm`msBktrsdqrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ34
1-1 UnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ35
xiii
1-1-0SgdEqnmsUnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--36
1-1-1SgdA`bjUnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ--37
1-1-2 UnvdkChrsqhatshnmÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ-4/
1-1-3 KnmfUnvdkrÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---41
1-2 SnmdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--42
1-3 B`mnmhb`kRxkk`akdRsqtbstqdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ44
1-4 Ed`stqdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--46
1-4-0Ed`stqdrTrdcenqBnmrnm`msrÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ47
1-4-1Ed`stqdrTrdcenqUnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔ---50
1-4-2 Bnmrnm`msEd`stqdL`sqhwÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ52
1-4-3 UnvdkEd`stqdL`sqhwÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---53
1-5 Ognmnknfhb`kOqnbdrrdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-54
1-5-0Bnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--54
1-5-0-0M`r`k@rrhlhk`shnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-54
1-5-0-1CdunhbhmfÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ56
1-5-0-2Hqqdftk`qOqdehwdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--Ô---60
1-5-1UnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ63
1-5-1-0Cdunb`khy`shnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---63
1-5-1-1UnvdkDkhrhnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ66
1-5-1-2UnvdkEd`stqdRoqd`cÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--7/
1-6 BnmbktrhnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔ--72
xiv
BG@OSDQ2LNQOGN,RXMS@WÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ------75
2-/ HmsqnctbshnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ76
2-0 MntmLnqognknfxÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---76
2-0-0Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneMntmrÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔ----76
2-0-1 Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneCdqhudcMntmrÔÔÔÔ----ÔÔ---78
2-0-2 MntmBk`rrRxrsdlÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-80
2-0-2-0Fdmcdq0.1ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-84
2-0-2-1Fdmcdq2.3ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔ-86
2-0-2-2Fdmcdq4.5ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔ-ÔÔ--86
2-0-2-3Fdmcdq6.7ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔ-Ô-ÔÔ----0//
2-0-2-4Fdmcdq8.5ÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔ-0//
2-0-2-5Fdmcdq00.3ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔ---0/0
2-0-3 @fqddldmsO`ssdqmrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---0/1
2-1 UdqaLnqognknfxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----0/2
2-1-0 Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneUdqarÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--Ô---0/3
2-1-1 RsdlLnqognknfxÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-0/5
2-1-1-0Dwsdmrhnmr--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ0/5
2-1-1-0-0SgdQdbhoqnb`kÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--0/6
2-1-1-0-1 SgdHmrsqtldms`kÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-Ô0/7
2-1-1-0-2 Sgd@ookhb`shud-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ0/8
2-1-1-0-3SgdO`rrhudÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--00/
2-1-1-0-4 SgdQdekdwhudÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--001
xv
2-1-1-0-5 SgdB`tr`shudÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-002
2-1-1-1 SgdQnnsÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ003
2-1-2 Oqd,RsdlLnqognknfxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-005
2-1-2-0Mdf`shnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ005
2-1-2-1 SdmrdL`qjdqrÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ01/
2-1-2-1-0 SgdOqdrdmsSdmrdÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---01/
2-1-2-1-1 SgdEtstqdSdmrdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ010
2-1-2-1-2SgdFdmdq`kO`rsSdmrdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---011
2-1-2-1-3 SgdQdlnsdO`rssdmrdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-015
2-1-2-2RtaidbsL`qjdqrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--017
2-2 Rxms`bshbRsqtbstqdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--024
2-2-0 A`rhbVnqcNqcdqÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--024
2-2-1 Ogq`rd,Hmsdqm`kRsqtbstqdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ025
2-3 BnmbktrhnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---027
BG@OSDQ3SNMDHMMNTMRÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--028
3-/ HmsqnctbshnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-03/
3-0LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneMntmQnnsrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ--03/
3-1Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrneMntmQnnsrÔ-ÔÔ--030
3-1-0 GLdkncxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--031
3-1-1 KLdkncxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--037
3-1-2 GKLdkncx-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-04/
3-1-3 KGLdkncxÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---046
xvi
3-2 Snm`kDeedbsneMntmBk`rrOqdehwdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-056
3-3 SnmdhmCdqhudcMntmrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---061
3-4 SnmdhmMntmOgq`rdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-063
3-4-0Lnqognrxms`bshbRsqtbstqdnesgdMntmOgq`rdÔÔÔ--ÔÔ---063
3-4-1 GhfgSnmdRoqd`cÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔ066
3-5 @rrnbh`shudBnmrsqtbshnmrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔ070
3-6 BnmbktrhnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---077
BG@OSDQ4SNMDHMUDQARÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---08/
4-/ HmsqnctbshnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-080
4-0 LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneUdqaQnnsrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---080
4-1Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqUdqaQnnsrÔÔÔ--081
4-2 OgnmnknfxnesgdHmehmhshudÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-082
4-3 OgnmnknfxnesgdHlodq`shudÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-085
4-3-0 Zj\*GhfgSnmdÔÔ-Ô-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--086
4-3-1 Zfn\*GhfgSnmdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--087
4-3-2 Z�\*GhfgSnmdÔÔÔ-ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--088
4-3-3 ZU\*GhfgSnmdÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ1//
4-3-4 Zh9\*GhfgSnmdÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔ---ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-Ô-1/0
4-3-5 Z`9\*GhfgSnmdÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔ-ÔÔ1/1
4-4 OgnmnknfxnesgdG`ahst`kÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--1/4
4-5 Cnvmrsdo`mcTorsdoÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ1/7
4-6 SnmdhmUdqaOgq`rdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--108
xvii
4-6-0Lnqognrxms`bshbRsqtbstqdnesgdUdqaOgq`rdÔÔÔÔÔÔ-108
4-6-1 Qdctokhb`shnmÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ110
4-7 BnmbktrhnmÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---113
BG@OSDQ5FDMDQ@KBNMBKTRHNMÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-114
5-/ Rtll`qxÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-115
5-0 Rtll`qxneQtkdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--116
5-0-0 Ognmnknfhb`kQtkdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-116
5-0-1 Snmnknfhb`kQtkdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--121
5-1 QdfhrsdqShdqSgdnqxLncdkÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---127
QdedqdmbdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--130
@oodmchbdrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-138
@oodmchw@ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----138
@oodmchwAÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----141
@oodmchwBÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----144
@oodmchwCÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----148
@oodmchwDÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ----151
xviii
KHRSNEEHFTQDR
EhftqdO`fd
0Knb`shnmneMidælÔÔÔÔ-------------------------------------------------------- -Ô3
1Midæl`mcRnldMdhfgantqhmfK`mft`fdr---------------------------------- -Ô4
2GLdkncxhrqd`khydc`rGÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--Ô032
3TorsdoneG`esdq`mnsgdqGÔÔÔÔ- --------------------------------------- --034
4CnvmfkhchmfneEhm`kKÔÔÔÔ----------------------------------------------- --038
5CnvmrsdonerdbnmcGhm`GKGrdptdmbdÔÔÔÔ---------------- --041
6GKGrtqe`bdr`rGÔÔÔÔ----------------------------------------------------- --044
7KGLdkncxrtqe`bdr`rKÔÔÔÔ- ------------------------------------------- --047
8KGLdkncxhrqd`khydc`rKadenqdGÔÔÔÔ- ------------------------- --053
0/KGLdkncxhrqd`khydc`rKGadenqdKÔÔÔÔ- ----------------------- --055
00CnvmrsdoneGÔÔÔÔ------------------------------------------------------------ --10/
01TorsdoneKÔÔÔÔ----------------------------------------------------------------- --104
xix
KHRSNES@AKDR
S`akdO`fd
0OgnmdshbBnmrnm`msHmudmsnqx --------------------------------------------------- -Ô15
1c}qChrsqhatshnm ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-20
2c}qChrsqhatshnmhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr ------------------------ Ô-22
3�}œChrsqhatshnm ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-25
4j}&Chrsqhatshnm ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-27
5j}&ChrsqhatshnmhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr ------------------------ Ô-28
6Bnlokdldms`qxChrsqhatshnmhmMidæl ---------------------------------------- Ô-3/
7Qnns,hmhsh`kBnmrnm`msr ------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-31
8Qnns,ldch`kBnmrnm`msr ------------------------------------------------------------ Ô-32
0/Qnns,ehm`kBnmrnm`msr---------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-33
00Qnns,ldch`kBnmrnm`msBktrsdqr ------------------------------------------------ Ô-34
01OgnmdlhbBnmrnm`msrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---35
02OgnmdlhbUnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ--36
03RdptdmbdrneUnvdkrhmQnnsr'U-BU(ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ40
04RdptdmbdrneUnvdkrhmQnnsr'U0-U1(ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ-Ô-40
05Rgnqs`mcKnmfUnvdkrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---ÔÔ-41
06Bnmrnm`msEd`stqdL`sqhw---------------------------------------------------------- Ô-52
xx
07UnvdkEd`stqdL`sqhw ---------------------------------------------------------------- Ô-53
08UnhbhmfhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr --------------------------------------- Ô-58
1/Hqqdftk`qOqdehwdrhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr ------------------------ Ô-61
10Oqnsn,A`mstMntmBk`rrOqdehwdr ----------------------------------------------- Ô-81
11MidælMntmBk`rrOqdehwdr --------------------------------------------------------- Ô-82
12BnmbnqcLnqogdldr------------------------------------------------------------------ Ô-84
13SdmrdL`qjdqr --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --01/
14RtaidbsL`qjdqr------------------------------------------------------------------------- --017
15LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneMntmQnnsrÔÔ-Ô--ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---03/
16Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqMntmQnnsrÔÔÔÔ-030
17@rrnbh`shudL`qjdqrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ070
18LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneUdqaQnnsrÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔÔ---080
2/Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqUdqaQnnsrÔÔÔÔ--081
xxi
@AAQDUH@SHNMR@MCRXLANKR
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1r Rdbnmcodqrnmrhmftk`qoqnmntm
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BK Bk`rrl`qjdq
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DWS Dwsdmrhnm
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xxii
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OA OqnsnA`mst
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Q Qgxld
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R Rtaidbs
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RL Rtaidbsl`qjdq
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SL Sdmrdl`qjdq
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U Unvdk.Udqa
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rxmsgdrhr ne svn sgdnqhdr , ` sgdnqx ne ognmnknfx `mc ` sgdnqx ne
lnqognknfhb`kvnqc,enql`shnmqtkdr'Rmhcdq0888(-Sghrsdmdsrsdlreqnl
sgd`rrtloshnmsg`s`vnqchrenqldc`scheedqdmsrs`fdrb`kkdckdudkr+`mc
`s d`bg kdudk+ ognmnknfhb`k qtkdr `qd oqdrdms `mc rn sgdx `ookx- Kdwhb`k
Ognmnknfx g`r svn l`hm bnlonmdmsr9 sgd kdwhb`k `mc sgd onrskdwhb`k
bnlonmdmsr-Vnqcr `qd enqldc hm sgd kdwhbnmvgdqd kdwhb`k qtkdr `ookx
`mc sgdm rdms hmsn sgd rxms`w `mc ehm`kkx sn sgd onrskdwhb`k bnlonmdms
vgdqdonrskdwhb`kqtkdr`ookx-
SgdKdwhb`kOgnmnknfxlncdkhrnqf`mhydc`renkknvr9
2(Kdwhb`kBnlonmdms
Tmcdqhudckdwhb`k Dmsqhdr Kdudk0Vnqc Kdudk0Kdwhb`k Enql`shnmQtkdr OgnmnknfxQtkdr Kdudk1Vnqc Kdudk1Kdwhb`k Enql`shnmQtkdr OgnmnknfxQtkdr
Ogq`rdRsqtbstqd Onrskdwhb`k Qtkdr OgnmnknfxQtkdr
Onrskdwhb`kBnlonmdmsRntqbd9Rmhcdq'0888902(
16
Sghr nqf`mhy`shnm rtffdrsr sg`s sgd kdwhbnm hr mns nmkx ` rsnqd ne
tmcdqhudc kdwhb`k hsdlr- Hs bnms`hmr vnqc,enql`shnm `mc ognmnknfhb`k
qtkdr-Sgdrdqtkdr`qdghdq`qbghb`kkxnqf`mhydchmsnkdudkr'cnl`hmneqtkd
`ookhb`shnm(-@kdudkl`xadbxbkhbhmsg`sctqhmf`cdqhu`shnmsgdqdhr`
bnmrs`ms bxbkhmf ne c`s` sgqntfg hmsdqknbjhmf ognmnknfhb`k `mc
lnqognknfhb`kqtkdr'J`s`la`0878(-Sgdsvnaqn`cbk`rrdrneqtkdr`qd
chrshmbs hm sg`s vgdqd`r kdwhb`k qtkdr `ookx sn sgd qdrtksr ne vnqc
enql`shnm oqnbdrrdr+ onrskdwhb`k nq ogq`r`k qtkdr `ookx sn sgd qdrtksr ne
ogq`rdenql`shnm-Sgdrdb`metqsgdqadchrshmfthrgdc`renkknvr9
3( Kdwhb`kQtkdr Onrskdwhb`kQtkdr0- Sgdqdl`xadkdwhb`kdwbdoshnmr-@ookx`bqnrrsgdan`qcvhsgnts dwbdoshnm- 1- B`mk`bjognmdshblnshu`shnm- Mdudqk`bjognmdshblnshu`shnm-2- Oqdrdqudrsqtbstqd+h-d-+sgdntsots @qdmnsmdbdrr`qhkxrsqtbstqd ne`qtkdhr`bnmsq`rshud'ognmdlhb( oqdrdquhmf- dkdldms- 3- M`shudrod`jdqr`qd`v`qdnesgd Qtkdrnodq`sdadknvsgdkdudk
qtkdr&`ookhb`shnmr- nem`shud,rod`jdq`v`qdmdrr-
4- L`xqdedqsnsgdhmsdqm`krsqtbstqd L`xmdudqqdedqsnsgdhmsdqm`k ne`vnqc- rsqtbstqdne`vnqc-
17
5- L`xmdudqqdedqsnsgdhmsdqm`k L`xqdedqsnsgdhmsdqm`k rsqtbstqdne`ogq`rd'd-f-+vnqc rsqtbstqdne`ogq`rd- antmc`qhdr+dmcneogq`rd+dsb-(-
6- @qdrtaidbssnbxbkhbhsx- @qdmnsbxbkhb-Sgdxnmkx`ookx
nmbd-7- @ookxadenqdonrskdwhb`kqtkdr- @ookx`esdqkdwhb`kqtkdr- Sgdrdoqnodqshdr`qdctdsnOtkkdxak`mj'0875(-
Sghr eq`ldvnqj vhkk ad trdc hm sghr sgdrhr sn `bbntms enq
ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr sg`s qdpthqd lnqognknfhb`k hmenql`shnm enq sgdhq
`ookhb`shnm-
0-7-2 Ed`stqdFdnldsqx
Ed`stqd Fdnldsqx 'EF( 'Bkdldmsr 0874+ G`kkd 0881+ Jdmrsnvhby
0883( hr trdc sn cd`k vhsg sgd hmsdqm`k rsqtbstqd `mc bnlonrhshnm ne
rdfldms`k 'h-d-+mnmsnm`k(l`sdqh`k-Sgdenbtrneed`stqdfdnldsqx hr sgd
`qq`mfdldms ne chrshmbshud ed`stqdr hmsn ` ghdq`qbghb`kkx rsqtbstqdc sqdd-
Rtbg `m `qq`mfdldms sg`s vhkk ad qdkdu`ms hm sghr vnqj hr a`rdc nm
oqnonr`kr ax G`kkd '0881(+ s`jdm eqnl Jdmrsnvhby '08839 035( `mc
oqdrdmsdchm'4(-
18
4( Ed`stqdFdnldsqxlncdk
Zqntmc\ K`ah`k Zk`sdq\ Zrsqhc\ Zbnmshm\ Z`msdq\ Bnqnm`k Nq`k Zchrsqha\ Za`bj\ Zghfg\ Cnqr`k Zknv\ Zbnmr\ Zm`r`k\ RnesO`k`sd M`r`k Zrnmnq\ Z@SQ\ Q`chb`k ZQSQ\ Og`qxmfd`k Zroqd`cfk\ Zbnmrsqfk\ K`qxmfd`k Zunhbdc\ sdqlhm`k `qshbtk`snq b`uhsxrsqhbstqd qnns ed`stqdr
Enkknvhmf sghr lncdk+ rntmcr khjd Zk\+ Zq\+ `mc Zl\+ enq dw`lokd+ `qd
qdoqdrdmsdc`renkknvr9
5( *bnmr *bnmr *bnmr *rnm *rnm *rnm Z*k`s\ Z,k`s\ Z,bnms\ nq`kog`qxmfd`knq`kog`qxmfd`knq`km`r`kog`qxmfd`k bnqk`qxmfd`kbnqk`qxmfd`kk`arneso`k-K`qxmfd`k Z`ms\Z*uc\Z`ms\Z*uc\Z`ms\Zm`r`k\Z*uc\ Zk\ Zq\ Zl\
19
Sghr rxrsdl bkd`qkx rgnvr hmrhfgsr hmsn sgd ed`stq`k nqf`mhy`shnm ne
rntmcr- Enq hmrs`mbd+ hs sdkkr tr sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm Zk\ `mc Zq\ sg`s `qd
`qshbtk`snqhkx udqx bknrd- Sgd qdoqdrdms`shnmr `anud rodbhex sg`s sghr
cheedqdmbdhr`ssgdkdudknesgdrsqhbstqdvgdqdZk\hrZ*k`s\`mcZq\hrZ,k`s\-
Dudm sgntfg sgd lncdk g`r addm vhcdkx trdc sn g`mckd mnmsnm`k
ogdmnldm`+l`mxptdrshnmrkhjdÈgnvl`mxshdqrdwhrs+vg`sshdqrdwhrs+`mc
gnv sgd shdqr qdk`sd sn nmd `mnsgdqÍ bnmshmtd sn cqhud nmfnhmf qdrd`qbg hm
EF- Hs rgntkc `krn adldmshnmdc sg`s cdudknoldmsr hmEF g`udmns k`qfdkx
addm `ookhdc sn snmd- Sgd QSS `m`kxrhr oqdrdmsdc hm sghr sgdrhr hr `m
`ookhb`shnm ne sghr lncdk sn snmd- Hs cdlnmrsq`sdr sg`s vg`s g`r addm
bnmrhcdqdcsgdÈsnm`kshdqÍhr`bnlonrhshnmnel`mxshdqrsg`s`qd`qq`mfdc
hm`ghdq`qbghb`kfdnldsqhbrsqtbstqd-
0-8 Ldsgncnknfx
Sgdldsgncnknfxtrdchrsgdshldgnmntqdcbk`rrhb`kldsgnctrdc
ax cdrbqhoshud khmfthrshbr enq k`mft`fdr vhsg mn oqduhntr khmfthrshb
cdrbqhoshnm- Sgd `m`kxrhr bnmrhrsr ne '`( hmenql`ms 'm`shud,rod`jdq(
`rrhrsdcc`s`dkhbhs`shnm+'a(c`s`nqf`mhy`shnm`mcbk`rrhehb`shnm'bnlotsdq
`rrhrsdc(+'b(c`s``m`kxrhr+`mc'c(qtkdenqltk`shnma`rdcnmnmdnqlnqd
sgdnqdshb`keq`ldvnqjr-Hmsghrqdrodbs+sgdc`s`'vnqckhrsr+ognmnknfhb`k
ogq`rdr( vdqd bnkkdbsdc vhsg sgd `hc ne Midæl rod`jdqr- Sgd oqhmbho`k
k`mft`fd gdkodq v`r Qnkdw Jntl`sn+ ` 17,xd`q nkc Tmhudqrhsx rstcdms-
20
Rdudq`ksqhorvdqdl`cdsnMfnxk`+La`k`lH`mcDsdjdrr`mfmnsnmkxsn
udqhexsgde`hsgetkmdrrnesgdc`s`ats`krnsnkhudsgdqd`khshdrnesgdkhed
ne sgd odnokd- Vghkd hm sgd ehdkc lnrs ne sgd vnqj v`r cnmd vhsg
@mu`lyng Dshdmmd vgn e`bhkhs`sdc sgd udqhehb`shnm oqnbdrr `mc
`tfldms`shnm ne sgdrd c`s`- Hs rgntkc ad mnsdc sg`s Jdhsg Ad`unm
dmsqtrsdcsnld`knsnec`s`sg`sg`caddmbnkkdbsdchmvg`sgdb`kkrÈ`m
tmrbhdmshehb l`mmdqÍ enq nudq bknrd sn sgqdd cdb`cdr vghkd gd v`r
vnqjhmfnmsgdqdk`sdcJ——myhld.Sgdrdc`s`vdqdbk`rrhehdchmRgndanw
'`c`s`a`rdl`m`fdldmsoqnfq`lldtrdcaxkhmfthrsrhmhmsdqkhmd`qhyhmf
sdwsr+ cdudknohmf kdwhbnmr+ oqdrdquhmf ehdkc mnsdr+ `mc fq`ll`shb`k
hmenql`shnm(enkknvhmfvnqcb`sdfnqhdr+mntmbk`rrdr+snmdldknchdr+`mc
rxkk`akdrsqtbstqdr-Sgdbk`rrhehb`shnmhrlnshu`sdcaxsgdhcd`sg`ssnmdr
vhkkadg`udcheedqdmskxhmu`qhntrhmrs`mbdr-
Enq `m deedbshud sqd`sldms '`m`kxrhr( ne sgdrd c`s`+ sgd hmsdqm`k
rsqtbstqdnesgdvnqcrhrrstchdchmnqcdqsncdsdqlhmdsgdoqdehwdr+qnnsr+
`mc rteehwdr `mc gnv sgdx bnlahmd- Sghr gdkor sn qdud`k sgd
lnqognknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr '`eehw`shnm+ qdctokhb`shnm+ dsb-( sg`s `ookx hm
Midæl-Eq`ldr`qdetqsgdqbnmrshstsdchmnqcdqsntmcdqrs`mcsgdadg`uhntq
ne snmdr `mc rdfldmsr hm u`qhntr bnmsdwsr- Sghr hmunkudr bqd`shmf
o`qshbtk`qrknsrsgqntfgvghbgu`qhntrrdsrnec`s``qdo`qrdc-Lnrsnesgd
snm`kogdmnldm``qdhmsdqoqdsdctrhmfRoddbg�@m`kxydq-Roddbg@m`kxydq
21
hr`bnlotsdq`ookhb`shnmcdrhfmdcaxRHKHmsdqm`shnm`ksngdkokhmfthrsr
ld`rtqdu`qhntrdkdldmsrne`bntrshbroddbgrhfm`kr-Sghrcdrhfmhrtrdc
sn`mrvdqrodbhehbptdrshnmrhmvghbgsnm`kogdmnldm`b`madbnlo`qdc-
Ehm`kkxhsrgntkcadmnsdcsg`ssgd`m`kxrhr`mcqtkdenqltk`shnmhr
b`qqhdc nts ax `m dbkdbshb trd ne sgd khmfthrshb sgdnqdshb`k eq`ldvnqjr
oqdrdmsdc `anud `r cddldc mdbdrr`qx- Sghr hr rn adb`trd d`bg ne sgdl
g`mckdr rodbhehb hrrtdr hm ` lnqd hmrhfgsetk l`mmdq sg`m sgd nsgdqr+
odqlhsshmf sgd vnqj sn dwok`hm ogdmnldm` sg`s vntkc nsgdqvhrd ad
cheehbtks sn `m`kxrd- Enq hmrs`mbd+ cnvmrsdo g`r addm nardqudc+ vhsghm
`tsnrdfldms`k ognmnknfx+ sn ad ` rhst`shnm hm vghbg sgd rdbnmc ne `
rdptdmbdne svnghfgsnmdr hrqd`khydcnm`knvdqkdudksg`msgdehqrs-Hs
fhudrmn etqsgdq`bbntms enq sgd knvdqhmfne sghr rdbnmcghfg-SgdQSS
lncdk bnldr hm sn needq ` bnmuhmbhmf dwok`m`shnm ax `m`kxrhmf sgd
knvdqhmf sn ad sgd qdrtks ne sgd roqd`c ne ` oqdbdchmf knv qdfhrsdq+
enkknvdcaxsgdcdkhmjhmfne sgdghfgqdfhrsdq+`kknvhmfsgdghfgsnmdsn
adqd`khydcnmsg`sknvqdfhrsdq-
0-0/ Nudquhdv
Sgdognmnknfx`mc snmnknfxneMidæl`qdoqdrdmsdc hm sghr sgdrhr-
Hm bg`osdq 1+ u`qhntr `rodbsr ne sgd ognmnknfx `qd chrbtrrdc- Sgdrd
hmbktcdsgdbnmrnm`ms`mcunvdkrxrsdlr`mcsgdognmnknfhb`koqnbdrrdr
22
sg`s sgdrd rntmcr tmcdqfn- Ed`stqdr sg`s `qd trdc hm sgd rstcx `qd `krn
oqdrdmsdchmsghrbg`osdq-
@mnudquhdvne sgdlnqogn,rxms`wne sghr k`mft`fdhroqnuhcdchm
bg`osdq2-Sgdmnlhm`k`mcudqa`klnqognknfx`qdntskhmdcgdqd-Hmsghr
qdrodbs+sgdmntmbk`rrrxrsdl`mc`fqddldmso`ssdqmr+sgdrsdl`mcoqd,
rsdl lnqognknfx `qd chrbtrrdc qdrodbshudkx- Ehm`kkx+ sgd rxms`bshb
rsqtbstqdhrrgnvm-
Bg`osdq3bnmbdmsq`sdrnmsnmdhmmntmr-Sgdsnm`kldknchdrentmc
nmmntmqnnsr`mcsgdsnm`kdeedbsnemntmbk`rroqdehwdr`qdchrbtrrdchm
sghrbg`osdq-Hs`krng`mckdrsnmdhmcdqhudcmntmr`rvdkk`rsnmdhmmntm
ogq`rdr-Sgd`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr`qdntskhmdc`rvdkk-
Hmbg`osdq4+ snmd hmudqar hroqdrdmsdc-Sgdsnm`kldknchdrentmc
nmudqa qnnsr`qdchrbtrrdc-Sgdadg`uhntqne sgd hmehmhshud+ hlodq`shud+
`mcg`ahst`k enqlr hrntskhmdc-Cnvmrsdo`mctorsdo`qd`krnchrbtrrdc-
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@ fdmdq`k bnmbktrhnm sn sghr sgdrhr hr fhudm hm bg`osdq 5- @
rtll`qx ne sgd qtkdr sg`s nodq`sd hm Midæl hr oqdrdmsdc gdqd- Sgd
hlokhb`shnmnesghrrstcxsnQdfhrsdqShdqSgdnqxhrchrbtrrdcsnv`qcrsgd
dmcnesghrbg`osdq-
23
BG@OSDQ1
RDFLDMS@KOGNMNKNFX
24
1-/ Hmsqnctbshnm
Hshrvdkkjmnvmsg`ssnmdk`mft`fdrbnmrhrsne`skd`rssgqddjhmcr
ne ognmnknfhb`k tmhsr+ m`ldkx+ bnmrnm`msr+ unvdkr+ `mc snmdr- Sghr
bg`osdq hr cdunsdc sn sgd ognmdshb bg`q`bsdqhy`shnm `mc ognmnknfhb`k
qdoqdrdms`shnmneMidælrntmcr-Sgdrdrdfldms`khrrtdrvhkkadchrbtrrdc
rhmbd sgdx g`ud addm jmnvm sn hmektdmbd sgd adg`uhntq ne ohsbg hm
k`mft`fdr sg`s `qd snm`k- @ oqdrdms`shnm ne sgd bnmrnm`ms `mc unvdk
rxrsdlr+ hmbktchmf sgd ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr sgdrd rntmcr tmcdqfn+ hr
entmc hm sghr bg`osdq- Sgd snmd rxrsdl hr ldmshnmdc nmkx aqhdekx gdqd
adb`trdhshrsqd`sdchmcds`hkhmbg`osdqrentq`mcehud-Sgded`stqdrtrdc
hm sghr vnqj `qd `krn oqdrdmsdc snfdsgdq vhsg sgdhq cdehmhmf ed`stqd
l`sqhbdr-
1-0 Bnmrnm`msr
Bnmrnm`msr`qdrntmcrsg`s`qdoqnctbdcvhsgrnldbnmrsqhbshnmhm
sgd unb`k sq`bs sg`s hlodcdr sgd eqdd eknv ne `hq sgqntfg sgd nqf`mr ne
roddbg- Sgdx `qd trt`kkx mtldqntr hm gtl`m k`mft`fd `mc Midæl hr mn
dwbdoshnm- Ad`unm '1///9 0( r`xr sg`s sgdqd `qd mhmdsddm bnmrnm`ms
ognmdldr hm sghr k`mft`fd- Hm vg`s enkknvr+ sgd u`qhntr ognmdshb
bnmrnm`msrvhkkadoqdrdmsdc`mc`m`kxrdchmnqcdqsncdsdqlhmdvghbgne
sgdl`qdbnmsq`rshud-
25
1-0-0OgnmdshbBnmrnm`msHmudmsnqx
Sgd ognmdshb bnmrnm`ms rntmcr hm s`akd '0( `qd `ssdrsdc hm Midæl-
Mnshbdsg`ssgdsq`mrbqhoshnmnerntmcrhmsghrrstcx`rrtldrsgdrxlankr
ne sgd Hmsdqm`shnm`k Ognmdshb @kog`ads 'HO@(- Sgd enkknvhmf
bnqqdronmcdmbd b`m ad l`cd vhsg sgd B`ldqnnm Nqsgnfq`oghb Rxlankr
oqnonrdc ax S`c`cidt `mc R`cdlantn '0868(+ he sgd nqsgnfq`ogx ne
Midæl+vghbghradxnmcsgdrbnodnesghrsgdrhr+hradhmfcdudknodc-
6( HO@ B`ldqnnm@kog`ads Dw`lokdr
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26
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`mc udk`q( cn nbbtq- Sgdx `qd gnvdudq bnmrhcdqdc sn ad rdptdmbdr ne
rntmcrsg`sbnlahmd`gnlnqf`mhbm`r`kenkknvdcax`rsno+`eqhb`shud+nq
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27
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nmrdsonrhshnm`mcsgdm`r`kr`qdrxkk`ahb+ad`qhmf`knvsnmd-
Sgd Rsqtbstq`khrs @ooqn`bg hr trdc hm nqcdq sn cdsdqlhmd sgd
ognmdldr ne Midæl- Sghr `ooqn`bg vhkk gdko sn adssdq cdsdqlhmd sgd
nqsgnfq`ogxnesgdk`mft`fdvghbghr+`rrs`sdc`anud+adxnmcsgdrbnod
nesghrrstcx-
1-0-1Bnmsq`rshudChrsqhatshnm
1-0-1-0 SgdK`ah`kr
Sgdognmdldr.o.`mc.a.bnmsq`rshmnmrdsonrhshnm+`rrgnvmhmsgd
enkknvhmfc`s`9
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�Sgd ognmdldr .e. `mc .u. nbbtq nmkx hm ` edv vnqcr- Ansg nbbtq
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28
0/( kd,l–ut∆r _fq`ud&
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.e. bnmsq`rsr vhsg .o. `mc .a. hm nmrds onrhshnm+ `r rgnvm hm sgd
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29
1-0-1-2 SgdUdk`qr
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q`qdhmk`mft`fdrnesghr`qd`'Gd`sg1//29225(-Ansgnbbtqadenqd.h.`mc
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30
1-0-1-4 SgdM`r`kr
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nbbtqqdmbdr`qdbnllnm`bqnrrk`mft`fdr-Mdudqsgdkdrr+sgdunhbdcahk`ah`krsno+Za\`krnnbbtqrgdqd-S`akd
0/rgnvrqnns,ehm`kbnmrnm`msroqdbdcdcaxrnldnesgdunvdkognmdldr-
i � D ø · t U n — fl
a rd∆ahmrdbs cvn»arjx
c sÕ◊q`mhl`k
kd∆,mø∆qsn�o`rsd
lt∆qodqrnm
j k ∆̀&gnqm rvn&khy`qc
r kd∆,oø∆gsn�qdrrtqqdbs
kd∆,lv ∆̀gsn�sgqnv
kd∆,l–ut∆rfq`ud
jfl–go`qqns
l rÕ◊kÕ lrb`qe
s�Í lbqx mt∆llntsg oÙlctrs
m kd,cd∆msn�rdhyd
j`æmbknsg
� kd∆,m∆sd∆œ
sn�dw`ffdq`sd s—æœ
e`sgdq
k kd∆,aÍ kaqd`rs
jøækrndtq
S`akd0/9Qnns,ehm`kBnmrnm`msr
45
Sgdrdc`s`cdlnmrsq`sdsg`snmkx`edvbnmrnm`msrb`mnbbtoxsgd
qnns,ehm`k onrhshnm- @r nardqudc hm l`mx k`mft`fdr+ sgdqd `qd gd`ux
qdrsqhbshnmrnmvghbgbnmrnm`msrl`xnbbtqhmrxkk`akd,ehm`konrhshnm+`r
noonrdc sn sgnrd sg`s nbbtq hm rxkk`akd,hmhsh`k onrhshnm- Fhudm sgd
oqnonr`knerxkk`akdrsqtbstqdhmsdqlrnersqnmf`mcvd`jonrhshnmr+sgd
`qftldms Atqptdrs '08879 040( oqdrdmsr fndr `r enkknvr9 ÈRsqnmf
onrhshnmrrgnvsgdlrdkudrsnadrsqnmfax`kknvhmf`k`qfdhmudmsnqxne
tmhsrsnnbbtqvhsghmsgdl+vghkdvd`jonrhshnmrrgnvsgdlrdkudrsnad
vd`jaxg`uhmfgd`uxqdrsqhbshnmrnmnbbtqqhmfrdfldmsr-Í
1-0-4-3 Bnmrnm`msBktrsdqr
Sgd s`akd sg`s enkknvr rgnvrvghbg bnmrnm`msrl`xnbbtq hm sgd
nmrdsonrhshnmne`rxkk`akdvgdmsgdoqdbdchmfrxkk`akddmcrhm`bnc`'`
gxogdmhm`mxf`old`mrsg`s`vnqcb`mmnsadentmcsnbnlokdsdhs(-
a C f r k qa , , , , kd∆,oid∆akn∆
sn�l`jd`fdrstqdkd∆,a·æaqn»sn�admc
c œ∆‡v—∆qa·∆�anv , l–a—∆qf—∆ltc�eqnl�`mhl`k�rjhm
, , ,
k kd∆,s�Õ ◊’an»sn�fn�`qntmc
, , rt∆&gn∆rg`jd�'hcdn-(
kd∆,idæ&kn»sn�sd`bg
f—»&q·∆shqdcmdrr
r kd∆,cvøæga·»sn�ad�khfgs
, , , kd∆,rÕ◊gkn»sn�`ooqn`bg
,
l `ækn∆lanælnnm kd∆,ovn∆lcn∆sn�b`qdrr
, kd∆,rÕ◊l�·»sn�qdldladq
kd∆,j`∆lkn∆sn�oqnghahs
kd∆,cydælqd»sn�nakhfd
m kd∆,‡—æma·»sn�cdrbdmc
, l–avø∆mfø∆rv`lo�ltc
, , ,
� , , , , kd∆,s æ̀œkn»sn�qdbntms ,
S`akd009Qnns,ldch`kBnmrnm`msBktrsdqr'B-B(
46
Eqnlsgdognmdlhbbnmrnm`msrhcdmshehdc+sgdenkknvhmfognmdlhb
bg`qsb`maddrs`akhrgdc-
o s j jo
a c f fa
l m �
e r
u
sr
cy
k
v i
S`akd019OgnmdlhbBnmrnm`msr
Sgdrdbshnmsg`senkknvrcd`krvhsgsgdunvdkr-
1-1Unvdkr
Unvdkr `qd rntmcroqnctbdcvhsgmnnarsqtbshnm sn sgd`hqrsqd`l
vhsghmsgdunb`ksq`bs-Sghrodqlhsrsgdeqddeknvne`hqsgqntfgsghrsq`bs-
Sgdx `qd trt`kkx sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms o`qsr ne ` rxkk`akd adb`trd sgdx
b`qqxrtbghmsnm`shnm`ked`stqdr`rrsqdrr`mcohsbg-Adb`trdnesghrsgdx
`qd jmnvm `r sgd od`j ne sgd rxkk`akd- Midæl g`r ` ehud,gdhfgs unvdk
47
rxrsdl+vghbghrbnllnmhm@eqhb`mk`mft`fdr'B`r`kh1//0a94(-Vghkd
oqdrdmshmf unvdk rxrsdlr hm @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr B`r`kh '1//0`9 2(
ldmshnmrsg`sehud,gdhfgsrxrsdlrtrt`kkxg`udÈmhmdnqsdmunvdkr'hm`
edv b`rdr+ lnqd (-Í Midæl g`r 0/ ognmdlhb unvdkr+ rgnvm hm sgd
enkknvhmfs`akd-
i u I U e o ø fl —
a S`akd029OgnmdlhbUnvdkr
1-1-0SgdEqnmsUnvdkr Sgdrd unvdkr l`x nbbtq hm ansg nodm `mc bknrdc rxkk`akdr+ `r
rgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfc`s`-
20( rÕ◊ _fqntmc&
rÕ◊m _id`kntrx&�
c�Í gÍ _anmd&�
s�Ì q _mnhrd&�kd∆,cd∆ _sn�d`s&kd∆,cd∆m _sn�rdhyd&�
kd∆,rø» _sn�vnqj&kd∆,rø∆œ _sn�tmhs&�
kd∆,kfl»9 _sn�hmrtks&�kd∆,kfl–& _sn�chqsx&
48
.h.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.I .+`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfvnqcr-
21( kd∆,kÕÃ _sn�qdk`w&kd∆,kÎ _sn�v`qm&�
�.d.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.h.+`rhm'22(-
22( l–ovd» _cnf&l–ovÕ◊ _vghsd�g`hq&�
.ø.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.d.`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmflhmhl`ko`hqr-
23( kd∆,jiø»k _sn�qdidbs&kd∆,jid∆k _sn�rtrodmc&�
kd∆,cyd∆ _snnsg&kd∆,cyø∆& _sn�ad�shqdc&�
�.fl.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.ø.`rcdlnmrsq`sdchm'24(-
24( kd∆,rfl»œ _sn�rhsd&kd∆,rø∆œ _sn�tmhsd&�
kd∆,lfl»k _sn�ad�dmf`fdc&kd∆,lø»q _sn�rdhyd&�
�1-1-1SgdA`bjUnvdkr
� Sgdxl`x`krnnbbtqhmansgnodm`mcbknrdcrxkk`akdr-Mnshbdsg`s
sgdbdmsq`kunvdk+Z`\+hrZ*aj\-
25( vt∆mt∆ _od`mts&mt∆l _lntsg&�
aÙi`∆ _kdmfsg&oÙl _ctrs&
49
cynæ _k`tfg&cynæk _ltbtr&�
r—朗æ _vdkk&r—æœ _e`sgdq&�
kd∆,r`» _sn�b`trd&kd∆,r`∆l _sn�ronhk&�
.t.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.T.`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmflhmhl`ko`hqr-
26( kd∆,kt» _sn�chrstqa&kd∆,kÛ _sn�ahsd&�
kd∆,c�t» _sn�rtbj&kd∆,c�Û _sn�jhkk&�
oÙl _ctrs&atæm _shk`oh`&�
�.t.`krnbnmsq`rsrvhsg.h.`rrgnvmadknv-
27( kd∆,mt» _sn�cqhmj&kd∆,mÕÃ _sn�dmsdq&�
kd∆,kt» _sn�chrstqa&kd∆,kÕÃ _sn�qdk`w&�
kd∆,c�t» _sn�rtbj&kd∆,c�ÕÃ _sn�`rj&�
.n.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.t.`rrgnvmhmsgdlhmhl`ko`hqhm'28(-
28( kd∆,cyn∆ _sn�k`tfg&kd∆,c�t» _sn�rtbj&�
�
50
.n.`krnbnmsq`rsrvhsg.T.-
3/( kd∆,an∆ _sn�qns&kd∆,aÛ _sn�aqd`j�'ehqdvnnc(&�
�.—.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.n.-
30( kd∆,kv—»k _sn�oddk&kd∆,kvnæ& _sn�ehrg&�
kd∆,sv—»& _sn�`a`mcnm&kd∆,svn»a _sn�kd`ud�tmbdqdlnmhntrkx&�
�.`.bnmsq`rsrvhsg.ø.+rgnvmhm'31(`mcvhsg.n.+`rrgnvmhm'32(-
31( kd∆,ov`»k _sn�fn�nts&kd∆,ovø»k _sn�bg`rd&�
32( kd∆,s`» _sn�hmgdqhs&kd∆,sn» _sn�fn&�
�1-1-2 UnvdkChrsqhatshnm
Hmsghro`qs+odqlhssdcunvdkbnlahm`shnmr`qdoqdrdmsdc-S`akd03
hmchb`sdrvghbgunvdkrl`xnbbtqhm`svn,rxkk`akdqnnsvgdmsgdehqrs
rxkk`akdk`bjr`bnc``mcsgdrdbnmcg`r`mnmrds-
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51
h � d ø · t U n — fl
h s�Õ◊gnæhrk`mc
msÕ◊l—∆d`rs
� ,
d ad∆,�d∆lnæhmctkfdmbd
,
ø kd∆,sjø∆k·∆sn�e`cd
ld∆,jø∆an∆qd`rnm
,
· a ∆̀l`∆oqnrshstshnm
cz·æknæu`mhsx ,
t jtæq`∆aknv ktælnæl`ffns
U loÚk æ̀hmcdasdcmdrr
aÕ ,jÚœÚ
cdbdoshnm
n lon∆l`ælddshmf
,
— , l—∆m�◊lnmdx�'anqqnv-(
, , kd∆,k—∆l`∆sn�qta , a—∆mÙ `hq kd∆,s—∆mn∆sn�rkhcd
v—æk—∆b`mshm
,
fl , , , , afl–q·æe`krd�`bbtr`shnm
, , , , ,
S`akd039RdptdmbdrneUnvdkrhmQnnsr'U-BU(
S`akd04rgnvrvghbgunvdkrl`xnbbtqhm`svn,rxkk`akdqnnsvgdm
sgdehqrsrxkk`akdk`bjr`bnc``mcsgdrdbnmc`mnmrds-
h � d ø · t U n — fl
h � kd∆,laÌ `∆
fnnc'm( kd∆,a� ◊n»
sn�ad�vdkk�bnnjdc,
d , ø , ·
,
t U �Ú—∆rdqodms
n , — , ,fl , , , , , , , , ,
S`akd049RdptdmbdrneUnvdkrhmQnnsr'U0-U1(
52
1-1-3 KnmfUnvdkr
Unvdk kdmfsg hr chrshmbshud- Sgd knmf unvdkr nbbtq hm nodm
rxkk`akdr-Bnmsq`rsadsvddmsgdrgnqs`mcknmfunvdkrhrrgnvmhms`akd
05-
rgnqs knmf
h kd,aÕÃ_to beat’ aÕ◊9_pt`qsdq&
� kd∆,k� Ã_sn�rdhyd& kd,k� Ã9_to instruct’
d kd∆,ad∆_sn�ok`ms& kd∆,ad∆9_sn�rdd&
ø kd∆,cyø∆_sn�fhud& kd∆,cyø∆9_sn�rhmf&
· kd∆,r·»_to do’ kd,r·»9_sn�knnj�enq&
t kd,ct»_sn�enkknv& ctæ9_mnhrd&
T cÙ_mnrd& cÚ9_dwsq`�o`qs&
n cynæ_rkddo& cynæ9_adc&
— m—æ����������_rtbg& m—æ9_sgdx&
S`akd059Rgnqs`mcKnmfUnvdkr
Sgdrdbshnmsg`senkknvroqdrdmsrsgdsnm`krxrsdl-
53
1-2 Snmdr
Snmd qdedqr sn sgd `arsq`bs dmshshdr hm sdqlr ne vghbg sgd ohsbg
o`ssdqm ne tssdq`mbdr b`m ad tmcdqrsnnc 'Jdmrsnvhby `mc Jhrrdadqsg
08689 154(- Hm snmd k`mft`fdr+ ohsbg g`r ` kdwhb`k etmbshnm+ sg`s hr+ sgd
ohsbg nm vghbg sgd rxkk`akdr ne ` vnqc `qd r`hc b`m aqhmf `ants `
cheedqdmbd hm sgd ld`mhmf ne vnqcr sg`s `qd nsgdqvhrd hcdmshb`k. Midæl+
adhmf`snmdk`mft`fd+l`mhedrsr`chqdbsbnqqdronmcdmbdsnsgdsvn,snmd
rxrsdl qdbnmrsqtbsdc enq Oqnsn,A`mst 'OA( 'Gxl`m `mc Ax`qtrgdmfn
08739 42(- Tmcdqkxhmfkx+ nmkx sgd ghfg `mc knv snmdr dwhrs hm sghr
k`mft`fd- Vg`s vd nardqud nm sgd rtqe`bd 'cnvmrsdoodc nq torsdoodc
ghfg snmdr `mc torsdoodc knv snmdr( hr ctd sn cheedqdms ognmnknfhb`k
`mc.nq snmnknfhb`koqnbdrrdr sg`s`qdnodq`shnm`k hm sgd k`mft`fd-Sgdrd
`qdchrbtrrdchmcds`hk hmbg`osdqr3`mc4-O`hqrnevnqcr+vghbgrgnv
sgdbnmsq`rsadsvddmghfg`mcknvsnmdr+`qdfhudmhm'33(-
33( cÚ _k`o& cÙ _mnrd& cynæ _rkddo& cyn∆ _k`tfg& a`æm _rtqdsx& a`∆m _shk`oh`&�� j`æq _b`q& j`∆q _v`ro&
54
c�vdægdæ _rtm& c�vd∆gd∆ _anmd&
Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsg`sadb`trdsnmdg`rsgdr`ldbnmsq`rshudu`ktd
`rbnmrnm`msr`mcunvdkr+`bg`mfdhmsgdohsbgne`rxkk`akdkd`crsn`
bg`mfdhmhsrld`mhmf-
Bnmsntq snmdr `krn dwhrs hmMidæl ats `qd sqd`sdc `r rdptdmbdr ne
kdudk snmdr-Sgd`m`kxrhr sg`sbnmsntq snmdr`qdrdo`q`sd kdudk snmdrots
snfdsgdq g`r addm onrhsdc lnqd fdmdq`kkx enq @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr- Xho
'08789 038,04/( enq dw`lokd cdrbqhadr bnmsntq snmdr hm @eqhb`m
k`mft`fdr `r Èsnmd bktrsdqrÍ vghbg qdrtks eqnl `rrnbh`shmf svn snm`k
qnns mncdr- @r rs`sdcaxXho '1//19022(+ bnmsntq snmdr hmMidælÈ`qd
rdptdmbdr ne kdudk snmdr+ e`hqkx q`qd `mc nesdm khlhsdc sn sgd dmcr ne
vnqcr nq sn gd`ux rxkk`akdrÍ- Rnld k`mft`fdr vhsg tmcdqkxhmf kdudk
snmdrdudmrddlsnrgnv`oqdedqdmbdenqbnmsntqsnmdrnudqkdudksnmdr
hm sgd ntsots- Eqnl ` sgdnqdshb`k odqrodbshud+ sghr `m`kxrhr hr `krn
e`untqdc- Sghr dwok`hmr vgx Fnkcrlhsg '088/9 28,3/( r`xr Èsgd
onrrhahkhsx ne l`mx,sn,nmd `rrnbh`shnm adsvddm nmd shdq `mc `mnsgdq
nodmrtosgdonrrhahkhsxnesqd`shmfqhrhmf`mce`kkhmfsnmdr`rrdptdmbdr
nekdudksnmdrÔ`rrnbh`sdcvhsg`rhmfkdunvdk-Í
55
Dudmsgntfgsnmdr`qdrgnvmhmsghrvnqjsnad`rrnbh`sdcchqdbskx
snrdfldmsr+hsrgntkcadanqmdhmlhmcsg`ssgdsnmd,ad`qhmftmhshmsghr
k`mft`fd hr sgd rxkk`akd adb`trd ansg khfgs lnmn,lnq`hb `mc gd`ux ah,
lnq`hb rxkk`akdr b`m ad`q ` rhlhk`q mtladq ne snmdr- @r ldmshnmdc
`anud+`cds`hkdc`m`kxrhrnesgdsnmdrxrsdlhroqdrdmsdchmbg`osdq3`mc
4-
1-3 B`mnmhb`kRxkk`akdRsqtbstqd
Atqptdrs '08879 036( r`xr _sgd rxkk`akd kdudk hr sgd
ognmnknfhb`k kdudk hlldch`sdkx `anud sgd kdudk ne sgd rdfldms: hs hr `
rsqtbstq`k tmhs hmsn vghbg rdfldms`k ognmdldr `qd chrsqhatsdc-& Sgd
rxkk`akdlhqqnqrsgdmnshnmnesgdqgxsglv`ud'Ohjd085692/6(+vhsg`m
nmrds+od`j+`mcbnc`-Sgdrsqtbstqdne`rxkk`akdhrrgnvmhm'34(-
34( σ 'rxkk`akd(
N Q 'nmrds,qgxld(
MB 'mtbkdtr,bnc`(
BFU B 'bnmrnm`ms,Fkhcd,unvdk,bnmrnm`ms(
Midæl rntmcr b`m bnlahmd hm `mx ne sgd enkknvhmf b`mnmhb`k
rxkk`akdrsqtbstqdr-
56
35( Ņ œ∆,jv—»k _rm`hk&�
U ≠◊ _hm&
BU m«∆ _vhsg&
BFU oin» _rgdc�'M(&
BUB r—æœ _e`sgdq&
BFUB jv—æq _uhkk`fd&
SgdlnqogdldrsqtbstqdneoqdehwdrhrdhsgdqB,+U,nqBU,+rgnvm
hm '36`(-Qnnsr`qddhsgdqlnmnrxkk`ahbnqchrxkk`ahb+ `rb`madrddm hm
'36a(-Vnqcr`krng`ud`lnmnrxkk`ahbnqchrxkk`ahblnqogdldrsqtbstqd
`rrgnvmhm'36b(-
36`( c,—∆l _v`q& BK4,v`q
Õ ,rÕ◊lr`æ _sgntfgs& BK00,sgntfgs
aÕ ,a`∆m _dohbr& BK7,dohb
a( kd∆,jÕ◊ _dff& BK4,dff
l,t∆qtæl _l`m& BK0,l`m
kd∆,i`∆k`∆ _qdronmrd& BK4,qdronmrd
57
b( k`æ _fk`rr&
atæv`∆ _ed`q'M(& j`∆kn∆ _qnns&
@esdq sghr oqdrdms`shnm ne sgd rdfldms`k `mc rtoq`,rdfldms`k
rxrsdlr+ sgd rdbshnm sg`s enkknvr chrbtrrdr sgd ed`stqdr trdc hm
qdoqdrdmshmfsgdrdfldmsr-
1-4 Ed`stqdr
Ed`stqdr `kknv enq ` rxrsdl`shb nqf`mhy`shnm ne ognmnknfhb`k
l`sqhbdr- Sgqntfg `m tmcdqrs`mchmf ne sgdrd ed`stqdr+ vd `qd `akd sn
qdbnfmhydsg`sognmnknfhb`krdfldmsrnbbtqhmrdsrnqbk`rrdr-Rdfldmsr
vghbg bnloqhrd nmd ne sgdrd bk`rrdr nesdm etmbshnm snfdsgdq `r ` rds+
dhsgdq hm lnchexhmf nsgdq rntmcr+ nq hm adhmf lnchehdc hm rnld
dmuhqnmldmsr-Sgdx`krnrdqudhmonhmshmfntssgdognmdshbok`trhahkhsxne
ognmnknfhb`k o`ssdqmr entmc hm ` k`mft`fd- Sgdx `krn gdko hm
chrshmfthrghmfrntmcrudqxbkd`qkx+hmsg`sdudmherdfldmsradknmfsnsgd
r`ldm`stq`kbk`rrnerntmcr+mnsvnnesgdlb`mg`udsgdr`ldu`ktdne
ed`stqdr trdc hm sgdhq cdrbqhoshnm- L`mx cheedqdms ed`stqd rxrsdlr g`ud
addm oqnonrdc ax fdmdq`shud ognmnknfhrsr 'G`kkd 0881+ Jdmrsnvhby
0883(- Adb`trd ne sgdhq vhcdroqd`c e`lhkh`qhsx `mc trd+ rs`mc`qc
58
fdmdq`shuded`stqdrbtqqdmskxbnmrshstsd`trdetkeq`ldvnqjenqcdrbqhahmf
rntmcr- Gnvdudq+ hm nqcdq sn `unhc `lahfthshdr+ Èhs hr odqedbskx
`bbdos`akd sn trd drrdmsh`kkx sgd r`ld k`adkr kdrr enql`kkx+ vhsgnts sgd
oktr`mclhmtrrhfmrÍ'B`r`kh1//0a93(-R`fdx'0875(chrok`xr`rhlhk`q
uhdvaxonrhshmfansgahm`qx`mctm`qxed`stqdr-Xho'1//1950(sghmjr
sg`s Èsgd ptdrshnm ne vgdsgdq ed`stqdr `qd ahm`qx nq tm`qx qdl`hmr
tmrdsskdc-Hmgdquhdv+he`ed`stqdhrahm`qxhsb`madsgdb`rdsg`snmkx
nmdu`ktdhroqdrdmstmcdqkxhmfkx+`mcsg`ssgdnoonrhmfu`ktdhrhmrdqsdc
k`sd+nqmns`s`kkÍ-Sghrl`ssdqb`madrdsskdcax`rrtlhmfsg`svg`sdudq
ed`stqdrxrsdlhrbgnrdmrgntkcadtrdcbnmrhrsdmskx-Sgdahm`qxrxrsdl
hrtrdchmsghrrstcx-Sghrchrbtrrhnmnmed`stqdrhra`rdcnmJdmrsnvhby
'0883(-
1-4-0 Ed`stqdrTrdcenqBnmrnm`msr
Sgdenkknvhmfed`stqdrg`udaddmtrdcsncdrbqhadsgdbnmrnm`msr
neMidælhm`chrshmbsl`mmdq-
Bnmrnm`ms`k9 Sgd ed`stqd bnmrnm`ms`k g`r addm trdc sn bk`rrhex `kk
rntmcr sg`s `qd oqnctbdc vhsg ` cq`rshb rsqhbstqd hm sgd rtoq`k`qxmfd`k
b`uhsx- Rntmcr hm sghr bk`rr g`ud addm cdrbqhadc `r Zbnmrnm`ms`k\ `mc
sgnrd dwbktcdc `r Z,bnmrnm`ms`k\- Sghr ld`mr sg`s `kk Midæl bnmrnm`msr
`qdZ*bnmr\`mc`kkunvdkr`mcfkhcdr`qdZ,bnmr\-
59
Rxkk`ahb9 Sghr ed`stqd hr trdc sn cdrbqhad rntmcr sg`s etmbshnm `r sgd
mtbkdtrnqod`jne`rxkk`akd-Vgdmm`r`krrs`mc`rsgdmtbkdtrnqod`j
ne rxkk`akdr+ sgdx `qd qdedqqdc sn `r rxkk`ahb m`r`kr- Hm Midæl+ rxkk`ahb
m`r`kr`mcunvdkr+`qdZ*rxkk\vgdqd`rnsgdqbnmrnm`msr`qdZ,rxkk\-
Rnmnq`ms9Sghr ed`stqd hr trdc sncdrbqhad rntmcr+vghbgg`udnmkx sgd
cdfqdd ne rsqhbstqd sg`s cndr mns chrqtos `hqeknv dmntfg sn ad `akd sn
hmghahs unhbhmf- He sgd bknrtqd hr dwsqdld dmntfg+ `r vhsg oknrhudr+
`eeqhb`sdr `mc eqhb`shudr+ sgd b`uhsx adghmc sgd bknrtqd hm sgd lntsg
pthbjkxehkkrvhsgsgd`hqhmunkudchmsgdoqnctbshnmnesgdrntmc-Rnnmmn
lnqd`hqb`mo`rrsgqntfgsgdfknsshr`mcunhbhmfb`mmnsadl`hms`hmdc-
Hm Midæl+ khpthcr+ m`r`kr+ rdlhunvdkr `mc unvdkr `qd Z*rnm\ vgdqd`r
narsqtdmsr`qdZ,rnm\-
M`r`k9Sghred`stqdcdrbqhadrrntmcroqnctbdcvhsgsgdudktlknvdqdcsn
`kknv sgd o`rr`fd ne `hq sgqntfg sgd m`r`k b`uhsx- @kk sgd Midæl m`r`k
bnmrnm`msr`qdZ*m`r`k\`mc`kknsgdqrntmcr`qdZ,m`r`k\-
@msdqhnq9 Sghr ed`stqd fqntor `kk rntmcr oqnctbdc eqnl sgd o`k`sn,
`kudnk`q qdfhnm to sn sgd ahk`ah`kr- K`ah`k `mc `kudnk`q bnmrnm`msr hm
Midæl`qdcdrbqhadc`rZ*`ms\vghkdsgdqdrsnesgdrntmcr`qdZ,`ms\-
Bnqnm`k9 Sghr ed`stqd cdrbqhadr rntmcr oqnctbdc vhsg sgd ak`cd ne sgd
snmftd q`hrdc eqnl hsr mdtsq`k onrhshnm snv`qcr sgd g`qc o`k`sd- Hs g`r
60
sgdqdenqdaddmtrdc snchrshmfthrg`kudnk`q+ `mco`k`s`k rntmcr hmMidæl
sg`s`qdZ*bnq\eqnlnsgdqrntmcrsg`s`qdr`hcsnadZ,bnq\-
Bnmshmt`ms9Rntmcrsg`scnmnsg`ud`bknrtqdhmsgdnq`kb`uhsxrteehbhdms
sn rsno `hqeknv sgqntfg hs `qd cdrbqhadc `r bnmshmt`ms- Midæl eqhb`shudr
`mckhpthcr`qdZ*bnms\vghkdoknrhudr+`eeqhb`sdr`mcm`r`kr`qdZ,bnms\-
Rsqhcdms9@bnmrhcdq`akd`lntmsnemnhrdhrhmunkudchmsgd`qshbtk`shnmne
rnld eqhb`shudr `mc `eeqhb`sdr- K`ahncdms`k+ `kudnk`q+ `kudno`k`s`k `mc
tutk`qeqhb`shudr`mc`eeqhb`sdrhmfdmdq`k`qdZ*rsqh\vghkdsgdqdrsnesgd
rntmcr`qdZ,rsqh\-Hsg`raddmtrdcsnchrshmfthrg`eeqhb`sdreqnlrsnorhm
Midæl-
K`sdq`k9Rntmcrsg`s`qdZ*k`s\`qdl`cdvhsg`hqo`rrhmfnudqsgdrhcdr
ne sgd snmftd-Sghr hr sgd b`rd hmMidæl enq Zk\- Hs rgntkcadldmshnmdc
sg`s sghr ed`stqd hr fdmdq`kkx qdkdu`ms nmkx enq chrshmfthrghmf `lnmf
khpthcr-Sgtrq,khjdrntmcr`qdsgdhlonqs`msZ,k`s\rdfldmsr-
Bnmrsqhbsdc fknsshr9 Sghr ed`stqd chrshmfthrgdr rntmcr oqnctbdc vhsg `
bnmrsqhbshnm`ssgdkdudknesgdfknsshreqnlsgnrdoqnctbdcvhsgntsrtbg`
bnmrsqhbshnm-Sgdfknss`krsnohmMidælhrcdrbqhadc`rZ*bnmrsqh\`mc`kk
nsgdqrntmcr`rZ,bnmrsqh\-
Cdk`xdcQdkd`rd9Ctqhmfsgdoqnctbshnmnernldrntmcr+sgdqdkd`rdne`
sns`k bnmrsqhbshnm hr rknvdc rn sg`s ` eqhb`shud hr enqldc `esdq sgd rsno
61
onqshnm- Sghr ed`stqd g`r addm trdc sn chrshmfthrg `eeqhb`sdr eqnl
eqhb`shudrhmMidæl-
Unhbd9Sghred`stqdg`raddmtrdcsnchrshmfthrgrntmcroqnctbdcvhsg`
uhaq`shnmnesgdunb`kenkcreqnlsgnrdoqnctbdcvhsgntsrtbg`uhaq`shnm-
@kkunvdkr+`mcunhbdcbnmrnm`msr`qdsgdqdenqdZ*uc\vghkdsgdqdrsne
sgdbnmrnm`msr`qdZ,uc\-
1-4-1Ed`stqdrTrdcenqUnvdkr
Rxkk`ahb9@rr`hc`anud+sghred`stqdcdrbqhadrrntmcrsg`sb`metmbshnm`r
sgdod`jne`rxkk`akd-Rtbgrntmcr hmMidæl hmbktcd`kk sgdunvdkr`mc
sgd rxkk`ahb m`r`kr- Sgdrd `qd r`hc sn ad Z*rxkk\ vghkd sgd qdrs ne sgd
rntmcr`qdZ,rxkk\-
Ghfg9Sghr ed`stqdg`r addmtrdc sncheedqdmsh`sd rntmcroqnctbdcvhsg
sgd ancx ne sgd snmftd q`hrdc adxnmc sgd mdtsq`k onrhshnm eqnl sgnrd
oqnctbdcvhsgntsrtbg`q`hrhmf-Sgdghfgunvdkr`qdr`hcsnadZ*ghfg\
vgdqd`rsgdqdrsnesgdrntmcr`qdZ,ghfg\-
A`bj9 Sghr ed`stqd g`r addm trdc sn cdrbqhad `kk rntmcr `qshbtk`sdc ax
qdsq`bshmf sgd snmftdancx eqnl sgd qdedqdmbdonhms- Sgdrd hmbktcd sgd
bdmsq`k `mc a`bj unvdkr sg`s `qd bnmrhcdqdc Z*a`bj\ vghkd sgd eqnms
unvdkr`qdZ,a`bj\-
62
Qntmc9 Midæl rntmcr l`cd vhsg sgd khor qntmcdc `mc.nq oqnsqtcdc `qd
Z*qntmc\ vgdqd`r sgnrd oqnctbdc vhsg sgd khor hm ` mdtsq`k nq roqd`c
onrhshnm`qdZ,qntmc\-
@SQ9 Sghr ed`stqd g`r addm trdc sn cdrbqhad unvdkr sg`s `qd l`cd ax
otrghmf enqv`qc sgd snmftd qnns+ dwo`mchmf sgd qdrnm`shmf bg`ladq ne
sgdog`qxmw`mconrrhakxotrghmfsgdsnmftdancxtov`qc-Rtbgunvdkr
`qdr`hcsnadZ*@SQ\vgdqd`rsgdnsgdqr`qdZ,@SQ\-
Enqlnqdnmed`stqdrrddJdmrsnvhby'0883(`mcAtqptdrs'0887(-
63
1-4-2 Bnmrnm`msEd`stqdL`sqhw
rxkk bnmr `ms bnq m`r bnms rnm rsqh k`s bnmrsqh Cdk-qdk unhbd
o , * * , , , , , , , , ,
a , * * , , , , , , , , *
s , * * * , , , , , , , ,
c , * * * , , , , , , , *
j , * , , , , , , , , , ,
f , * , , , , , , , , , *
& , * , , , , , , , * , ,
jo , * * , , , , , , , , ,
fa , * * , , , , , , , , *
l , * * , * , * , , , , *
m , * * * * , * , , , , *
� , * , * * , * , , , , *
œ , * , , * , * , , , , *
M¶ * , ê ê * , * , , , , *
e , * * , , * , * , , , ,
u , * * , , * , * , , , *
r , * * * , * , * , , , ,
� , * , * , * , * , , , ,
g , * , , , * , * , , , ,
64
sr , * * * , , , * , , * ,
cy , * * * , , , * , , * *
s� , * , * , , , * , , * ,
c� , * , * , , , * , , * *
k , * * * , , * , * , , *
q , * * * , , * , , , , *
v , , * , , * * , , , , *
i , , , * , * * , , , , *
S`akd069Bnmrnm`msEd`stqdL`sqhw
1-4-3 UnvdkEd`stqdL`sqhw
rxkk`ahb ghfg a`bj qntmc @SQ
h * * , , *
H * * , , ,
d * , , , *
ø * , , , ,
fl * , , * ,
` * , * , ,
— * , * * ,
n * , * * *
T * * * * ,
t * * * * *S`akd079UnvdkEd`stqdL`sqhw
65
1-5Ognmnknfhb`kOqnbdrrdr
1-5-0 Bnmrnm`msr
Sgdognmnknfhb`koqnbdrrdr sg`sMidælbnmrnm`msognmdldrtmcdqfn
`qdchrbtrrdchmsghro`qs-
1-5-0-0M`r`k@rrhlhk`shnm
Hm`m`rrhlhk`shnmoqnbdrr+`rntmchrlnchehdchmnqcdqsnl`jdhs
lnqdrhlhk`qsnrnldnsgdqrntmchmhsrmdhfgantqgnnc'J`s`la`0878(-
Sghr nesdm qdrtksr hm ` rlnnsgdq+ lnqd deenqskdrr+ lnqd dbnmnlhb`k
sq`mrhshnmeqnlnmdrntmcsn`mnsgdq-Nmdsxodne`rrhlhk`shnmhrsg`shm
vghbg`bnmrnm`mss`jdrtosgded`stqdrne`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-Hshrudqx
bnllnm hm k`mft`fdr sn ehmc ` m`r`k adhmf gnlnqf`mhb vhsg sgd
enkknvhmfbnmrnm`ms-Sghrhr_nmdnesgdlnrsbnllnmoqnbdrrdrentmchm
sgd k`mft`fdr ne sgd vnqkc& 'Atqptdrs 08879 3(- Sgd m`r`kr hm Midæl
`rrhlhk`sdsnsgdok`bdne`qshbtk`shnmnesgdbnmrnm`mssgdxoqdbdcd-Sgd
m`r`khrbknrddmntfgsnsgdrsnoenq`rrhlhk`shnmsnnbbtq-Sghrenkknvr
sgdknb`khsxoqhmbhokd'@qbg`mfdkh`mcOtkkdxak`mj0883(sg`scdodmcrnm
ansg ` shdq,hmsdqm`k mnshnm ne _`ci`bdmbx& `mc ` bqnrr,shdq mnshnm ne
_oqdbdcdmbd&- Sgd dw`lokdr sg`s enkknv cdlnmrsq`sd gnv m`r`k
`rrhlhk`shnmnbbtqr-
66
37( l–oÚm _chrbhokd&
l–o`æg`æ _o`qkntq&
l–an» _`ql&
l–aø» _gntrd&
m∆rt∆& _dkdog`ms&
m∆r`∆ _gtmfdq&
m∆cy`∆ _hmsdrshmd&
kd∆,m∆c`æl`» _sn�ronhk&
œ∆jtæqtæ _atssnbj&
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œ∆fÕ q _s`ann&
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�Sgdrd c`s` cdlnmrsq`sd sg`s sgd m`r`k s`jdr sgd ok`bd ne
`qshbtk`shnm ne sgd bnmrnm`ms hs oqdbdcdr- Sgd enkknvhmf qtkd b`m ad
enqltk`sdcsnb`ostqdsghroqnbdrr-
38(O,qtkd49M`r`k@rrhlhk`shnm
ê`ms
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n
MB
67
Sgd enkknvhmf cdqhu`shnm hkktrsq`sdr sgd `ookhb`shnm ne m`r`k
`rrhlhk`shnm-
4/( l–o`æg`æ l–aø» m∆r`∆ œ∆jtæqtæ
TQ.M,o`g` M,aø M,r` M,jtqt.
�M`r`k�@rrhlhk`shnm l,o`g` l,aø m,r` œ,jtqt
�Snmd�qtkdr� � � l–,o`æg`æ l–,aø» m∆,r`∆ œ∆,jtæqtæ
OQZl–o`æg`æ l–aø» m∆r`∆ œ∆jtæqtæ\
Sgdqdhrmn`ssdlossn`bbntmsenqsnmdhmsghrrdbshnm-Sghrvhkkad
cnmdhmsgdrtardptdmsbg`osdqrmns`akxbg`osdq3`mc4-
1-5-0-1 Cdunhbhmf
Sgddmuhqnmldmshmvghbg`bnmrnm`msvhkknbbtqnesdmhmektdmbdr
sgdadg`uhntqnesgdfknsshrctqhmfhsroqnctbshnm-Sgd`qshbtk`snqxdeenqs
hr mns nmkx bnmchshnmdc ax sgd nqf`mr ne oqnctbshnm ats `krn ax sgd
ognmdshb oqnctbs hsrdke- @m hmsdq`bshnm adsvddm unhbdc `mc unhbdkdrr
bnmrnm`msrhrbnllnm`bqnrrk`mft`fdr'be-Jdmrsnvhby`mcJhrrdadqsg
0868935(-HmMidæl+sgdunhbdcahk`ah`k`mc`kudnk`qrsnor`ksdqm`sdvhsg
sgdhqunhbdkdrrbntmsdqo`qsr-Bnmrhcdqsgd`ksdqm`shnmrrgnvmhmsgdc`s`
hm'40(-
68
40( Rhmftk`qr Oktq`kr Fknrr
cÕ◊anæ ld∆m∆,sÕ◊anæ �_rsqd`l&
c—∆&—∆ ld∆m∆,s—∆&—∆�� � � _qnnl&
at∆ln∆ ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆ �_eqths&
aÚqÚ ld∆l–,oÚqÚ �� � _b`o&
aÚg—æ ld∆l–,oÚg—æ�� � � _rd`s&
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sgd oktq`k enqlr nbbtq vhsg sgd unhbdkdrr rsnor- Sghr chrsqhatshnm hr+
gnvdudq+ sgd qdudqrd ne sgd vhcdroqd`coqnbdrr `eedbshmfMB+ vghbg hr
onrs,m`r`kunhbhmf+rtll`qhrdchmGxl`m'1//294/(-Hmnqcdqsn`bbntms
enq sghr`ksdqm`shnmhsb`mad`rrtldcsg`s sgdunhbdkdrrrsnorbg`mfdsn
sgdhq unhbdc bntmsdqo`qsr vgdm sgdx nbbtq hm vnqc,hmhsh`k onrhshnm-
Gnvdudq+fhudmsg`s`sxohb`kdmuhqnmldmsenqunhbhmfsnnbbtqvntkcad
adsvddmsvnunvdkr+sghrbntmsdqhmsthshud`ksdqm`shnmb`madqdk`sdcsn`
ghrsnqhb`k oqnbdrr hmunkuhmf mnv knrs unvdkr+ vghbg b`trdc sgd bg`mfd
`mc kdes sgd unhbdc rsnor `s vnqc,hmhsh`k onrhshnm- Rnld mdhfgantqhmf
k`mft`fdr oqnuhcd duhcdmbd sg`s rddlr sn rtoonqs sghr bk`hl- Bnmrhcdq
sgddw`lokdrhmsgdenkknvhmfs`akd-
69
L ∆̀j æ̀̀ Lon∆lonæ AÕ jdækdæ Midæl Fknrr
at∆l æ̀
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S`akd089UnhbhmfhmrnldYnmd@7/K`mft`fdr
Sghr s`akdcdlnmrsq`sdrsg`s hmrnldne sgdrdk`mft`fdrsgdrsnor
nbbtq hm adsvddm unvdkr- Adhmf ` sxohb`k dmuhqnmldms enq unhbhmf hs
sgdqdenqdnbbtqqdchmMidæl+`rcdrbqhadc`anud-Sgdunvdkrvdqdcdkdsdc
k`sdqhm`rdo`q`sdoqnbdrr+kd`uhmfsgdrsnohmhmhsh`konrhshnm-
Sghr dwok`m`shnm hr oqnakdl`shb enq rnld qd`rnmr- Sgd ehqrs
oqnakdlhrsg`sneg`uhmfsn`bbntmsenq`rxmbgqnmhbe`bstrhmfghrsnqhb`k
duhcdmbd- Sghr kd`cr nmd sn l`jd bk`hlr sg`s `qd mns `oo`qdms dmntfg-
Enq dw`lokd+ hm nqcdq sn g`ud sgd dmuhqnmldms enq unhbhmf sn nbbtq `
unvdk g`r sn ad hmrdqsdc `mc `esdq unhbhmf g`r nbbtqqdc sgd unvdk hr
cdkdsdc-Sgdrdbnmcqd`rnmhrsg`sghrsnqhb`kkxsgdrdrsnorvdqdunhbdc`r
hm ` vnqc khjd rsqd`l rgnvm hm Oqnsn,A`mst sn nbbtq vhsg Zc\+ `mc `
rxmbgqnmhbdwok`m`shnmrgntkcsgdqdenqdad`akdsnqdekdbssghr-
@mnsgdq`rrtloshnmvntkcsgdmadsnr`xsg`ssgdunhbdcrsnor`qd
cdunhbdc vgdm sgdx nbbtq `esdq sgd m`r`kr- Sghr bk`hl+ vghbg hr mns
70
ognmdshb`kkxok`trhakd+hrd`rhkxchrb`qcdcaxc`s`sg`srgnvsg`sansgsgd
unhbdc`mcunhbdkdrrrsnorb`mnbbtq`esdq`m`r`k-Bnmrhcdqsgdenkknvhmf
dw`lokdr-
41( l–oÚm _chrbhokd&
l–aø» _gntrd&�
m∆s`æl`∆ _odoodq&
kd∆,m∆c`æl`» _sn�ronhk&
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œ∆fÕ q _s`ann&� Rhmbdansgnesgdlnbbtq`esdqsgdm`r`krhsb`mmnsadsgdb`rdsg`s
cdunhbhmfs`jdrok`bdvgdmsgdunhbdcrsnor`qdoqdbdcdcax`m`r`k-
@mnsgdq onrrhahkhsx rtffdrsdc ax Mfdrrhln Lts`j` 'odqrnm`k
bnlltmhb`shnm( hr sn bnmrhcdq sg`s ld∆M, hr `bbdmsdc- Hs rgntkc ad
ldmshnmdc sg`s`bbdms hr`rrnbh`sdcvhsgghfg snmd`mc.nqunhbdkdrrmdrr
hmk`mft`fdrvhsg`qdrhct`k`bbdmst`krxrsdl-Rhmbdld∆M,hr`bbdmsdc+hs
sgdqdenqdb`trdrsgdunhbdcrsnorsg`senkknvhssnadbnldunhbdkdrr-Sgd
oqnakdlvhsgsghr`ksdqm`shudhrsg`soqdehwdr`qdmnstrt`kkx`bbdmsdc-@r
cdlnmrsq`sdc hm rdbshnm 2-0-2+ ld∆M, hr ` bk`rr 5 oqdehw sg`s l`qjr sgd
oktq`knebk`rr8mntmr`mcrnkhjdnsgdqmntmoqdehwdrhmMidælhsb`mmns
ad`bbdmsdc-
71
Sgd enqdfnhmfchrbtrrhnm rtffdrsr sg`s sgd `ksdqm`shnmr b`mmns ad
bkd`qkx dwok`hmdc `r dhsgdq unhbhmf nq cdunhbhmf- @ lnqd ok`trhakd
`ksdqm`shud vntkc ad sn sqd`s sgd vnqcr hmcdodmcdmskx ax rdsshmf to
rdo`q`sdtmcdqkxhmf enqlr enq sgdl-Sgdunhbdcrsnorvntkcadonrhsdc
tmcdqkxhmfkx enq sgd rhmftk`qr vghkd sgd unhbdkdrr rsnor `qd onrhsdc enq
sgdoktq`kr-
Enq `mtmcdqrs`mchmfnegnv sghrvnqjr+ enkknv sgdcdqhu`shnm hm
'42(-
42( cÕ◊anæ ld∆m∆,sÕ◊anæ at∆ln∆ ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆
TQ.chan ldM,shan atln ldM,otln.
�M`r`k�@rr- ^^ ldm,shan ^^ ldl,otln
�Snmd�qtkdr���cÕ◊anæ ld∆m∆,sÕ◊anæ at∆ln∆ ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆
OQZcÕ◊anæ ld∆m∆,sÕ◊anæ at∆ln∆ ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆\
1-5-0-2 Hqqdftk`qOqdehwdr
Hm`mtladqneA`mstk`mft`fdrrnldhqqdftk`qoqdehwdrnbbtq-Hm
Midælsgdxnbbtqhmbk`rr4-Sghrhrrgnvmhmsgdc`s`sg`senkknv-
72
43( rhmftk`q Oktq`k Fknrr
c�,i—» l,i—» �� � _m`ld&
cy,—æq`∆ l«∆,k—æq`∆�� � _ehqdvnnc&
c�,Õ◊mn∆ l,oÕ◊mn∆�� � _ehmfdq&
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nesgdk`mft`fdrhmsgdL`j``,Midlfqnto+`rrgnvmhmsgds`akdadknv-
L ∆̀j æ̀̀ AÕ jdækdæ Lon∆lonæ Midæl Fknrr
cy,Õ◊m«∆
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hmcdodmcdmskx lnshu`sdc qtkd ne o`k`s`khy`shnm enqltk`sdc `anud- Sgd
`ksdqm`shnmrhmsgdqnnsrb`maddwok`hmdcax`rrtlhmfsg`sZk\`mcZo\`qd
73
cdkdsdcvgdmsgdmntmrnbbtqhmsgdrhmftk`qenql+`rsgdenkknvhmfqtkdr
rgnv9
44( O,qtkd59k,cdkdshnm
*`ms *bnq Z*k`s\ → Z÷\*rsqh^^ ,cdk-qdk- *uc Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s sgd k`sdq`k hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs nbbtqr `esdq sgd
unhbdc`kudnk`q`eeqhb`sd-
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nbbtqr`esdqsgdunhbdc`kudnk`q`eeqhb`sd-Sgdc`s`hm'43(b`msgdqdenqd
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74
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1-5-1 Unvdkr
Hmsghro`qs+sgdognmnknfhb`koqnbdrrdrsg`sunvdkognmdldrtmcdqfn
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1-5-1-0Cdunb`khy`shnm
Fdmdq`kkx+ hm k`mft`fdr+ hm `s kd`rs rnld dmuhqnmldmsr+ sgd
bnmrnm`msr `mc sgd unvdkr hmsdq`bs- Hm bdqs`hm b`rdr+ sgd unvdkr `qd
hmektdmbdcax sgdbnmrnm`msr- Hmrnldnsgdqr+unvdkrb`m hmektdmbd sgd
adg`uhntqnensgdqunvdkr-Vgdmunvdkrbg`mfdsnfkhcdr+sgdx`qdr`hc
sn g`ud cdunb`khydc- Sghr hr ` bnllnm ogdmnldmnm hm B`ldqnnmh`m
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75
Sgdghfgunvdkrne`rdptdmbdnesvnunvdkr'trt`kkxU0hmMidæl(nesdm
cdunb`khyd-Sgda`bj'*qntmc(unvdkrtrt`kkx k`ah`khydvghkd sgdeqnms
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l`hms`hm sgd b`mnmhb`k BU rsqtbstqd ne sghr k`mft`fd sg`s `kknvr
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cdqhudceqnlunvdkr-Rhmbd sgdbnmsntq snmdrnbbtqnmkxhm sgduhbhmhsx
neunvdkroqdbdcdcaxsgdfkhcdr+hshrknfhb`ksnbnmrhcdqsgdrdfkhcdr`r
tmcdqkxhmfunvdkrvgnrdsnmdrcnbjnmunvdkr`esdqcdunb`khy`shnm-Sghr
b`madrddmhmsgdenkknvhmfc`s`-
76
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5/( O,qtkd79Cdunb`khy`shnm'onrskdwhb`k(
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*ghfg
Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sghfgunvdkr`qdcdunb`khydcvgdmdudqsgdx`qd
hlldch`sdkx enkknvdc ax nsgdq unvdkr+ `r rgnvm hm sgd enkknvhmf
cdqhu`shnm-
77
50( jv—∆m lv`»m liøæm oin»
TQ.jt—m lt`m lhøm ohn.
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1-5-1-1UnvdkDkhrhnm
Unvdk dkhrhnm nq cdkdshnm ne ` unvdk nbbtqr vgdm ` vnqc sg`s
adfhmrvhsg`unvdkhr`ccdc`esdq`mnsgdqvnqcsg`sdmcrvhsg`unvdk-
Sghr nesdm bqd`sdr ` rdptdmbd ne svn unvdkr vghbg hr mns odqlhrrhakd
`bqnrr`vnqcantmc`qx- Hsg`raddmentmc sg`svgdm svnunvdkrbnld
snfdsgdq hm gh`str hm Midæl+ sgdx oqnctbd rtbg ` rdptdmbd- Hm nqcdq sn
`unhchs+nmdnesgdunvdkrhrcdkdsdc-Bnmrhcdqsgdc`s`sg`senkknv-
51( md∆jtæl`æ .md∆"Õ ,jtæl`æ. _vhsg�vd`ksg& vhsgvd`ksg
lÕ ,rÕ◊lr`æ .lÕ "Õ ,rÕ◊lr`æ. _sgntfgsr& b3,sgntfgs
md∆jtæqf`æ .md∆"Õ ,jtæqf`æ. _vhsg�hkk,ktbj& vhsghkk,ktbj
78
Hm sgdrd c`s` sgd oqdehw unvdk Zh\ ne bk`rr 00 hr cdkdsdc- Hs hr
bnmrhcdqdcsg`ssghrg`oodmradb`trdhsnbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdqunvdk-Sghr
ld`mr sg`s adb`trd ` rdptdmbd ne svn unvdkr `bqnrr vnqcr hr mns
odqlhrrhakd sgd rdbnmc ne sgdrd unvdkr hr cdkdsdc- Sgd enkknvhmf
ognmnknfhb`kqtkdb`madenqltk`sdcsnb`ostqdsghrcdkdshnmoqnbdrr-
52( O,qtkd89UnvdkDkhrhnm'onrskdwhb`k(
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Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`unvdkhrcdkdsdcvgdmhsnbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdq
unvdkhmsgduhbhmhsxne`vnqcantmc`qx-Sgdvnqcantmc`qxhrbqtbh`k
hm sghr qtkd adb`trd hm sghr dmuhqnmldms+ hs hr sgd rdbnmc unvdk sg`s hr
cdkdsdc`rnoonrdc sn sgdehqrs hm sgduhbhmhsxne`lnqogdldantmc`qx-
Bnmrhcdq sgd enkknvhmf rds ne c`s` sg`s hkktrsq`sdr unvdk dkhrhnm hm sgd
bnmsdwsne`lnqogdldantmc`qx-
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cdlnmrsq`sdc `anud- @ rhlhk`q oqnbdrr nbbtqr hm mdhfgantqhmf L`j``
vgdm sgd rtaidbs l`qjdq hr enkknvdc ax ` unvdk,hmhsh`k sdmrd l`qjdq
'Gd`sg 1//29 226(- Hs hr oqna`akx sgd b`rd sg`s hm sgdrd ognmnknfhb`k
vnqcrsgdoqnmntmr`qdbkhshbr-Rhlhk`qkx`rdptdmbdnesvnunvdkrhrmns
`bbdosdc `bqnrr ` lnqogdld antmc`qx hm Midæl- Sn `bbntms enq sghr
cdkdshnmsgdqdenqdhsg`raddm`rrtldcsg`s`bqnrrlnqogdldantmc`qhdr+
hs hr U0 sg`s hr cdkdsdc `r noonrdc sn sgd cdkdshnm ne U1 `bqnrr vnqc
antmc`qhdr-Sgdqtkdsg`senkknvrhkktrsq`sdrgnvsghroqnbdrrvnqjr-
54( O,qtkd0/9UnvdkDkhrhnm1'kdwhb`k(
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@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ hm ` rdptdmbd ne svn unvdkr `bqnrr
lnqogdld antmc`qx sgd ehqrs hr cdkdsdc- Sgd enkknvhmf cdqhu`shnm
hkktrsq`sdrgnvsgdrdqtkdrvnqj-
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1-5-1-2UnvdkEd`stqdRoqd`c
@rhr sgdb`rd hmrnldk`mft`fdr+`unvdkl`xroqd`chm`fhudm
dmuhqnmldms sn bnmudx ` bdqs`hm ld`mhmf- Hm Midæl+ sgd qnns unvdk
roqd`cr nmsn ` ed`stqdkdrr unvdk hm `s kd`rs svn bnmsdwsr- Roqd`chmf
nbbtqrhesgded`stqdkdrrunvdkhrsgdenbtrl`qjdqnqhehshr`l`qjdqne
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bnmsdwsr-
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81
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82
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hs rtqe`bdr `r Zh\ `esdq ghfg unvdkr ats `rrhlhk`sdr sn sgd ognmdshb
pt`khshdrned`bgmnm,ghfgunvdkvgdmhsnbbtqr`esdqsgdl-Gnvdudq+hs
hrrsq`hfgsenqv`qcsn`rrtldsg`ssgdtmcdqkxhmfunvdknesgdrdl`qjdqr
hr`ed`stqdkdrrunvdk`mcsg`s hscdqhudrhsred`stqdrsgqntfgroqd`chmf-
Vgdm roqd`chmf nqhfhm`sdr eqnl ` ghfg unvdk+ hs hr enkknvdc ax sgd
`rrhfmldmsne`mnsgdq'cde`tks(ed`stqdZ,a`bj\+`rrs`sdchmsgdenkknvhmf
qtkd-
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Hm `cchshnm sn sgd oqduhntrkx onrstk`sdc qtkdr ne rnmnqhy`shnm+
fknss`khy`shnm+ o`k`s`khy`shnm+ m`r`k `rrhlhk`shnm+ `mc cdunb`khr`shnm+
unvdked`stqdroqd`c+`mcZ,a`bj\`rrhfmldmsb`madtrdcsn`bbntmsenq
sgdrdc`s`-Bnmrhcdqsgdenkknvhmfcdqhu`shnm9
83
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1-6 Bnmbktrhnm
Sghr bg`osdq g`r enbtrdc nm sgd ognmdshb bg`q`bsdqhy`shnm `mc
ognmnknfhb`k qdoqdrdms`shnm ne Midæl rntmcr- @esdq oqdrdmshmf sgd
bnmsq`rshudognmdldr+sgded`stqdrtrdchmsghrvnqjsnfdsgdqvhsgsgdhq
cdehmhmf ed`stqd l`sqhbdr g`ud addm oqnuhcdc- Sgd bg`osdq dmcr to
84
chrbtrrhmf sgdognmnknfhb`koqnbdrrdr sg`s sgdognmdldrtmcdqfn-Vhsg
sgd`qq`xneqtkdrtrdcsn`bbntmsenqsgd`ksdqm`shnmr+sgdptdrshnmneqtkd
nqcdqhmf m`stq`kkx `qhrdr- Gnvdudq+ duhcdmbd eqnl sgd ognmnknfhb`k
oqnbdrrdr oqdrdmsdc `anud rgnv sg`s Rnmnqhy`shnm+ O`k`s`khy`shnm+
Udk`qhy`shnm+ Fknss`khy`shnm+ M`r`k `rrhlhk`shnm+� `mc Unvdk Ed`stqd
roqd`c sg`s `ookx `s sgd qnns `mc.nq rsdl `qd Kdudk 0 qtkdr rhmbd sgdx
`ookxoqhnqsnsgd`eehw`shnmnekdudksvnenql`shudr-Unvdkdkhrhnm1+k,
cdkdshnm+ `mc o,cdkdshnm vghbg qdpthqd hmenql`shnm eqnl oqdehw`shnm enq
sgdhq`ookhb`shnm+`qdKdudk1qtkdrrhmbdsgdoqdrsdll`sdqh`khr`ccdc`s
kdudksvn-Ehm`kkxUnvdkdkhrhnm`mcCdunb`khy`shnm`qdbnmrhcdqdcsnad
onrskdwhb`knqogq`r`k qtkdradb`trd sgdx`ookx`bqnrrvnqcantmc`qhdr-
Sghrnqcdqhmfb`madadssdqtmcdqrsnncaxsq`bhmfsgdcdudknoldmsneZmd∆
jtæl`æ\+enqdw`lokd+sgqntfgsgdo`sgrhmchb`sdcaxsgd`qqnvrhm'60(-Hs
hr bnlonrdc ne sgd qnns Zjtæl`æ\+ vghbg o`rrdr sgqntfg sgd kdwhb`k
ognmnknfhb`kqtkdrneKdudk0-Sgdnmkxqdkdu`msqtkdsg`s`ookhdrsnkhmj
sgdsnmdrsnsgdsnmd,ad`qhmftmhsrhrsgdT@B-Sgdmsgdbk`rroqdehwZÕ ,\
hr`eehwdcsnxhdkcZÕ ,jtæl`æ\-SghrenqlhrrtalhssdcsnKdudk1vgdqdsgd
T@B`knmd`ookhdr-Ehm`kkx+Zmd∆\hr`ccdcsnenqlZmd∆Õ ,jtæl`æ\+vghbghr
sgdmrtalhssdcsnsgdonrskdwhb`kbnlonmdmsvgdqdUnvdkdkhrhnm`ookhdr
snbqd`sdsgdrtqe`bdenqlZmd∆jtæl`æ\-
85
60( Tmcdqhudckdwhb`khsdl Lnqognknfx Ognmnknfx Lnqognknfx Ognmnknfx Rxms`w Onrskdwhb`k
86
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LNQOGN,RXMS@W
87
2-/ Hmsqnctbshnm
Sghr bg`osdq oqnuhcdr `mnudquhdvne sgdlnqognknfx`mcrxms`w
ne Midæl- Sgd lnqognknfhb`k oqnodqshdr ne sgd mntmr `mc udqar `qd
oqdrdmsdcgdqd-Sgda`rhbbnmrshstdmsnqcdqhr`krnrgnvm-Midælchrok`xr
lnrs ne sgd lnqogn,rxms`bshb oqnodqshdr sg`s cdehmd ` sxohb`k A`mst
k`mft`fd-Hsg`r`mntmbk`rrrxrsdl`rvdkk`rbnmbnqclnqogdldr+`mc
`qhbgudqa`klnqognknfxsg`sbnlahmdrrdudq`kudqalnc`khshdr-
2-0 MntmLnqognknfx
Mntmr `qd oqnsnsxohb`kkx vnqcr sg`s dmbncd bnmbqdsd+ shld,rs`akd
dmshshdr'Anxc0886951(-Sgdxl`xadl`qjdcenqoktq`khsx+`mcb`ms`jd
onrrdrrhnml`qjhmfr+cdlnmrsq`shudr`mcu`qhntrlnchehdqr-
2-0-0Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneMntmr
@bbnqchmfsnJhrrdadqsg`mcNccdm'1//295/(ÈMnlhm`krhmA`mst
g`udsgdrsqtbstqd'oqd,oqdehw*(bk`rr,oqdehw*rsdl-Í
@ sxohb`k Midæl mntm bnmrhrsr ne ` oqdehw enkknvdc ax ` rsdl-
Gnvdudq+`bdqs`hmmtladqnemntmr+drodbh`kkx hmentqne sgdsdmmntm
bk`rrdr+nbbtqvhsg`ydqnoqdehw- Hmbk`rrnmd+rnldmntmrnbbtqvhsg
oqdehwdrvghkdnsgdqrcnmns-
Sgd mnlhm`k rsqtbstqd `rrtldc hm sghr vnqj b`m ad oqdrdmsdc+
88
enkknvhmfJdmlnfmd'1///922(+`radknv-
61( ME
M-BK- RSDL
'MntmBk`rrOqdehw(Qnns
Sghr rsqtbstqd hmchb`sdr sg`s ` Midæl mnlhm`k enql bnmrhrsr ne `m
nakhf`snqxqnnssg`shroqdbdcdcax`mnudqsoqdehwnqax`ydqnoqdehw-
Sgdmntmbk`rroqdehwl`xaddhsgdq`unvdknq`bnmrnm`ms,unvdk
rdptdmbd-Hsbntkc`krnad`rhmfkdbnmrnm`ms-Sgdmntmqnnsr`qddhsgdq
lnmnrxkk`ahb nq chrxkk`ahb- Sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr hkktrsq`sd sgd
lnqognknfhb`krsqtbstqdnesgdMidælmntm-
62( oqdehw,rsdl oqdehw,rsdll,t∆qtæl _l`m&a,t∆qtæl _ldm& BK0,l`m BK1,l`m
÷,mt∆l _lntsg& lÕ ,mt∆l _lntsgr& BK2,lntsg BK3,lntsg kd∆,an∆ _enns& ld∆,an∆ _edds& BK4,enns BK5,enns
89
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`qd `kk mnlhm`k oqdehwdr fqntodc hmsn rhmftk`q `mc oktq`k bk`rrdr- D`bg
oqdehw adknmfr sn ` rodbhehb bk`rr cdodmchmf nm hsr rg`od `mc sgd
chrshmbshnmhmmtladqhsfhudrsnsgdmntmsnvghbghsadknmfr-SgtrZl,\
ne Zl,t∆qtæl\ _l`m& hr rhmftk`q bk`rr nmd 'BK0(vgdqd`r Zl,\ ne Zl,Ù\
_mnrdr& hr oktq`k bk`rr rhw 'BK5(- Ansg rhmftk`q `mc oktq`k mnlhm`k
l`qjdqr`qdentmchms`akd11'o`fd82(-
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Sgdcdqhudcmntmr`qdb`kkdccdqhudcadb`trd sgdxtrt`kkxcdqhud
eqnl udqar nq nsgdq mntmr- Sgd o`ssdqm ne oqnctbshuhsx hm Midæl
cdudqa`shudr hr eqnludqa`k snmnlhm`k-Sghr o`ssdqm hr hm khmdvhsg sgd
bk`hlsg`sÈHmOqnsn,A`mst+oqnctbshuhsxltrsg`udaddmeqnlmnlhm`ksn
udqa`k+`ksgntfghmsgdoqdrdmsc`xk`mft`fdr+sgdchqdbshnm`ood`qrsnad
sgdqdudqrdÍ'Lddtrrdm0856980(-
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63( C-M-
'oew(qnns'rew(
Sghr rsqtbstqd rtffdrsr sg`s sgdqd hr `m nakhf`snqx qnns sg`s s`jdr
dhsgdq`oqdehwnq`rteehw-Sgdoqdehwhr`kv`xr`m`r`k`mcsgdrteehwsgd
k`sdq`k-Sgdrd`eehwdrnbbtqhmltst`kkxdwbktrhuddmuhqnmldmsrrtbgsg`s
nmkx nmd ne sgd svn nbbtqr hm ` fhudm bnmsdws- .,k. nbbtqr vhsg
lnmnrxkk`ahb nodm qnnsr vgdqd`r .M¶,. nbbtqr dkrdvgdqd+ `r sgdrd
dw`lokdrhmchb`sd-
64`( UdqaQnns CdqhudcMntm ,ct∆kt∆ _rlnjd&� � m∆,ct∆kt∆ _rlnjdq& ,anæl`æ _rdkk&� � � l–,anæl ∆̀ _rdkkdq& ,f—ælknæ _rvddo&� � œ∆,f—ælkn∆ _rvddodq& ,jn∆& _v`mcdq&� � œ∆,jn∆& _v`mcdqdq&a( s�øæ, _khd&� � � s�øæ,k _kh`q& ,røæ _vnqj&� � røæ,k _vnqjdq&� ,kdæ _ok`x&�� � kdæ,k _ok`xdq&
91
Sgd dw`lokdr hm '`( rgnv sg`s sgd cdqhudc mntm hr l`qjdc ax `
m`r`k-Sgdx`krnrgnvsg`ssghrm`r`khrgnlnqf`mhb`mcrxkk`ahb-Hm'a(+
hmrsd`c ne sgd gnlnqf`mhb m`r`k nbbtqqhmf+ hs hr sgd k`sdq`k Z,k\ sg`s hr
rteehwdc sn sgd udqa rsdl sn enql sgd cdqhudc mntm- Sghr k`sdq`k rteehw
nbbtqr nmkx vgdm sgd qnns hr `m nodm lnmnrxkk`akd- Sgd nqhfhm ne Z,k\
l`x ad sq`bdc sn sgd udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr- Hs hr rhlhk`q sn sgd b`tr`shud
dwsdmrhnmsg`sg`rsgdld`mhmfne_snb`trdrnldancxsncnrnldsghmf&
nq _sn b`trd rnldsghmf sn adbnld cheedqdms&- Sgdrd cdqhudc mntmr b`m
sgdqdenqdadr`hcsng`ud`mhlokhb`shnmhmsgdhqld`mhmfsg`ssgdqdhr`
otqonrdsg`slnshu`sdrsgd`bshnm-
2-0-2 MntmBk`rrRxrsdl
Rdudq`kvnqjrnmA`mstk`mft`fdr+rtbg`rAkddj'0751(+Ldhmgne
'0821(+ Lddtrrdm '0856(+ Onknldæ '0856(+ Ftsgqhd '0856(+ rgnv sg`s
mntmr`qdbnmudmhdmskxfqntodchmsnbk`rrdr-Bdqs`hmbk`rrdrnemntmr`qd
hmsqhmrhb`kkx rhmftk`q 'enq dw`lokd 0+ 2+ 4+ 6+ 8+ dsb( vghkd nsgdqr `qd
oktq`k'1+3+5+7+dsb+(-Gnvdudq+rnldbk`rrdrbnms`hmansgrhmftk`q`mc
oktq`k mntmr- Sgd a`rhb mntm bk`rr oqdehwdr neOqnsn,A`mst+ fqntodc hm
fdmcdqr h-d-`bbnqchmf sn sgdrhmftk`q.oktq`ko`hqhmfaxLdhmgne '0821(+
Ftsgqhd '0856(+ Onknldæ '0856(+ s`jdm eqnl Jdmlnfmd '1///9 24(+ `qd
oqdrdmsdchmsgds`akdadknv-
92
Rdl`mshbchrsqhatshnm FtsgqhdOnknldæLdhmgne
,@tsnmnlntrhmchuhct`khrdcadhmfr+gtl`mmntmr lt,.¬`,ld,.a`,lt,.u,`,'0.1(
,Mnm,`tsnmnlntrhmchuhct`khrdcadhmfr:`mhlhrshb
bnmbdosr+o`qsrnesgdancx+ok`msr:m`stq`kogdmnldm` lt,.lh,lt,.ld,lt,.lh,'2.3(
,Nmdnesgdo`hqrnenaidbsrsg`sbnldhmo`hqr ch,cd,kh,'4(
,L`rrmntmrhmchb`shmf`mnm,hsdlhr`akdvgnkd:ok-bk4- l`,l`,l`,'5(
,Hm`mhl`sdnaidbsr jh,.ah,jd,.ad,jh,.ah,'6.7(
,Naidbsrnqadhmfrcdehmdcaxsgdhqlnrsbg`q`bsdqhrshbed`stqdr �,md,.ch,.+md,mh,.kh,+mh,'8.0/(
,Hmchuhct`khrdcnaidbsrmtladqhmflnqdsg`msvn ct,cn,kt,'00(
,Chlhmtshudr j`,j`,st,'01(
,Chlhmtshudr st, sn, st, '02(
,@arsq`bsr at,an,ut,'03(
,Hmehmhshudr jt,jn,jt,'04(
,Cdehmhsdknb`shnm o`,o`,o`,'05(
,Hmcdehmhsdknb`shnm jt,jt,jt,'06(
,Knb`shnmhmrhcd`ok`bd lt,lt,lt,'07(
oh, oh,'08(
t, '1/(
h, '10(S`akd109Oqnsn,A`mstMntmBk`rrOqdehwdr
93
@m hkktrsq`shnm ne sgd mntm bk`rr oqdehwdr neMidæl hr oqnuhcdc hm
sgds`akdsg`senkknvr-
Bk`rr Mntm Oqdehw Rsdl Fknrr
0 lt∆l`æ
o`æq`∆
l,
÷,
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3 lÕ m∆cy`∆
lÕ jtæl`æ
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_vd`ksg&
4
kd∆ot∆kt∆
cÕÃg
cy—æq`∆
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5
ld∆ot∆kt∆
lÕÃg
ld∆loÕÃq
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6 mÕ mn∆ ÷, ,mÕ mn∆ _kntrd&�
7 aÕ mÕ mn∆ aÕ , ,mÕ mn∆ _khbd&�
8 aÕÃq ÷, ,aÕÃq _bgdrs&�00 Õ jtæl`æ Õ , ,jtæl`æ _vd`ksg&�
S`akd119MidælMntmBk`rrOqdehwdr
94
Rnld Oqnsn,A`mst rhmfkd bk`rrdr g`ud addm chuhcdc hmsn svn nq
sgqdd rtabk`rrdr `r ` qdrtks ne sgd ogdmnldmnm ne bk`rr ldqfdq- Sgd
cdsdqlhm`shnm ne bk`rrldladqrghocndrmns rnkdkxcdodmcnm sgd mntm
bk`rroqdehwdradb`trdrdudq`kbk`rrdrbntkcg`ud`rhlhk`qoqdehw- Sgd
o`ssdqmne`fqddldmshmctbdcaxsgdmntmnmsgdonrrdrrhudr+`cidbshudr+
qdk`shudr+ dsb+ hr udqx trdetk hm cdsdqlhmhmf gnv mntmr `qd chrsqhatsdc
hmsnbk`rrdr-
Sgd s`akd sg`s enkknvr oqnuhcdr bkd`q duhcdmbd trdc sn cdsdqlhmd
sgdadknmfhmfnemntmrsn`o`qshbtk`qbk`rr-@rr`hc`anud+hmlnrsA`mst
@ k`mft`fdr rtbg `r Midæl+ mntm bk`rrdr b`mmns ad hcdmshehdc eqnl
oqdehwdr `knmd- Jdmlnfmd '1///9 28( hmchb`sdr sg`s Ènsgdq oqnodqshdr
hmbktcd sgd rhmftk`q.oktq`k o`hqhmf 'd-f- 0,1+ 2,3+ dsb(- O`ssdqmr ne
`fqddldms hmctbdc ax sgd mntmr `qd sgd lnrs hlonqs`ms bqhsdqh` sg`s
rgntkc fnudqm sgd mntm bk`rr chrsqhatshnm-Í Hm sgd s`akd+ sgdqdenqd+
bnmbnqc l`qjdqr ne sgd mntmr `qd hmbktcdc vhsg u`qhntr rodbhehdqr `mc
bnlokdldmsrvgdmotssnfdsgdq-Mnsd`krnsg`ssgdunvdkrnesgdu`qhntr
nudqsbk`rr,l`qjdqoqdehwdr`kkad`q`knvsnmdtmcdqkxhmfkx-
95
Bk`rr Mntm
OqdehwOnrrd,rrhud'lx(
Onrrd,rrhud'ghr(
Onrrd,rrhud'xntq(
@m`ogn,qhb
`cidbshud
Hmsdqqnf`,shud
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Qdk`shudoqnmntm
@rrnbh`,shud
l`qjdqr
Rtaidbsl`qjdqr
0 l,÷,
v`∆l vdæ vÕ◊m mi—∆ v`æ9 mh v`∆9 ÷ miøæ
1 ad∆, a`»l adæ aÕ◊m a`» a`æ9 aÕ◊mh a`æ9 adæ adæ
2 ÷, v`»l vdæ vÕ◊m vÕÃ v`æ9 mh v`æ9 æ vdæ
3 lÕ , li`»l lidæ lÕ◊m lÕÃ li`æ9 lh◊mh li`æ9 lÕ◊ lidæ
4
kd∆,c,cy,c�,
k`»l
kdæ
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kdæ
5
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ldæ
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6 ÷, i`»l idæ iÕ◊m iÕÃ i`æ9 mh i`æ9 æ idæ
7 aÕ , ai`»l aidæ aiÕ◊m aÕÃ ai`æ9 aÕ◊mh ai`æ9 aÕ◊ aidæ
8 ÷, v`∆l midæ
miÕ◊m mi—∆ mi`æ9 mh mi`∆9 ÷ miøæ
00 h , v`»l vdæ vÕ◊m vÕÃ v`æ9 vh◊mh v`æ9
lÕ◊ vdæ
S`akd129BnmbnqcLnqogdldr
95
Sgdmntmbk`rrdrqdoqdrdmsdchms`akd11b`madfqntodcaxo`hqrsn
bnmrshstsdsgdfdmcdqrhm'65(-
65(
0 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8
00
2-0-2-0Fdmcdq0.1
Lnrs ne sgd mntmr hm sghr fdmcdq qdedq sn gtl`mr- Hm bk`rr nmd
vghbg hr sgdrhmftk`qbk`rr+ sgdmntmr`qdoqdehwdcaxsgdahk`ah`km`r`k
vgdmsgdqnnsadfhmrvhsg`unvdk`mc`ydqnlnqogdldvgdmsgdqnns
adfhmrvhsg`bnmrnm`ms-Hmsgdoktq`kbk`rr'BK1(+sgdunvdknesgdbk`rr
l`qjdqhrcdkdsdcvgdmsgdqnnsadfhmrvhsg`unvdk`mchsrsnmdldqfdr
vhsg sgd enkknvhmf knv snmdne sgdunvdk sg`s b`trdr sghrcdkdshnm-Rdd
sgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9
96
66( Bk`rr0 Bk`rr1
l,t∆q _odqrnm& a,t∆q _odnokd&
l,t∆qtæl _l`m& a,t∆qtæl _ldm&�
l,t∆l`æ _vnl`m& a,t∆a`æ _vnldm&
÷,jøæk _fhqk& ad∆,jøæk _fhqkr&�
÷,r—æœ _e`sgdq& ad∆,r—æœ _e`sgdqr&
÷,jÚ&Ú _tmbkd& ad∆,jÚ&Ú _tmbkdr&�
�Sgdenqlrenq_fhqkr&`mc_e`sgdqr&+enqdw`lokd+rgnvsg`ssgdBK1
l`qjdqhrZad∆,\-Sgnrdenq_odnokd&`mc_ldm&rgnvsg`ssgdunvdknesghr
l`qjdq e`hkr sn rtqe`bd- Sgd cdkdshnm ne sghr unvdk hr dwok`hmdc ax sgd
hmcdodmcdmskxlnshu`sdcqtkdneUnvdkdkhrhnm1-�
@etqsgdqnardqu`shnm snadl`cd eqnl sgdrdc`s` hr sg`s sgd qnns
bnmrnm`msenqsgdenqlenq_vnldm&`rrhlhk`sdrsgdok`bded`stqdrnesgd
oqdehw bnmrnm`ms- Sghr gnvdudq g`oodmr nmkx adb`trd ansg oqdehw `mc
qnns bnmrnm`msr `qd ahk`ah`k- Sghr `rrhlhk`shnm b`m ad bnmrhcdqdc sn ad
ognmdshb`kkx lnshu`sdc fhudm sg`s hs hr d`rhdq sn qdod`s sgd r`ld
`qshbtk`snqxfdrstqdenqsgdsvnbnmrnm`msr-
97
2-0-2-1Fdmcdq2.3
Sgdmntmr hm sghr fdmcdq `qdlnrskx hm`mhl`sd sghmfr+ `rvdkk `r
sgdm`ldrne sqddr`mcnsgdqok`msr-Sgdqd hrmdhsgdq` rdfldms`kmnq`
snm`klnqogdld hmbk`rr sgqdd snl`qj sgd rhmftk`qvgdqd`rbk`rr entq+
vghbghrl`qjdcaxZlÕ ,\+bkd`qkxbnqqdronmcrsnsgdOAZlh,\-Dw`lokdr
hmbktcdsgdenkknvhmf9
67( Bk`rr2 Bk`rr3
÷,j`∆kn∆ _qnns& lÕ ,j`∆kn∆ _qnnsr&
÷,ln∆ _rsnl`bg& lÕ ,ln∆ _rsnl`bgr&
÷,j`æm _bknsg& lÕ ,j`æm _bknsgdr&
÷,l–ad» _gntrd& lÕ ,l–ad» _gntrdr&
÷,sÚgÚ _cheehbtksx& lÕ ,sÚgÚ _cheehbtkshdr&�
÷,kÛ _gd`c& lÕ ,kÛ _gd`cr&
�2-0-2-2Fdmcdq4.5
Sghrfdmcdq+khjdhmlnrsA`mstk`mft`fdr+bnms`hmrlhrbdkk`mdntr
naidbsr 'Lts`j` `mcS`l`mih1///9 040(-Sgd rhmftk`q bk`rr 'BK4(g`r
svnqdftk`ql`qjdqr-Vgdmsgdqnnsadfhmrvhsg`bnmrnm`ms+ sgdoqdehw
nbbtqr `r Zkd∆,\- Gnvdudq+ vgdm sgd qnns adfhmr vhsg ` unvdk+ hs hr
l`qjdc ax Zc,\- Svn hqqdftk`q oqdehwdr+ Zcy,\ `mc Zc�,\+ nbbtq hm sghr
98
bk`rr `r rgnvm hm rdbshnm 1-5-0-2+ o`fd 60- Hm sgd oktq`k bk`rr+ sgqdd
rdo`q`sd enqlr nbbtq+ m`ldkx+ Zld∆,\ `mc Zl,\ sg`s l`qj sgd oktq`k ne
bk`rr ehud mntmr `mc Zld∆M,\ sg`sl`qjr sgd oktq`k ne bk`rr mhmdmntmr-
Rddrdbshnm2-0-2-4enqsgdbk`rrmhmdmntmr-Dw`lokdr`qdfhudmhm'68(-�
68( Bk`rr4 bk`rr5
kd∆,aÍ k _aqd`rs& ld∆,aÍ k _aqd`rsr&
kd∆,jÕ◊ _dff& ld∆,jÕ◊ _dffr&
kd∆,s`∆œkn∆ _rsnqx& ld∆,s`∆œkn∆ _rsnqhdr&
c,Ù _mnrd& l,Ù _mnrdr&�
c,—∆l _v`q& l,—∆l _v`qr&
c,Úæ&Úæ _m`udk& l,Ú&Úæ _m`udkr&
Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsg`svgdmsgdqnnsadfhmrvhsg`unvdksgdoqdehw
unvdk hr cdkdsdc+ hm bnmenqlhsx vhsg Unvdk dkhrhnm 1- Rdbnmckx+ hm sgd
rhmftk`q enqlr .k. rtqe`bdr `r Zc\- @ ok`trhakd rxmbgqnmhb dwok`m`shnm
vntkcadsn`rrtldsg`ssghrg`oodmradb`trdsgdk`sdq`khrenkknvdcax
svnunvdkr+`rsgdenkknvhmfqtkdrgnvr-
99
2/( O,qtkd029Cdk`sdq`khy`shnm
,rnm ,k`s Z*k`s\ → ,bnm ^^ZU*U\ ,rsqh *uc
Sghrqtkdrodbhehdrsg`ssgdk`sdq`kbg`mfdrsnsgdunhbdccdms`krsno
vgdmhshrenkknvdcaxsvnunvdkr-Sgdmntmrhmbk`rrehud`mcrhwb`mad
cdqhudc`renkknvr-
70( kd∆,jÕ◊ c,—∆l ld∆,jÕ◊ l,—∆l
TQ.kd,jÕ kd,—l ld,jÕ ld,—l.
�Cdk`sdq`khy`shnm� � � cd,—l�� � � �
�Unvdk�dkhrhnm�1� � � c,—l� � � � l,—l
Snmd�qtkdr kd∆,jÕ◊ c,—∆l ld∆,jÕ◊ l,—∆l
OQZkd∆,jÕ◊ c,—∆l ld∆,jÕ◊ l,—∆l\
Sghr cdqhu`shnm `krn rgnvr sg`s cdk`sdq`khy`shnm nbbtqr adenqd
unvdkdkhrhnm-
100
2-0-2-3Fdmcdq6.7
@tfldms`shudr+ chlhmtshudr `mc nsgdq lhrbdkk`mdntr hsdlr `qd
hmbktcdchmsghrfdmcdq-Itrskhjdfdmcdq2.3+sgdqdhrmdhsgdq`rdfldms`k
mnq ` snm`k lnqogdld l`qjhmf sgd rhmftk`q bk`rr 'BK6(+ vgdqd`r sgd
oktq`kbk`rr'BK7(hrl`qjdcaxZaÕ ,\-Sghrdpt`kkxbnqqdronmcrsnsgdOA
Zah,\-Bnmrhcdqsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9
71( Bk`rr6 Bk`rr7
÷,c�tækt∆ _rlnjd& aÕ ,c�tækt∆ _rlnjd&
÷,c�Í gÍ _anmd& aÕ ,c�Í gÍ _anmdr&
÷,a`∆m _dohb& aÕ ,a`∆m _dohbr&
÷,�`» _bk`v& aÕ ,�`» _bk`vr&
÷,c`∆k`∆ _ons& aÕ ,c`∆k`∆ _onsr&
÷,œ∆jtæqtæ _atssnbj& aÕ ,œ∆jtæqtæ _atssnbjr&�
2-0-2-4Fdmcdq8.5
Bk`rrmhmd'BK8(bnms`hmr`edvodqrnm`kmntmr+`mhl`km`ldr`r
vdkk`rrnldhm`mhl`sdmntmr-@rrs`sdc`anudBK8+vghbghrl`qjdcax
`ydqnlnqogdld+enqlrhsroktq`khmbk`rrrhw-Hsrgntkcadmnsdcsg`ssgd
101
oktq`k l`qjdq+ .ld∆M,.+ s`jdr ` rxkk`akd,ehm`k m`r`k+ `mc sg`s sgd qnns,
hmhsh`kbnmrnm`mshrunhbdkdrr-Rddsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9
72( Bk`rr8 Bk`rr5
÷,aut∆& _lnqs`q& ld∆l–,out∆& _lnqs`qr&
÷,cÕ◊anæ _rsqd`l& ld∆m∆,sÕ◊anæ _rsqd`lr&
÷,c—∆&—∆ _qnnl& ld∆m∆,s—∆&—∆ _qnnlr&
÷,aÕÃq _bgdrs& ld∆l–,oÕÃq _bgdrsr&
÷,at∆ln∆ _eqths& ld∆l–,ot∆ln∆ _eqths&�
Hsb`madnardqudcsg`ssgdOAfdmcdq8.0/g`rbnkk`ordchmsn8.5hm
Midæl-Sghrfdmcdq`krnnbbtqrhmmdhfgantqhmfL`j``'Gd`sg1//29227(
`mc adg`udr hm ` rhlhk`q l`mmdq- Enq `m `bbntms ne sgd enqlr hm sghr
fdmcdq+rddrdbshnm1-5-0-1+o`fd56-
2-0-2-5Fdmcdq00.3
Sghr fdmcdq bnms`hmr lnrskx `arsq`bs mntmr- Sgd rhmftk`q bk`rr
'BK00( hrl`qjdcax ZÕ ,\- Hs s`jdr hsroktq`k hm bk`rr entq sg`sg`raddm
rgnvm `anud sn ad l`qjdc ax ZlÕ ,\- Sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr `qd
hkktrsq`shud9
102
73( Bk`rr00 Bk`rr3
Õ ,rÕ◊lr`æ _sgntfgs& lÕ ,rÕ◊lr`æ _sgntfgsr&
Õ ,jtæqf`æ _hkk,ktbj& lÕ ,jtæqf`æ _hkk,ktbj&
Õ ,jtæl`æ _vd`ksg& lÕ ,jtæl`æ _vd`ksg&�
� L`mxne sgdbnmbnqch`kl`qjdqr enqBK2`mcBK00`qd sgdr`ld-
Nmdbntkc sghmjsg`ssgdsvn`qd`rhmfkdbk`rr+drodbh`kkx`ransgenql
sgdhq oktq`k hm BK3- Gnvdudq+ sgd cdlnmrsq`shud oqnmntm 'sghr( hr
cheedqdmshmsgdsvn+rtffdrshmfsg`ssgdx`qdrdo`q`sdbk`rrdr-Sghrb`mad
rddmhms`akd12'o`fd84(-�
�2-0-3 @fqddldmsO`ssdqmr
@r ldmshnmdc `anud+ d`bg mntm bnmchshnmr sgd enql ne sgd
`fqddldms`eehwdrsg`snbbtqvhsghs hm`mtssdq`mbd-Sgdenkknvhmfc`s`
hkktrsq`sdrtbg`m`fqddldmsnardqudcadsvddmmntmr`mcsgdhqbnmbnqch`k
lnqogdldrhmMidæl-
74( ÷,jøækv`∆lmiøæv`æ _Lx�rhrsdq�hr�gdqd& BK0,rhrsdqlxBNMgdqd
Ad∆,jøæka`»ladæv`æ _Lx�rhrsdqr�`qd�gdqd& BK1,rhrsdqlxBNMgdqd
÷,j`æm v`»lvdæv`æ _Lx�bknsg�hr�gdqd& BK2,bknsglxBNMgdqd
103
LÕ ,j`æmli`»llidæv`æ _Lx�bknsgdr�`qd�gdqd& BK3,bknsglxBNMgdqd
Kd∆,an∆k`»lkdæv`æ _Lx�enns�hr�gdqd& BK4,ennslxBNMgdqd
Ld∆,an∆l`»lldæv`æ _Lx�edds�`qd�gdqd& BK5,ennslxBNMgdqd
÷,œ∆∆jtæqtæi`»lidæv`æ _Lx�atssnbj�hr�gdqd& BK6,atssnbjlxBNMgdqd
Ah∆,œ∆∆jtæqtæai`»laidæv`æ _Lx�atssnbjr�`qd�gdqd& BK7,atssnbjlxBNMgdqd
÷,s�vÕ◊srøæmv`∆lmiøæv`æ _Lx�rs`q�hr�gdqd& BK8,rs`qlxBNMgdqd
H ,jtæqf`æv`»lvdæv`æ _Lx�hkk,ktbj�hr�gdqd& BK00,hkk,ktbjlxBNMgdqd
Sgdrd c`s` cdlnmrsq`sd sg`s ansg sgd onrrdrrhud l`qjdq `mc sgd
bnmbnqc lnqogdld bg`mfd+ cdodmchmf nm sgd bk`rr hm vghbg sgd mntm
sgdxnbbtq vhsg adknmfr-Enq sgd qdrs ne sgd bnmbnqch`klnqogdldr rdd
s`akd12`anud'o`fd84(-
2-1 UdqaLnqognknfx
Udqar `qd oqnsnsxohb`kkx vnqcr sg`s bncd `bshnm+ oqnbdrr nq rs`sd
'Anxc 08869 60(- Hm lnrs A`mst k`mft`fdr+ sgdqd `qd ` rdqhdr ne
hmekdbshnmr sg`s`qd`ccdc sn sgdudqaqnns snfdmdq`sd`udqa`kenql-Hm
rnldA`mst@ k`mft`fdr khjdMidæl sgdx`qdrdo`q`sd kdwhb`k hsdlr sg`s
104
`qdbnlahmdcvhsg sgdudqa qnns-Sgdu`qhntr`rodbsrne sgdMidæludqa
lnqognknfx`qdoqdrdmsdcgdqd-
2-1-0 Lnqognknfhb`kRsqtbstqdneUdqar
Hm A`mst k`mft`fdr+ sgd udqa g`r ` bnlokdw lnqognknfx- Lxdqr
'0887(+ enkknvhmf Lddtrrdm '0856(+ rgnvr sg`s sgd udqa hm ehud A`mst
k`mft`fdrg`rsvnl`hmbnmrshstdmsr-SgdUdqaRsdlbnmrhrsrnesgdqnns+
hsr rteehwdr 'dwsdmrhnmr( l`qjhmf sghmfr khjd b`tr`shnm+ o`rrhud+
qdbhoqnb`k `mc rn nm+ `mc ` sdqlhm`k unvdk- @m naidbs l`qjdq
hlldch`sdkx oqdbdcdr hs+ `mc sgdrd inhm snfdsgdq hm sgd Udqa`k
L`bqnrsdl- Sgd Hmekdbshnm`k Rsdl+ vghbg oqdbdcdr sgd L`bqnrsdl+
bnmrhrsr ne sgd lnqogdldr l`qjhmf rtaidbs+ sdmrd+ `rodbs+ `mc.nq
lnc`khsx-
Jdmlnfmd '1///9 4/( oqdrdmsr ` sqdd ch`fq`l hmchb`shmf sgd
nudq`kkghdq`qbghb`krsqtbstqdnesgdudqa`renkknvr9
75( UE
ORL Rsdl
MB Qnns DWSRL,MDF,SLEU
105
Sghrch`fq`lhrhmsdqoqdsdc`r9`Udqa`kEnql'UE(hrl`cdtone`
Oqd,RsdlL`sdqh`k 'ORL(oktr `Rsdl-SgdORL hr dhsgdq `mntmbk`rr
oqdehwvgdmsgdudqahrhmsgdhmehmhshudenqlnq`rdptdmbdneRL,MDF
, SL- Sgd Rsdl bnloqhrdr ` Qnns 'QS( oktr `m Dwsdmrhnm 'DWS( nq `
ehm`kunvdk'EU(-
Sgd Midæl udqa+ `r qdvqhssdm adknv+ lhqqnqr sgd rsqtbstqd ne `
A`mstudqa-
76( RL,SLÊ'MDF(,QSÊ'DWS(
Mnsdsg`ssgdmdf`shnm`mcdwsdmrhnml`qjdqr`qdnoshnm`khmMidæl-
Sghrrsqtbstqdb`madhkktrsq`sdcvhsgsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr-
77( �øæaÕŸstæmn» 2rORS`mmntmbd
_Xnt�`mmntmbdc&�FÙa`»khÃ
1rORS-MDFkhadq`sd_Xnt�chc�mns�khadq`sd&�
�ø∆anæa`∆cyd∆ 2rETSMDFfhud_Gd�vhkk�mns�fhud&�
AÕ◊ma`»c�id»a,k`æ
2OORS-MDFb`kk,DWS_Sgdx�chc�mns�b`kk�sn�d`bg�nsgdq&�
106
�Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsgdrsqtbstqdnesgdudqahmMidæl-Sgdudqaadfhmr
ax sgd rtaidbs l`qjdq+ enkknvdc ax sgd sdmrd l`qjdq `mc sgdm sgd
mdf`shnml`qjdq-Sgdudqaqnnsb`madenkknvdcaxnmddwsdmrhnm-
2-1-1RsdlLnqognknfx
Hm lnrs A`mst k`mft`fdr sgd rsdl bnmrhrsr ne sgd udqa qnns 'QS(
enkknvdcaxnmdnqlnqddwsdmrhnmr'DWS(`mc.nqsgdehm`kunvdk'EU(-Hs
b`madqdvqhssdm`renkknvr9
78( Rsdl<QS*'DWS'R((*EU
Vghkd rnld k`mft`fdrl`xbnlahmd`kk ne sgd`anud sn enql sgd
rsdl+ nsgdqr+ drodbh`kkx sgnrd sg`s `qd kdrr bnmb`sdm`shud+ b`m dhsgdq
bgnnrdadsvddmnmdnqlnqddwsdmrhnmrnqsgdehm`kunvdk-HmMidæl+nmkx
`m dwsdmrhnm b`m nbbtq- Hsr nbbtqqdmbd hr noshnm`k adb`trd rnld udqar
l`xnbbtqvhsgntshs-SgdMidælrsdlhrsgdqdenqdqdvqhssdm`renkknvr9
8/( Rsdl<QS*'DWS(
2-1-1-0Dwsdmrhnmr
K`mft`fdrnesgdA`mstfqntog`ud`mtladqneudqa`kdwsdmrhnmr-
Sgdrd`qdrteehwdrsg`s`qd`ccdcsnsgdqnnssnqdrtkshm`mdvudqarsdl-
107
Udqa`k dwsdmrhnmr b`m dhsgdq ad oqnctbshud nq mnm,oqnctbshud- Sgd
oqnctbshud dwsdmrhnmr trt`kkx `eedbs udqa u`kdmbx vgdqd`r sgd mnm,
oqnctbshud nmdr l`x enql`kkx ad hrnk`sdc `r rteehwdr ats b`mmns ad
`ssqhatsdc`mxfdmdq`kld`mhmfmnqg`ud`mxrxms`bshbbnmrdptdmbdr-Sgd
dwsdmrhnmr hm Midæl `qd noshnm`k+ hm sgd rdmrd sg`s rnld udqar nbbtq
vhsgntssgdl-Mnsdrnmsgdu`qhntrdwsdmrhnmrenkknv-
2-1-1-0-0SgdQdbhoqnb`k
SghrhrnmdnesgdlnrsoqnctbshuddwsdmrhnmrhmMidæl-Hshmchb`sdr
sg`s sgd `bshnm hmgdqdms hm sgd udqa hr qdk`sdc sn nmd dkdldms hm svn
cheedqdmsv`xr:sghrdkdldmsadhmf`ssgdr`ldshldsgd`fdms`rvdkk`r
sgd fn`k ne sgd `bshnm- Hs hr l`qjdc ax ` knv snmd dwsdmrhnm Z,k`∆\- Sgd
dw`lokdrsg`senkknv`qdhkktrsq`shud-
80( kd∆,aid∆m,k`∆ _sn�qdetrd�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,qdetrd,QDB kd∆,st∆ln∆,k`∆ _sn�khfgs�enq�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,khfgs,QDB kd∆,�Õ l,k`∆ _sn�qtm�sn�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,qtm,QDB kd∆,c�id»a,k`∆ _sn�b`kk�sn�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,b`kk,QDB
108
kd∆,fÕÃl,k`∆ _sn�rnkhbhs�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,rnkhbhs,QDB kd∆,�tæfn»,k`∆ _sn�rtoonqs�d`bg�nsgdq& HME,rtoonqs,QDB
Sghr rteehw cndr mns b`trd mnq tmcdqfn `mx snm`k bg`mfdr vgdm
`ss`bgdcsnsgdudqa-
2-1-1-0-1SgdHmrsqtldms`k
Sgdhmrsqtldms`krteehwfdmdq`kkxlnchehdrsgdld`mhmfnesgdudqa
axrodbhexhmfsg`ssgd`bshnmhrcnmdvhsg`mhmrsqtldmsnernldjhmc-Hm
lnrs hmrs`mbdr sgd hmrsqtldms hr `m hm`mhl`sd naidbs 'Lts`j` `mc
S`l`mih1///9067(-HmMidæl+sgdhmrsqtldms`krteehwZ,md∆\dwoqdrrdrsgd
ld`mhmf ne _vhsg&- Sgd dw`lokdr oqdrdmsdc hm '81( hkktrsq`sd sghr
dwsdmrhnm-
81( kd∆,ad∆,md∆ _ok`ms�vhsg& HME,ok`ms,HMR kd∆,�Õ l,md∆ _qtm�vhsg&�
HME,qtm,HMR kd∆,sÕ kn∆,md∆ _vqhsd�vhsg&� HME,vqhsd,HMR
109
kd∆,j`æ&,md∆ _shd�vhsg& HME,shd,HMR
kd∆,cy`»l,md∆ _oqdo`qd�vhsg&HME,oqdo`qd,HMRkd∆,stæmn»,md∆ _`mmntmbd�vhsg&HME,`mmntmbd,HMR
Sghr rteehw cndr mns b`trd mnq tmcdqfn `mx snm`k bg`mfdr vgdm
`ss`bgdcsnsgdudqa-
2-1-1-0-2 Sgd@ookhb`shud
Fdmdq`kkx+sghrdwsdmrhnmhmchb`sdrsg`ssgdrs`sdnq`bshnmcdrbqhadc
hrenqsgdadmdehsnernldancxdkrd-Sghrdwsdmrhnm+l`qjdcaxZ,Õ◊\vghbg
hrghfg,snmdchrrgnvmhmsgdc`s`sg`senkknv-
82( kd∆,cyø∆9,Õ◊ _rhmf�enq&
HME,rhmf,@OOkd∆,sÕ kn∆,Õ◊ �_vqhsd�enq&HME,vqhsd,@OOkd∆,�t∆ln∆,Õ◊ _bnmrsqtbs�enq&HME,bnmrsqtbs,@OOkd∆,cyn»,Õ◊ _jhkk�enq&HME,jhkk,@OO
110
kd∆,cy`»l,Õ◊ _oqdo`qd�enq&HME,oqdo`qd,@OO
kd∆,rÕÃk,Õ◊ _ehmhrg�enq&HME,ehmhrg,@OO
Khjdsgddwsdmrhnmr`anudsghrnmdcndrmnsb`trdmnqtmcdqfn`mx
bg`mfdr vgdm `ccdc sn sgd udqa- Btqhntrkx+ dudm sgntfg sgd rsqtbstq`k
cdrbqhoshnm enq unvdk dkhrhnm chrbtrrdc `anud hr lds+ hs e`hkr sn `ookx
gdqd-Hshrrhlokxbnmrhcdqdcsg`ssghroqnbdrrcndrmns`ookxadsvddmsgd
udqaqnns`mchsrdwsdmrhnmradb`trdsgdrd`qdrsqnmfkxantmc-
2-1-1-0-3 SgdO`rrhud
Sghrdwsdmrhnmhmchb`sdrsg`ssgd`bshnmhmgdqdmshmsgdudqahrcnmd
sn sgd rtaidbs- Hs nbbtqru`qh`akx hmMidæl`r dhsgdq Z,—∆9\ nq Z,œ—∆9\-Ansg
ad`qknvsnmdr-Z,—∆9\nbbtqr`esdqqnnsrsg`sdmchmbnmrnm`msrvghkdZ,œ—∆9\
nbbtqr `esdq qnnsr sg`s dmc hm unvdkr- Dw`lokdr sg`s hkktrsq`sd sgd
nbbtqqdmbdnesghrrteehw`qdoqdrdmsdchm'83(-
83( cyd∆,œ—∆9 _fhudm& fhud,O@RR st∆fn∆,œ—∆9 _lhwdc& lhw,O@RR
aid∆m,—∆ _qdetrdc& qdetrd,O@RR
111
idæ&kn»,œ—∆9 _s`tfgs& sd`bg,O@RR
c�id»a,—∆9 _b`kkdc& b`kk,O@RR
av—»l,—∆9 _antfgs& atx,O@RR
Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsg`ssgdo`rrhudrteehw`ksdqm`sdradsvddmZœ—∆\`mc
Z—∆\-Hsbntkcadbk`hldcsg`ssgdudk`qm`r`khrhmrdqsdcatsrtbg`bk`hlhr
d`rhkxchrb`qcdcadb`trdsgddmuhqnmldmshmvghbghmrdqshnmnbbtqrhrmns
duhcdms hm sgdrdc`s`-Gnvdudq+ hs b`mad`qftdc sg`s sgdudk`qm`r`k hr
cdkdsdcvgdmhsnbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-Sghrb`madb`ostqdcax
sgdenkknvhmfqtkd9
84( O,qtkd039Udk`qM`r`kCdkdshnm
*m`r *bnmr ,bnq → Z÷\,rxkk* ,`ms
@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ sgd udk`q m`r`k hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs nbbtqr
`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms+`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfcdqhu`shnm9
112
85( cyd∆,œ—∆9 av—»l,—∆9
TQ.cyd∆,�—∆9 atæ—∆l,�—∆9.
Udk`qhy`shnm cyd,œ—9 at—l,œ—9�
�Bnmrnm`ms�cdkdshnm� � � at—l,—9
�Cdunb`khr`shnm av—l,—9�
Snmd�qtkdr cyd∆,œ—∆9 av—»l,—∆9
OQZcyd∆,œ—∆9 av—»l,—∆9\
2-1-1-0-4 SgdQdekdwhud
Sgdqdekdwhudrteehwdwoqdrrdrsgdhcd`sg`ssgd`bshnmcdrbqhadcax
sgdudqahrenq sgdadmdehsne sgd`fdms- Hs hrl`qjdchmMidælax` knv,
snmdclnqogdldZ,v`∆\+`rrgnvmhmsgdc`s`sg`senkknv-
86( sÕ kn∆,v`∆ _vqhsd�enq�nmdrdke& vqhsd,QDE
k—∆l`∆,v`∆ _qta�nmdrdke& qta,QDE
ct∆an∆∆,v`∆ _rn`j�nmdrdke&
rn`j,QDE
113
kÛ,v`∆ _ahsd�nmdrdke& ahsd,QDE l`æ&,v`∆ _f`sgdq�enq�nmdrdke& f`sgdq,QDE �Õ◊gn»,v`∆ _fqhmc�nmdrdke& fqhmc,QDE
Sghrrteehwcndrmnsb`trdmnqtmcdqfn`mxsnm`kbg`mfdr-
2-1-1-0-5SgdB`tr`shud
Sgdb`tr`shudhm`k`qfdl`inqhsxnek`mft`fdrg`rsgdld`mhmfne
_snb`trdnqsnl`jdrnldancxcnrnldsghmf&nq_snb`trdrnldsghmfsn
adbnld cheedqdms&- Hs hr l`qjdc hm Midæl ax ` k`sdq`k rteehw Z,k\- Sgd
enkknvhmfc`s`rgnvsgdnbbtqqdmbdnesgdb`tr`shudrteehwhmMidæl9
87( cd∆,k _b`trd�sn�d`s&
d`s,B@TRrn∆,k _b`trd�sn�gtms>ms,B@TR
c�t∆,k _b`trd�sn�bkhla&bkhla,B@TRkÛ,k _b`trd�sn�ahsd&ahsd,B@TR
114
r`»,k _b`trd�sn�cn&cn,B@TRidæ&kn»,k _b`trd�sn�sd`bg&sd`bg,B@TR
Rhlhk`qkx+ sghrdwsdmrhnmcndrmnsb`trdmnqtmcdqfn`mx snm`knq
ognmnknfhb`kbg`mfdrvgdmrteehwdcsnsgdudqaqnns-
2-1-1-1SgdQnns
Sgdudqal`xdhsgdqg`ud`ghfgsnmdnq`knvsnmdqnns-D`bgg`r
`ehm`kknvsnmdsg`scnbjrnmsnsgdqnns-Dw`lokdrhmbktcdsgdenkknvhmf9
88`( ,�`∆ _sd`q&�
,r`∆l _ronhk&�
,k—∆l`∆ _qta&�
a( ,rt» _aqtrg&�
,lø»q _`qqdrs&�
,atæfn» _lhrr&�
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knv snmd ne sgd udqa+ sgnrd hm 'a( rgnv sg`s hs bqd`sdr ` ghfg,e`kkhmf
115
bnmsntqvgdmhslddsr`ghfgsnmdnmsgdudqa-Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdrrgnv
gnvsgdudqaqnnshrcdqhudc-
0//( Snmnknfhb`kQtkd'S,qtkd(09SnmdRoqd`c
U U
S S Bnmchshnm9Hs`ookhdrnmkxnmudqaqnnsr- @bbnqchmfsnsghrqtkd`snmdroqd`crsnsgdenkknvhmfSAThmudqa
qnnsr-
0/0( S,qtkd19Ehm`kKnvCnbjhmf
k
K
n\\n
µ Bnmchshnm9Hs`ookhdrnmkxnmudqaqnnsr-
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0/1( ,r`∆l ,k—∆l`∆ ,rt» ,atæfn» �
TQ.r`lk—l` rt atfn.
KKKK GKGK
116
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�
2-1-2 Oqd,RsdlLnqognknfx
@r r`hc `anud+ sgd oqd,rsdl l`sdqh`k b`m hmbktcd ` rdptdmbd ne
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hmstqm-
2-1-2-0Mdf`shnm
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udqaqnns-Hshrl`qjdcax`mnudqslnqogdld+Za`∆\+vghbgbg`mfdrsnZ`∆\
vgdm entmc `esdq ` bnmrnm`ms- Hs g`r ` knv snmd tmcdqkxhmfkx- Ad`unm
'0880975( rgnvr sg`s hmmdhfgantqhmfJ——myhldÈnmdbnllnml`qjdq
nemdf`shnmhr`-ÍTmkhjdsgdrhst`shnmhmMidæl+gdr`xrsg`ssgdmdf`shnm
l`qjdq hm J——myhld g`r rdudq`k u`qh`msr cdodmchmf nm sgd sdmrd `mc
117
`rodbsnesgdbnmrsqtbshnm-Sgdenkknvhmfc`s`hkktrsq`sdsgdnbbtqqdmbdne
sgdmdf`shnml`qjdqhmMidæl9
0/2`(lÌ anæa`∆cd∆ 0rETSMDFd`s-EK _H�vhkk�mns�d`s& �ø∆anæa`∆sÕ kn∆ 2rETSMDFvqhsd-EK _Gd�vhkk�mns�vqhsd&� aÍ gÍ anæa`∆stæmn» 0o ETSMDF`mmntmbd-EK _Vd�vhkk�mns�`mmntmbd&a( j`∆a,`∆mh mlÍ rg`qd,MDFjddo0r� _H�g`ud�mn�rg`qd&�
cydæœ,`∆lÍ fhud,MDF0r� _Cnm&s�fhud�ld&�b( �`¿a`∆c�id∆a .�ø`æa`∆c�Õ da∆. 2r-O1MDFrg`qodm-EK _Gd�chc�mns�rg`qodm&� f`¿a`∆c�id»a .fU`æa`∆c�Õ◊da∆. 1r-O1MDFb`kk-EK _Xnt�chc�mns�b`kk&�
118
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sgd unvdk ne sgd sdmrd l`qjdq b`trdr sgd cdkdshnm ne sgd unvdk ne sgd
rtaidbsl`qjdq+ enkknvhmfUnvdkDkhrhnm1-Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdb`ostqdr
sgdcdkdshnmnesgdunhbdcahk`ah`krsno-
0/3( O,qtkd049a,cdkdshnm
,rnm ,bnms ,bnq → Z÷\ *bnmr^^ *`ms ,rxkk *uc
@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd sgd unhbdc ahk`ah`k rsno hr cdkdsdcvgdm hs
nbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-
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adsvddm vnqc enql`shnm `mc qtkd `ookhb`shnm- Sgd rsdl hr cdqhudc hm
Kdudk 0 vgdqd`r sgd oqdrsdl l`sdqh`k hr cdqhudc hm Kdudk 1- Sgd
cdqhu`shnm sg`s enkknvr hkktrsq`sdrgnv sghrvnqjr-Qdb`kk sg`s sgdMiél
udqahrrsqtbstqdc`renkknvr9RL,SL,MDF,QS,DWS-
0/4( f`¿a`∆c�id»a cydæœ`∆lÍ TQ.fU- `,a`,c�hda cydœ,a`,lI .
GKGK GK
119
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120
2-2-2-1 SdmrdL`qjdqr
Midæl g`r ` entq,v`x sdlonq`k chrshmbshnm vhsg svn o`rs sdmrdr
'qdlnsd`mcfdmdq`k(+`oqdrdmssdmrd`mc`etstqdsdmrd-Sgdrdsdmrdr`qd
rtll`qhydchmsgds`akdadknv-
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S`akd139SdmrdL`qjdqr
2-1-2-1-0 SgdOqdrdmsSdmrd
Sgdoqdrdmssdmrdhrtrdchmbnmudqr`shnmsncdrbqhadrhst`shnmrsg`s
`qd oqdrdmskx s`jhmf ok`bd nq vghbg vhkk ad s`jhmf ok`bd hm sgd md`qdrs
etstqd- Sgd hmehmhshud enql ne sgd udqa hr trdc hm sghr sdmrd hm Midæl-
Dw`lokdrhmbktcdsgdenkknvhmf9
0/5( lÍ kd∆,c�Õ l 0rOQDR,cqd`l-EK _H�cqd`l&
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121
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2rOQDR,`mmntmbd-EK _'R(gd�`mmntmbdr&��
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nesgdhmehmhshudoqdehw-Hscndrmnstmcdqfnmnqb`trd`mxsnm`kbg`mfdr-
2-1-2-1-1 SgdEtstqdSdmrd
Sgd etstqd sdmrd 'ETS( cdrbqhadr rhst`shnmr sg`s vhkk s`jd ok`bd
k`sdq sg`m sgdlnldmsne roddbg-Sghr sdmrd hrl`qjdcax`ghfg,snmdc
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130
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Etqsgdqlnqd+ sgd dkdldmsr sg`s l`jd to sgd rsdl `mc sgd oqd,rsdl
l`sdqh`k rtbg `r sgd dwsdmrhnmr+ sgd sdmrd l`qjdqr `mc sgd rtaidbs
l`qjdqr g`ud addm chrbtrrdc hm cds`hk- Sgqdd mdv ognmnknfhb`k qtkdr9
Cdk`sdq`khy`shnm+Udk`qM`r`kcdkdshnm`mca,cdkdshnmsg`s`ookxhmKdudk
1g`udaddmchrbtrrdc-Ehud snmnknfhb`k qtkdr9Ehm`k knvcnbjhmf+Snmd
roqd`c+ k,roqd`c `mc g,cdkhmj+ G,roqd`c `mc K,cdkhmj+ `mc Onk`q snmd
ok`bdldms g`ud `krn addm chrbtrrdc- Hm nqcdq sn rgnv sgd rxms`bshb
rsqtbstqdneMidæl+sgda`rhbvnqcnqcdq`mcsgdogq`rd,hmsdqm`krsqtbstqd
g`udaddmoqdrdmsdcsnv`qcrsgddmcnesghrbg`osdq-
139
BG@OSDQ3
SNMDHMMNTMR
140
3-/ Hmsqnctbshnm
Sghrbg`osdqchrbtrrdrsgdsnmnknfxnesgdMidælmntm-Hsadfhmrax
`oqdrdms`shnmnesgdlnqogdldrsqtbstqdnemntmqnnsr-Bnmrhcdqhmfsg`s
sgd rtqe`bd snmd hr mns `kv`xr hcdmshb`k sn sgd tmcdqkxhmf snmd hm
k`mft`fdr+ hs fndr`gd`c snoqdrdms sgd rtqe`bd qd`khy`shnmrne sgdmntm
qnnsr `mc sn `qftd enq sgd tmcdqkxhmf snm`k ldknchdr ne d`bg- Sgd
`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr`qd`krnhmbktcdchmsghrbg`osdq-
3-0 LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneMntmQnnsr
Sgdlnrsbnllnmlnqogdldrsqtbstqdrsg`snbbtqnmMidælmntm
qnnsr `qd BU `mc BUB- Sgd kdrr bnllnm BUU lnqogdld sxod `krn
nbbtqr-Sghrlnqogdldrsqtbstqdhrrgnvmhmsgdc`s`hms`akd15-
BU BUB BUU
kd∆,cyd∆_snnsg& mt∆m _ahqc& aÕ◊9_pt`qsdq&
aÕÃ_qdrhcdmbd& kd∆,aÍ k_aqd`rs& cynæ9_adc&
kd∆,an∆_enns& r—æœ_e`sgdq& ctæ9_mnhrd&
rnæ_eqhdmc& ct∆q_qnad& cÚ9_dwsq`�o`qs&
kh◊_sqdd& k`»l_sq`o&
S`akd159LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneMntmQnnsr
141
3-1Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqMntmQnnsr
@r ldmshnmdc `anud+ Midæl mntmr g`ud lnrskx lnmnrxkk`ahb `mc
chrxkk`ahb qnnsr- Hs g`r `krn addm r`hc sg`s sgd k`mft`fd hr ` svn,snmd
k`mft`fd Ê Ghfg `mc Knv '@jtlat 1///9 0(- Sgd mntm qnnsr g`ud `
entq,v`xbnmsq`rshudtmcdqkxhmfsnm`kldkncx+m`ldkx+G+K+GK+`mcKG
`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr-Sgdrhmftk`qmntmroqdrdmsdchmsgd
enkknvhmfs`akd`qds`jdmeqnlB6+vghbgs`jdrmdhsgdq`rdfldms`kmntm
bk`rroqdehwmnq`ekn`shmfsnmdbk`rroqdehw-
TmcdqkxhmfEnql BUBU BUB BU
G s�Õ◊gnæ_hrk`mc&
r`æl`æ_fqnto&
aÕ◊l_pt`mshsx&
a`æm_okdcfd&
kh◊_sqdd&
k`æ_fk`rr&
K rø∆gø∆_s`kd&
cy`∆œ`∆_eh`mbd&
mt∆m_ahqc&
sn∆l_ehfgs&
cyn∆_k`tfg&
ln∆_rsnl`bg&
GK kÕ◊l`∆_cqd`l&
jtæq`∆_aknv&
k`»l_sq`o&
mn»q_u`fhm`&
�`»_m`hk&
aÕÃ_qdrhcdmbd&
KG s�Õ k`∆_s`ann&
�`∆œ`∆_dkdf`mbd&
j—∆a_e`tks&
a`∆l_l`sdqh`k&
fÙ_l`cl`m&
m∆st∆_pt`qqdk&
S`akd169Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqMntmQnnsr
142
S`akd16rgnvr sg`s rnldne sgdrtqe`bd snmdr`qdcheedqdms eqnl
sgdtmcdqkxhmfldknchdr-@mdw`lokd hr sgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncx sg`s
rtqe`bdr`rK-Duhcdmbdenq`rrtlhmfsgdrdtmcdqkxhmfldknchdrvhkkad
chrbtrrdck`sdq-Hmrdbshnm3-1-0+hsvhkkadrgnvmsg`ssgdNBO`mcRsq`x
Dq`rtqdbnmrohqdsnitrshexsgdtmcdqkxhmfGldkncx-Sgdrdoqhmbhokdr+`r
vdkk`rk,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj+�`mcGKRhlokhehb`shnm�`qd�trdchmrdbshnm
3-1-2sn itrshexsgdtmcdqkxhmfGKldkncx-Rhlhk`qkx+ sgdNBO+k,roqd`c
`mc g,cdkhmj+ `mc Knv Snmd Roqd`c `qd dwoknhsdc hm rdbshnm 3-1-3 sn
itrshexsgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncx-Mnsdrnmd`bgldkncxenkknv-
3-1-0 GLdkncx
@r hmchb`sdc hm sgd s`akd+ sgdtmcdqkxhmfghfgldkncxrtqe`bdr`r
Ghfgnm`kkrxkk`akdrhmvnqcrhmhrnk`shnm-Hmlnrsnsgdqdmuhqnmldmsr`r
vdkk+sghrldkncxrshkkrtqe`bdr`rGhfg+roqd`cnudqsgddmshqdcnl`hmne
sgdldkncx'sghrhlokhdrsg`ssgdognmdldnesnmdhrsgdbnlokdsdldkncx
`rrnbh`sdc vhsg ` o`qshbtk`q lnqogdld- Hm nsgdq vnqcr+ Èsnmd hr sgd
oqnodqsxnesgdlnqogdld+`mcmnsne`mxo`qshbtk`qrdfldmsnqrxkk`akd
hm sg`slnqogdldÍ'Xho1//1961(-Gnvdudq+ hmdwbk`l`snqxtssdq`mbdr
sgdGhfgadg`udrcheedqdmskx-Bnmrhcdqehqrssgdenkknvhmfdw`lokdr9
GGG GGG 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡
010`(r`l`id → Zr`l`id\ _ghr�fqnto& fqntoghr
143
GGG GGG 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡
a( s�Õgnid → Zs�hgnid\ _ghr�hrk`mc& hrk`mcghr
KGGK KGGK02 0‡ 0‡ 02 02 0‡ 0‡ 02
b( lo`k`i`9 → Zlo`k`i`9\ _sg`s�b`lo& b`losg`s
GG GG 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡
c( idk` → Zidk`\ _ghr�fk`rr& ghrfk`rr
Hmsgdrdcdbk`q`shudogq`rdr+sgdghfgldkncxhrentmcadenqdansg
ghfg snmd `mc knv snmd lnqogdldr `r vdkk `r `esdq ghfg snmd `mc knv
snmd lnqogdldr- Mn rtqe`bd bg`mfdr nbbtq hm rtbg b`rdr+ `r sgd
enkknvhmfehftqdrgnvr-
Ehftqd29GLdkncxhrqd`khydc`rG
144
Ehftqd 2 rgnvr sg`s sgd ghfg snmd hr qd`khydc `r Ghfg nm ansg
lnqogdldr-Ohsbgsq`bdrnesgdc`s`hm'010(`qdrgnvmhm@oodmchwD90-
Hsrgntkcadldmshnmdcsg`ssgdqdbnqchmfrtrdchmsghrvnqjnbb`rhnm`kkx
rgnvrnldhmsdqedqdmbdctdsnsgde`bssg`s`l`mt`kqdbnqcdqhmrsd`cne
` chfhs`k qdbnqcdq v`r trdc hm sgd ehdkc sn qdbnqc sgd c`s`- Sgd ohsbg
sq`bhmfr gnvdudq rgnv to bkd`qkx `mc `qd cdlnmrsq`shud dmntfg ne sgd
e`bsradhmfoqdrdmsdc-
Bnmrhcdq+ rtardptdmskx sgd b`rdr oqdrdmsdc hm '011( vghbg rgnv
sgdnbbtqqdmbdnetorsdovgdmsvnghfgsnmdr`qdbnmshftntr-
GGKG GG↑G 0‡ 0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0 ̃
011`(r`l`id → Zr`l` id\ _ghr�fqnto & fqntoDWBKghr
GGKG GG↑G 0‡ 0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0 ̃
a( s�Õgnid → [s�hgn id] _ghr�hrk`mc & hrk`mcDWBKghr
KGGKG KGG↑G02 0‡ 0‡ 0 0‡ 02 0‡ 0‡ 0 ̃
b( lo`k`id → [ lo`k` id] _ghr�b`lo & b`loDWBKghr
GK G G↑G0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0˜
c(at& id → [at& id] _ghr�dohkdorx &dohkdorxDWBKghr
145
GK G G↑G0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0˜
d( k` id → Zk` id] _ghr�fk`rr &fk`rr DWBKghr
Sgdrd ogq`rdr qdud`k sg`s vgdm svn ghfg snmd lnqogdldr `qd
bnlahmdc hmdwbk`l`snqxogq`rdr+ sgdrdbnmchrtorsdoodc+`rrgnvmhm
ehftqd3-
Ehftqd39TorsdoneG`esdq`mnsgdqG
Ehftqd3rgnvrsg`ssgdrdbnmcghfgsnmdhrghfgdqsg`msgdehqrs-
Ohsbg sq`bdrne sgdc`s` hm'011(`qdfhudm hm@oodmchwD91-Torsdone
sgd rdbnmc ghfg snmd b`m ad `bbntmsdc enq ax `rrtlhmf sg`s sgdqd hr `
ekn`shmf knv snmd dwoqdrrhmf sgd dwbk`l`shnm+ vghbg nbbtqr hm adsvddm
sgdrdsvnvnqcr-Mnshbdsg`shmrdqshnm'enqdw`lokdnesghrekn`shmfsnmd(
l`xadb`trdchmk`mft`fdraxsgdmddcenqsnmdrhmoqnlhmdmsonrhshnmr+
axsgdNBO+nqitrsax_rodbhex&'Xho1//19023(-HmMidælhshrb`trdcax
146
sgd NBO- Sghr hr ` bnudq sdql enq ` rds ne oqhmbhokdr sg`s bnmrohqd hm
l`mxk`mft`fdrsnoqnghahssgdnbbtqqdmbdne`ci`bdmshcdmshb`ked`stqdr
nmmnmrjdkds`kshdqr'be-LbB`qsgx0875+Nccdm0875+0877+Lxdqr0886+
Rmhcdq 0888(- Hm Midæl+ sghr oqhmbhokd oqnghahsr `ci`bdms hcdmshb`k snmdr
vhsghm ` rhmfkd lnqogdld+ `bqnrr lnqogdld antmc`qhdr+ `r vdkk `r
`bqnrrvnqcantmc`qhdr-Gdqd+sgdhmrdqshnmnesgdekn`shmfsnmdoqdudmsr
sgdNBOeqnlldqfhmfsgdsvnghfgsnmdr-Adb`trdhsk`bjr`SAT+sghr
ekn`shmf snmd hr cdkdsdc snv`qcr sgddmcne sgdcdqhu`shnm enkknvhmf sgd
rsq`x�dq`rtqdoqhmbhokd- Hsrgntkcadmnsdc sg`sRsq`xDq`rtqd`ookhdr`s
sgd dmc ne sgd onrskdwhb`k bnlonmdms sn cdkdsd `kk tm`rrnbh`sdc snm`k
ed`stqdr oqhnq sn sgd `ookhb`shnm ne `mx ognmdshb+ h-d-+ fq`chdms ed`stqd
bnlonmdms+ qtkdr 'be- Hsn» 0875+ Rmhcdq 088/+ 0888(- Sgd `ookhb`shnm ne
sgdrd svn oqhmbhokdr odqlhsr sgd rdbnmc ghfg snmd sn ad qd`khydc nm `
ghfgdqqdfhrsdqsg`msgdehqrs-Bnmrhcdqsgdcdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvr-
012( Hmots Rsq`xDq`rtqd
gkg gg GKG GG nnnn nnn
r`l` id → r`l`id
147
Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
� � � � � � � � � ��
G↑ h�
H↑
r`l`id
Sghrcdqhu`shnmrgnvrsg`shmQSS`knvsnmdsg`sqdl`hmrekn`shmf
'`mc hr dudmst`kkx rsq`x,dq`rdc( qdrtksr hm torsdo ne sgd enkknvhmf ghfg
snmdvgdqd`r ` ekn`shmf snmdvgnrd knv qdfhrsdq ed`stqd roqd`cr sn `mc
cdkhmjr sgd enkknvhmf ghfg qdfhrsdq b`trdr cnvmrsdo ne sg`s enkknvhmf
ghfgsnmd-
Sgd sqd`sldms ne torsdo qdl`hmr ` o`qshbtk`qkx cheehbtks oqnakdl-
Bkdldmsr'08859740,41(l`jdrsgqddbk`hlrsncdlnmrsq`sdsg`shshrmns
rxlldsqhb`ksncnvmrsdo-Sgdehqrshrsg`storsdoÈhr`oo`qdmskxqdrsqhbsdc
snGsnmdrÍ-Rdbnmckx+torsdoÈhrmnsjmnvmsnadkdwhb`kkxchrshmbshudÍ-
Ehm`kkx+ Ètorsdo hr mns jmnvm sn `ookx qdbtqrhudkx sn bqd`sd qhrhmf
hmsnm`shnm`k rs`hqb`rdr+ `s kd`rs hm@eqhb`m k`mft`fdrÍ- Gnvdudq+ Rmhcdq
'088890/4,004( rgnvr `m torsdo rxrsdl sg`s bknrdkx lhqqnqr cnvmrsdo
rxrsdlr- Gd hkktrsq`sdr sg`s bnmsq`qx sn Bkdldmsr& `rrdqshnmr+ torsdo hr
kdwhb`kkx chrshmbshud `mc cndr `ookx qdbtqrhudkx sn bqd`sd qhrhmf
hmsnm`shnm`krs`hqb`rdr-Gd`krncdlnmrsq`sdr+hmkhmdvhsgBkdldmsr+sg`s
148
torsdo hr qdrsqhbsdc sn G snmdr- Gd bnmbktcdr sg`s sgd bntmsdq,duhcdmbd
oqnuhcdc`f`hmrsBkdldmsr&bk`hlrsnfdsgdqvhsgsgde`bsrotssnfdsgdqax
ansg ne sgdl b`kk enq ` sgdnqdshb`k eq`ldvnqj sg`s sqd`sr torsdo hm `
l`mmdqrhlhk`qsncnvmrsdo+vhsgahm`qxed`stqdr`mcognmnknfhb`kqtkdr-
Sgd torsdo ne ghfg snmdr hm Midæl rgnvm gdqd `mc sg`s ne knv snmdr
rgnvm hm rdbshnm 4-5 cdlnmrsq`sdr sg`s torsdo hr rxlldsqhb`k sn
cnvmrsdo-Hs hkktrsq`sdrsg`storsdohrfq`ll`shb`k-Hs`krncdlnmrsq`sdr+
bnmsq`qx snBkdldmsr`mcRmhcdq sg`sansgG`mcK snmdro`qshbho`sd hm
torsdo- Ehm`kkx+ hs rgnvr sg`s sgd ahm`qx ed`stqdr ne QSS `mc
ognmnknfhb`kqtkdr`qdqdkdu`mshmsgdsqd`sldmsnetorsdo-
3-1-1 KLdkncx
Sgd tmcdqkxhmf knv ldkncx rtqe`bdr `r Knv nm `kk rxkk`akdr-
Gnvdudq+vgdmsghrldkncxnbbtqr`ssgddmcne`mtssdq`mbd+sgdsnmdhr
qd`khydc `r ` knv e`kk 'h-d-+ ` knv snmd vgnrd ohsbg e`kkr dudm etqsgdq(-
Bnmrhcdq sgdenkknvhmfc`s` 'mnshbd sg`s sgdcnvm`qqnv+↓+ sg`snbbtqr
`esdqsgdehm`kknvsnmdhmchb`sdrsgde`kk(9
KKG KKG
02 02 0‡ 02 02 0‡ 013`(a`l`id → [a`l`id\_ghr�oqnrshstshnm& oqnrshstshnmghr
149
KKG KKG 02 02 0‡ 02 02 0‡ a( vtmtid → [vtmtid] _ghr�od`mts& od`mtsghr
KG KG 02 0‡ 02 0‡ b( mtmid → [mtmid] _ghr��ahqc& ahqcghr KKK KKK↓ 02 02 02 02 02 0A c( m«vtmt → [m«vtmt]�� _vhsg�od`mts& vhsgod`mts GK GK↓ 0‡ 02 0‡ 0A d( i`9ctq → [i`9ctq]�� _vghbg�qnad& vghbgqnad
Hm rnld @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr+ sgd knv snmd e`kkr nq cnvmfkhcdr
tssdq`mbdehm`kkx-Hshroqnmntmbdc`ssgdknvdrsohsbgkdudk+`rrgnvmhm
ehftqd4-
Ehftqd49CnvmfkhchmfneEhm`kK
150
Sghr ehftqd rgnvr sg`s sgd ehm`k knv snmd e`kkr- @oodmchw D9 2
rgnvrsgdohsbgsq`bdrnesgdc`s`hm'013(-Sgdcnvmfkhchmfnesgdehm`k
knv snmd hr`bbntmsdc enq+ hmMidæl+ax`rrtlhmf sg`s hs hr sgddeedbsne
hmsnm`shnm sg`s b`trdr `mx tssdq`mbd,ehm`k `rrnbh`sdc knv snmd sn ad
qd`khydc `r ` knv,e`kkhmf snmd- Sgd enkknvhmf qdoqdrdms`shnm rgnvr sghr
qd`khy`shnm-
014( Hmots Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
gk GK G↑ nn
k� K↓
i`9 ctq i`9ctq
Mnshbdsg`ssghre`kkhr`ssqhatsdchmsgdognmdshbbnlonmdmssnknv
snmdrsg`s`qdtssdq`mbd,ehm`k-Sgdrk`msdcm`stqdnesgdehm`ksnmdrgnvr
sg`ssgdohsbge`kkrdudmknvdqsg`msg`sne`mnql`kknvsnmd-
3-1-2 GKLdkncx
Nm chrxkk`ahb mntmr+ sgd GK ldkncx hr qd`khydc `r ` ghfg snmd
enkknvdc ax ` knv snmd nm svn rdo`q`sd rxkk`akdr- Nm lnmnrxkk`ahb
mntmr+ hs hr qd`khydc `r ` GK snmd fkhcd nm ` rhmfkd rxkk`akd-Gnvdudq+
151
vgdm`ghfg,snmdclnqogdldenkknvrsgdGKldkncx+sgdenkknvhmfghfg
snmd hr `tsnl`shb`kkxcnvmrsdoodc+ `r rgnvm hm sgdc`s` adknv-Mnshbd
sg`s cnvmrsdo `mc cnvmcqhes ne ghfg snmdr hr sqhffdqdc ax ` rodbhehb
ognmnknfhb`ksnmd+sxohb`kkx`knvsnmdhml`mx@eqhb`mk`mft`fdr-Sghr
snmd l`x ad qd`khydc nm sgd rtqe`bd+ hm vghbg b`rd Èsgd knvdqhmf hr
oqnodqkxb`kkdc`tsnl`shbcnvmrsdo+nqcnvmcqhes+nqsgdsqhffdql`xad`
ekn`shmfsnmd+hmvghbgb`rdhs hrb`kkdcmnm,`tsnl`shbcnvmrsdo+nqitrs
cnvmrsdoÍ 'Xho 1//1(- Rnld khmfthrsr rshkk sghmj+ gnvdudq+ sg`s sgd
ekn`shmf snmd`m`kxrhrnecnvmrsdog`r sgdchr`cu`ms`fdsg`s sgdqd hrmn
rdfldms`k oqdbdcdms enq ` ekn`shmf+ ognmdshb`kkx tmqd`khydc ed`stqd
dwdqshmfnmfnhmfognmnknfhb`kdeedbsr-@lnmfrssgdl+Bk`qj'088/(+`mc
Xho'1//1(oqdedqsns`kj`antsbnudqs�knv�snmdrsg`se`hksnrtqe`bd-Dudm
sgntfgsghrhrrtdqdl`hmrtmrdsskdc+hshr`fqddcsg`ssgdqdhr`knvsnmd+
dhsgdq ekn`shmf nq bnudqs+ sg`s hr oqdrdms hm ` cnvmrsdo dmuhqnmldms-
Nardqudsgdc`s`hm'015(9
KGKG KGK↓G
020‡ 02 0‡ 020‡ 02 0v 015`(ms`l`id → Zms`l` id\ _ghr�odoodq& odoodqghr GKG GK↓G
0‡ 02 0‡ 0‡ 02 0v a(cÕm`id → Zchm` id\ _ghr�qdbdoshnm& qdbdoshnmghr
152
GKG GK↓G 0‡ 02 0‡ 0‡ 02 0v
b( jtq`id → Zjtq` id\ _ghr�aknv& aknvghr GKG GK↓G
0‡ 02 0‡ 0‡ 02 0v
c( s�ÕfnvÕm → Zs�hfn vhm\ _xntq�qdedqdd& qdedqddxntq GKG GK↓G
0‡ 02 0‡ 0‡ 02 0v d( kÕl`fv—q → Zkhl` fv—q\ _nmd�cqd`l& cqd`lnmd
Hmsgdrdc`s`+sgdKnvnesgdGKroqd`crhsrqdfhrsdqsn`mccdkhmjr
sgd enkknvhmfghfgqdfhrsdq+ enkknvhmf sgd qtkdne k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj-
Sgd enkknvhmf ghfg snmd hr sgdqdenqd qd`khydc nm sgd oqdbdchmf knv
qdfhrsdq+qdrtkshmfsncnvmrsdo+`rb`madrddmhmsgdenkknvhmfehftqd-
Ehftqd59CnvmrsdonerdbnmcGhm`GKGrdptdmbd
153
Sgdehftqdrgnvr sg`s sgdrdbnmcghfg snmd hr qd`khydc`s` knvdq
kdudk sg`m sgd ehqrs- Ohsbg sq`bdr ne sgd c`s` hm '015( `qd rgnvm hm
@oodmchwD93-
@rr`hc`anud+`tsnl`shbcnvmrsdocdrbqhadr`rhst`shnmvgdqd`
ghfg snmd knvdqr `esdq `m nudqs knv snmd- Hs g`r addm nardqudc+ enq
dw`lokdhmBgtlatqtmf+sg`sÈvgdmdudq`ghfgsnmdenkknvr`knvsnmd
vhsghm`ognmnknfhb`kogq`rd+sgdqdhr`tsnl`shbcnvmrsdo:h-d-+sgdGhfg
hr qd`khydcnm sgdr`ld'knvdq(qdfhrsdq`r sgdKnvÍ'Rmhcdq0888963(-
Sghr`rrtloshnmhr`krnsqtdenqMidæl+`rrgnvmhmsgdc`s``anud-Sgd
roqd`chmf `eedbsr `kk ne sgd SATr sg`s `qd khmjdc sn sgd SQM rhmbd sgd
s`qfdsnesgdroqd`chrsgdSQM-Sgdenkknvhmfcdqhu`shnm`bbntmsrenqsgd
`anudc`s`9
016( Hmots k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj gkg gk g < GKG GKG nnn nnn
s�ÕfnvÕm → s�ÕfnvÕm
154
Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
G↑ k�G↑ K↓
s�ÕfnvÕm
Sn g`mckd sghr sxod ne rhst`shnm+ hs g`r `krn addm nardqudc ÈHm `
GKGrdptdmbdsgdknvb`trdrhsrnvmrxkk`akdsng`ud`ohsbg`ssgdknv
dmcnesgdohsbgq`mfd-Rdbnmc+hsb`trdrsgdvgnkdohsbgq`mfdsnlnud
cnvm-Sghrhmstqmld`mrsg`ssgdrdbnmcghfgsnmdg`r`knvdqognmdshb
ohsbgsg`msgdehqrsrnsg`sognmdshb`kkxvdfdsrnldsghmfkhjdGKLÍ'Xho
1//1900(-
Sgd lnmnrxkk`ahb mntmr vhsg sgd r`ld GK ldkncx adg`ud
cheedqdmskxvgdm `ghfg,snmdclnqogdld hr `oodmcdc sn sgdl-Nardqud
sgddw`lokdradknv-
GKG GG 0r 0‡ 0v 0v
017`(jtkid → Zjtkid\ _ghr�q`bd&� q`bdghrGKG GG
0r 0‡ 0v 0v a( k`lid → Zk`lid\ _ghr�sq`o& sq`oghr
155
GKG GG 0r 0‡ 0v 0v
b( c�ÕliÕm →Zc�hlihm\_xntq�rnmf&� rnmfxntq
GKG GG 0r 0‡ 0v 0v
c( �dg iÕm → Z�dgihm\ _xntq�onqshnm& onqshnmxntq
GKG GG 0r 0‡ 0v 0v
d( �` id → Z�`id\ _gdqbk`v& bk`vgdq
Hmsgdrdc`s`+sgdGKldkncxhrqd`khydc`rGhfgxdshsrqdfhrsdqhr
hcdmshb`ksnsg`snesgdenkknvhmfghfgsnmdrteehwsg`shr`ss`bgdc`esdqhs+
`rb`madrddmhmsgdehftqdadknv-
Ehftqd69GKGrtqe`bdr`rG
156
Ehftqd6rgnvr sg`sansglnqogdldr`qdqd`khydcnm`ghfg snmd-
Ohsbgsq`bdrnesgdc`s`hm'017(`qdrgnvmhm@oodmchwD94-Sn`bbntms
enq sgd e`bs sg`s ansg lnqogdldr `qd qd`khydc nm ` ghfg snmd+ hs hr
`rrtldc sg`s sgd GK bnmsntq snmd hr rhlokhehdc sn ` ghfg snmd vgdm hs
nbbtqradenqd `mnsgdqghfg snmd+ `r rgnvm hm sgd qtkd hm '018(-Sghr hr
enkknvdc ax sgd ldqfhmf ne sgd svn ghfg snmdr+ `kknvhmf ansg sn ad
qd`khydcnmsgdr`ldqdfhrsdq-
018( S,qtkd49GKRhlokhehb`shnm
U U →UU
GKGGG
Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`GKbnmsntqsnmdhrrhlokhehdcsn`ghfgsnmd
vgdmhshrenkknvdcax`ghfgsnmd-
Hm nqcdq sn tmcdqrs`mc gnv sgdrd oqnbdrrdr vnqj+ enkknv sgd
cdqhu`shnmadknv-
157
02/( Hmots GKRhlokhehb`shnm
gkg gg GKG GG nnn nn
k`lihm → k`lihm→
Ldqfdq Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
g G G↑ nn
k`lihm k`lihm 3-1-3 KGLdkncx
Enq hsr o`qs+ sgdKGldkncx rtqe`bdr `r `mnm,e`kkhmfKnvnm`kk
rxkk`akd sxodr+ `r qdekdbsdc hm sgd enkknvhmf vnqcr s`jdm eqnl s`akd 16
'o`fd030(-
�
158
KG K07 02
020`(fU → ZfU\ _l`cl`m&�
KKG KK02 07 02 02
a( mst → Zmst\ _pt`qqdk&�
KG K��07 02
b( j—a →Zj—a\ _e`tks&�
KG KK 02 0‡ 02 02
c( s�Õk` → Zs�Õk`\ _s`ann&�
KG KK�02 0‡ 02 02
d(� �r—f— → Zr—f—\_ctbj&�
Sgdrdc`s`rgnvsg`ssgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncxrtqe`bdr`rknv+`r
rgnvmhmehftqd7-
Ehftqd79KGLdkncxrtqe`bdr`rK
159
@rb`madrddmhmehftqd7+sgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncxrtqe`bdr`r`
mnm,e`kkhmfKnv-@oodmchwD95rgnvrsgdohsbgsq`bdrnesgdc`s`hm020-
Sgdc`s`hm'020(b`mad`m`kxrdc`renkknvr9sgdknvsnmdnesgd
KGldkncxroqd`cr hsrSQMsn sgdghfgsnmd`mccdkhmjr hsbnlokdsdkx-
Mnshbd sg`s sghr g`oodmr vhsghm ` fhudm cnl`hm ne snmd+ hm sghr b`rd `
ognmnknfhb`kvnqc-Sghrhrb`ostqdcaxsgdenkknvhmfqtkd9
021(S,qtkd59KnvSnmdRoqd`c'KSR( K G
nn
<
îî
Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s ` knv snmd roqd`cr eqnl hsr SQM nmsn sgd
enkknvhmfghfgSAT+`mchm`rdo`q`sdoqnbdrr+cdkhmjrsg`sghfgsnmd-
Hsbntkcad`qftdcsg`ssgdghfgsnmdhrekn`shmfhmsghrldkncx`mc
qdl`hmr`rrtbghmdmuhqnmldmsrvgdqdsghrldkncxrtqe`bdr`rKnv`mc
hm dmuhqnmldmsr vgdqd hs rtqe`bdr `r KG hs cnbjr kdesv`qcr- Sghr
`rrtloshnmhrchrb`qcdcaxsgde`bssg`ssgdcnbjhmfnqe`hktqdsncnbjne
160
sghrekn`shmfghfgsnmdvhkkmnsadbnmrs`ms-Bnmrhcdq+enqdw`lokd+vg`s
g`oodmrvhsgsgdenkknvhmfrdsrnec`s`-
KG K 07 02
022`(j—a → Zj—a\ _e`tks&�
�� �KG KK
02 0‡ 02 02
s�Õk` → Zs�hk`\ _s`ann&�
������������KGG KG
07 0‡ 02 0‡ a( j—a ihm → Zj—aihm\ _xntq�e`tks& e`tksxntq KGG KKG
02 0‡ 0‡ 02 02 0‡
s�Õk`fv—q → Zs�hk`fv—q\_nmd�s`ann s`annnmd
KGK KGK↓
07 02 07 0A b( j—amh → Zj—amh\ _sghr�e`tks& e`tkssghr
KGK KG K↓
02 0‡ 02 02 0‡ 0A
s�Õk`mh → Zs�hk`i`9\_sg`s�s`ann s`annsghr
161
Hm '`( mntmr `qd fhudm hm hrnk`shnm- Ghfg,snmdc lnqogdldr `qd
`oodmcdc sn sgd KG ldkncx hm 'a(+ `mc knv,snmdc lnqogdldr enkknv
sgnrdhm'b(-Hm'`(`mc'a(+cnbjhmfe`hkrsnnbbtqatshm'b(+hscndr-He`
bk`hl hr l`cd sg`s cnbjhmf e`hkr sn `ookx adb`trd sgd ekn`shmf snmd hr
enkknvdcax`ghfg,snmdclnqogdld+hsvhkkrshkkadqdpthqdcsnr`xvgxhs
cndrmns`ookxsnsgdenqlrhm'`(-@f`hm`mdwok`m`shnmvhkkrshkkg`udsn
adfhudmenqsgd`ardmbdnesgdknvsnmdnmsgdrdbnmcrxkk`akdnesvn,
rxkk`akdmntmrkhjdZs�Õ k`æ\sg`svntkcaddwodbsdcsnrtqe`bd`r)Zs�Õ k`¿\he
sgdqdvdqd`ekn`shmfghfgsnmdsg`scnbjdc-Sghrqdmcdqrsgdohbstqdlnqd
bnlokhb`sdc-
Dudmhehsvdqdonrrhakdsnrhlokhexsgdenqltk`shnmr`mcbnmbktcd
sg`ssgdqdhr`mtmcdqkxhmfekn`shmfghfgsnmd+hsrshkkcndrmns`kknvnmd
snbnkk`ordsgdK`mcKGldknchdrhmsnnmdadb`trdnesgde`hktqdneknv
snmdrsncnvmfkhcdtssdq`mbd,ehm`kkxhmsgdKGldkncx-
Mnshbdsg`ssghrmnmcnvmfkhchmfKnv+vghbghmrtbgdmuhqnmldmsr
cndrmnse`kkbnmsq`rsrvhsgsgdfkhchmfknvsnmdrgnvmhmrdbshnm3-1-1-
Rhmbd tssdq`mbd,ehm`k knv snmdr `qd ognmdshb`kkx qd`khydc `r e`kkhmf hm
l`mx@eqhb`mk`mft`fdr'Rmhcdq08889008(+sgde`bssg`ssgdKnvnesghr
KG ldkncx hr mns tssdq`mbd,ehm`k 'ctd sn sgd ehm`k ekn`shmf Ghfg+ sg`s
162
qdrtksreqnlKnvSnmdRoqd`c(oqnuhcdr`qd`rnm`akddwok`m`shnmenqhsr
e`hktqdsncnvmfkhcd-Bnmrhcdqsgdcdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvr-
023( Hmots KnvSnmdRoqd`c kg kg KG KG nn nn
<
s�hk` → s�hk` Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
K↓
s�hk`
Rhlhk`qkx+ `r ldmshnmdc `anud+ vgdm ` ghfg,snmdc lnqogdld
enkknvr sgd KG ldkncx+ roqd`chmf `mc cdkhmjhmf rshkk nbbtq vhsghm sghr
ldkncx`rsgddw`lokdrhm'024(cdlnmrsq`sd-
163
KGG KKG 020‡ 0‡ 02 02 0‡
024`(�tk` iÕm → Z�tk`ihm\ _xntq�rdqlnm& rdqlnmxntq KG G KG
07 0‡ 02 0‡ a( cÕfv—q → Zchfv—q\ _nmd�qdrhcdmbd& qdrhcdmbdnmd KG G KG
07 0‡ 02 0‡ b( j—aihm → Zj—aihm\ _xntq�e`tks& e`tksxntq KGG KKG
020‡ 0‡ 02 02 0‡
c( s�Õk`id → Zs�hk`id\ _ghr�s`ann& s`annghr
KGG KKG
02 0‡ 0‡ 02 02 0‡ d(� r—f— iÕm → Zr—f—ihm\_xntqctbj&� ctbjxntq
Sgdrd c`s` rgnv sg`s sgd tmcdqkxhmf KG ldkncx hr qd`khrdc `r K
vgdm entmc adenqd ` ghfg,snmdc lnqogdld+ `r b`m ad rddm hm sgd
enkknvhmfehftqd-
164
Ehftqd89KGLdkncxhrqd`khydc`rKadenqdG
Ehftqd 8 rgnvr sg`s sgd tmcdqkxhmf KG ldkncx rtqe`bdr `r Knv
vgdm entmc adenqd ghfg,snmdc lnqogdldr- Ohsbg sq`bdr ne sgd c`s` hm
'024(`qdrgnvmhm@oodmchwD96-
Sgdc`s`hm'024(b`msgdqdenqdadcdqhudc`renkknvr-
025( Hmots KnvSnmdRoqd`c
kgg kgg KGG KGG nnn nnn
<
chfv—q→ chfv—q→
165
k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
kg < KG G↑ nn
K↓
chfv—q chfv—q
Gnvdudq+`rr`hcaqhdekx`anud+vgdm`knv,snmdcrteehwhr`ccdc
`esdq sgd KG ldkncx+ sghr KG ldkncx rtqe`bdr `r sgd tmcdqkxhmf KG-
Dw`lokdr`qdoqdrdmsdchm'026(-
KGK KGK↓ 07 02 07 0A
026`(mstmh → Zmstmh\ _sghr�pt`qqdk& pt`qqdksghr KGK KGK↓
07 02 07 0A a( j—ai`9 → Zj—ai`9\ _sg`s�e`tks& e`tkssg`s KGKKG K↓
07 02 07 0A b( cÕi`9→ Zchi`9\ _sg`s�qdrhcdmbd& qdrhcdmbdsg`s
166
KGK KGK↓ 02 0‡ 02 02 0‡ 0A
c( �t∆k`æmh → Z�tk`mh\_sghr�rdqlnm& rdqlnmsghr KGK KGK↓
02 0‡ 02 02 0‡ 0A
d( s�Õ k`æi`∆9 → Zs�hk`i`9\_sg`s�s`ann& s`annsg`s
Sgd e`bs sg`s sghr KG ldkncx nbbtqr `r rtbg nm sgd rtqe`bd
rtffdrsrsg`ssgdknvsnmdlnqogdld`oodmcdcsnsgdrdqnnsraknbjrKnv
SnmdRoqd`ceqnlnbbtqqhmf+`kknvhmfsgdrtqe`bdenqlrsnadrhlhk`qsn
sgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncx+`rrgnvmhmsgdenkknvhmfehftqd-
Ehftqd0/9KGldkncxrtqe`bdr`rKGadenqdK
Sghr bntkc `krn ad uhdvdc `r `m NBO bnmrsq`hms+ hmunkuhmf knv
snmdr-@rr`hcd`qkhdq+sgdNBOhr`bnudqsdqlenq`rdsneoqhmbhokdrsg`s
bnmrohqd hm l`mx k`mft`fdr sn oqnghahs sgd nbbtqqdmbd ne `ci`bdms
167
hcdmshb`ked`stqdrnmmnmrjdkds`kshdqr'be-LbB`qsgx0875+Nccdm0875+
0877+ Lxdqr 0886+ Rmhcdq 0888(- Hm Midæl sghr oqhmbhokd oqnghahsr
`ci`bdms hcdmshb`k snmdr vhsghm ` rhmfkd lnqogdld+ `bqnrr lnqogdld
antmc`qhdr+`rvdkk`r`bqnrrvnqcantmc`qhdr-Ohsbgsq`bdrnesgdc`s`hm
'026(`qdrgnvmhm@oodmchwD97-Sgdqdoqdrdms`shnmsg`senkknvrrgnvr
sg`sheKnvSnmdRoqd`cnbbtqr+sgdNBOvhkkaduhnk`sdc-
027( Hmots OgnmdshbQdoqdrdms`shnm
kgk KGK G↑ nnn g�k�
K↓K↓
chi`9 chi`93-2 Snm`kDeedbsneMntmBk`rrOqdehwdr
@rldmshnmdcd`qkhdq+`sxohb`kMidælmntmbnmrhrsrne`oqdehw`mc
`rsdl+vhsgrnldmntmrnbbtqqhmfvhsgydqnoqdehwdr-Hmoqdrdmshmfsgd
mntm bk`rr rxrsdl+ hs v`r bkd`qkx rgnvm vghbg bk`rrdr s`jd vghbg
oqdehwdr+`mcvghbgcnmnss`jd`mxoqdehw`s`kk-Fdmdq`kkx+sgdoqdehwdr+
vgdm sgdxnbbtq+ ad`q knv snmdr-Gnvdudq+ hm rnld rhst`shnmr+vgdm`
168
ghfg,snmdclnqogdldnbbtqradenqd`vnqcsg`sbnloqhrdr`oqdehw`mc`
rsdl+ sgdoqdehwrtqe`bdrvhsg`ghfgsnmd-Sgdenkknvhmfc`s`hkktrsq`sd
sghr9
028`(m«∆kd∆,oÕ◊gn∆ _vhsg�adghmc& vhsgBK4,adghmc m«∆kd∆,atæ&tæ _vhsg�`mfdq& vhsgBK4,`mfdq m«∆kd∆,aÍ k _vhsg�aqd`rs& vhsgBK4,aqd`rs
m«∆kd∆,ot∆kt∆ _vhsg�rnto&
vhsgBK4,rnto m«∆lÕ ,mt∆l _vhsg�lntsgr& vhsgBK3,lntsg m«∆aÕ ,a`æm _vhsg�rtqdshdr& vhsgBK7,rtqdsx a( kdækdæ,oÕ◊gn∆ _ghr�adghmc& ghrBK4,adghmc kdækdæ,atæ&tæ _ghr�`mfdq& ghrBK4,`mfdq kdækdæ,aÍ k _ghr�aqd`rs& ghrBK4,aqd`rs
169
kdækdæ,ot∆kt∆ _ghr�rnto&
ghrBK4,rnto
lidælÕ◊,mt∆l _ghr�lntsgr&
ghrBK3,lntsg aidæaÕ◊,a`æm _ghr�rtqdshdr&
ghrBK7,rtqdsx
Sgd dw`lokdr hm '`( rgnv sg`s sgd oqdehw`shnm ne ` knv,snmdc
lnqogdldcndrmnsb`trd`mxbg`mfdhmsgdsnmdnesgdenkknvhmfSAT-
Hm'a(sgdmntmbk`rroqdehwrtqe`bdrvhsg`ghfgsnmdvgdm`ghfg,snmdc
lnqogdld oqdbdcdr sgd vnqc- Gdqd+ sgd ghfg snmd roqd`cr eqnl sgd
oqdbdchmf ghfg snmd lnqogdld nmsn sgd mntm bk`rr oqdehw- Mnshbd sg`s
dudmsgntfgsgdrsqtbstq`kcdrbqhoshnmenqsgd`ookhb`shnmnecnvmrsdohm
Midælhrlds+hse`hkrsn`ookx-@ok`trhakddwok`m`shnmhrsg`ssgdsnmdsg`s
roqd`crhrqdok`bhud`mc`rrtbgmdtsq`khydrsgdoqdrdmbdnesgdoqdkhmjdc
knvsnmd`esdqhshrcdkhmjdc-Sghrbk`hlhrcdlnmrsq`sdchmrdbshnm3-4-1
vgdqd hs hr rgnvm sg`sGhfg� Snmd� Roqd`c nbbtqr nmkx vgdm sgd mntm
s`jdr`oqdehw-Vgdmhsrng`oodmr+sgdsnmdsg`sroqd`crqdok`bdrsgdsnmd
ne sgd s`qfds dmshqdkx- Sgd c`s` hm '028a( b`m sgdqdenqd ad cdqhudc `r
enkknvr9
170
03/( Hmots GhfgSnmdRoqd`c gkgk gkgk GKGK GKGK nnnn nnnn
<
kdkd,ohgn → kdkd,ohgn
Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
G↑ k� K↓
kdkdohgn
Hmxdsnsgdq hmrs`mbdr+ sgd `cchshnmne sgd r`ldghfg,snmdcoqdehw
b`trdr sgd cdkdshnm ne sgd bk`rr oqdehw ats cnvmrsdo cndr mns nbbtq `r
vdkk-Sgdenkknvhmfc`s``qdhkktrsq`shud9
030( vdærÕ◊lr`æ _ghr�sgntfgs& be-Õ ,rÕ◊lr`æ ghrsgntfgs vdæjtæqf`æ _ghr�hkk,ktbj&� be-Õ ,jtæqf`æ ghrhkk,ktbj
171
vdæjtæl`æ _ghr�vd`ksg& be-Õ ,jtæl`æ ghrvd`ksg
Hm sgdrd c`s`+ hs hr `rrtldc sg`s sgd unvdk ne sgd bk`rr oqdehw hr
cdkdsdc adb`trd hs nbbtqr `esdq `mnsgdqunvdk rhmbd ` rdptdmbdne rtbg
unvdkr hrmns `bbdosdc hmMidæl 'rdd rdbshnm1-5-1-1(-Sgdcdqhu`shnm hm
'031(rgnvrgnvsgdc`s`hm'030(`qdcdqhudc-
031( Hmots GhfgSnmdRoqd`c gkgg gkgg GKGG GKGG nnnn nnnn
<
vdh,rhlr` → vdh,rhlr`→
UnvdkDkhrhnm+Ldqfdq Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
g G G↑ nnnn
vd'h(,rhlr` vdrhlr`
172
�
3-3 SnmdhmCdqhudcMntmr
Ldmshnmg`raddml`cdsg`ssvnb`sdfnqhdrnecdqhudcmntmrdwhrs+
m`ldkx+sgnrdsg`ss`jd`gnlnqf`mhbm`r`koqdehw+`mcsgnrdsg`ss`jd`
k`sdq`k rteehw- Ctqhmf sgdrd cdqhu`shnmr+ mn snmnknfhb`k nq ognmnknfhb`k
bg`mfdr nbbtq- Vgdm mntmr `qd cdqhudc eqnl knv snmd udqar+ sgdx
rtqe`bdvhsgknvsnmdr-Dw`lokdr`qdfhudmhm'032(-
032( l–,ai`∆ _ehfgsdq&
l–,aÌ 9 _rddq&
m∆,ct∆kt∆ _rlnjdq&
m∆,c�Õ l`∆ _cqd`ldq&
Vgdm sgd mntmr `qd cdqhudc eqnl ghfg snmd udqar+ sgdx `krn
rtqe`bdvhsgghfgsnmdr-Sgddw`lokdrhm'033(rgnvmntmrcdqhudceqnl
ghfgsnmdudqar-
033( srøæ,k _kh`q&
œ∆,j÷æ& _v`mcdqdq&
kdæ,k _ok`xdq&
œ∆,f—ælknæ _rvddodq&
m∆,c�Õ◊anæ _sghde&�
173
@mnardqu`shnmsg`sb`madl`cdhrsg`smdhsgdqsgdm`r`koqdehwmnq
sgdk`sdq`krteehwnbbtqrvhsgsgdoktq`knesgdcdqhudcmntmr-Nardqudsgd
oktq`krfhudmhmsgdenkknvhmfc`s`-
034`(ad∆,ai`∆ _ehfgsdqr&
ad∆,aÌ 9 _rddqr&
ad∆,ct∆kt∆ _rlnjdqr&
ad∆,c�Õ l`∆ _cqd`ldqr&
a( ad∆,srøæ _kh`qr&
ad∆,j÷æ& _v`mcdqdqr&
ad∆,kdæ _ok`xdqr&
ad∆,f—ælknæ _rvddodqr&�
�Hs b`m ad rddm sg`s hm ansg rdsr ne c`s`+ nmkx sgd BK1 l`qjdq sg`s
hmchb`sdr oktq`khsx+ `r chrbtrrdc hm rdbshnm 2-0-2-0+ nbbtqr vhsg sgdrd
oktq`kenqlr-Sgd`ardmbdnesgdcdqhudcmntm`eehwdrb`mad`ssqhatsdcsn
cdkdshnm- Sgd oqnakdl vhsg sghr `rrtloshnm hr sgd cheehbtksx sn `bbntms
enqrtbg`cdkdshnm-@onrrhakddwok`m`shnmvntkcadsnr`xsg`ssgdm`r`k
oqdehw hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs nbbtqr adsvddm ` unvdk `mc ` bnmrnm`ms `mc
sg`s sgdk`sdq`krteehwnmhsro`qs hrcdkdsdcvgdmhsnbbtqrhmvnqc,ehm`k
onrhshnm-Sgdrd`rrtloshnmr`qdqdidbsdcaxc`s`khjdsgdenkknvhmf9
174
035`(ld∆l–,oÕÃq _bgdrsr&
lÕ ,m∆cy`∆ _hmsdrshmdr&
aÕ ,œ∆jtæqtæ _atssnbjr&
a( srøæ,k _kh`q&
røæ,k _vnqjdq&
kdæ,k _ok`xdq&�
Sgdrd c`s` cdlnmrsq`sd sg`s sgd `eehwdr `qd mns cdkdsdc hm rtbg
dmuhqnmldmsr-Sghr hlokhdr sg`s sgdl`qjdqr`qdmns`eehwdc`s`kkvgdm
sgdcdqhudcmntmhrhmsgdoktq`k-
3-4 SnmdhmMntmOgq`rdr
3-4-0 Lnqognrxms`bshbRsqtbstqdnesgdMntmOgq`rd
@ mntm ogq`rd hr ` mntm hm bnlahm`shnm vhsg nsgdq mnlhm`k
lnchehdqr- Hs b`m `r vdkk hmbktcd ` mntm oqnmntmbdc hm hrnk`shnm- Hm `
Midælmntmogq`rd+sgdgd`cmntmb`mnbbtoxsgdhmhsh`konrhshnm`mcad
enkknvdcaxlnchexhmfdkdldmsrvgdqdsgdxnbbtq-Gnvdudq+hmptdrshnm
enql`shnm+ sgd hmsdqqnf`shud `cidbshud nakhf`snqhkx nbbtohdr sgd hmhsh`k
onrhshnm- Sgd onrrdrrhud oqnmntm Èghr.gdqÍ+ nm hsr o`qs adg`udr hm `
ekdwhakdl`mmdq+nbbtqqhmfdhsgdqadenqdnq`esdqsgdgd`cmntmhm`mntm
ogq`rd- Vgdsgdq sghr eqddcnl hr cdsdqlhmdc ax etmbshnmr hm chrbntqrd
175
rsqtbstqd qdl`hmr `m nodm ptdrshnm- Sgdrd o`ssdqmr `qd rgnvm hm sgd
enkknvhmfdw`lokdr-
036`(mt∆lv`æ9 _sg`s�lntsg&� )v`æ9mt∆l _sg`s�lntsg& lntsgsg`s jøækv`∆l _lx�rhrsdq&� )v`∆ljøæk � _lx�rhrsdq& rhrsdqlx s�vÕ◊srøæmfv—æq _nmd�rs`q&� )fv—æqs�vÕ◊srøæm _nmd�rs`q& rs`qnmd
lÕ ,lÚgÚlÕ◊m_xntq�c`xr&� )lÕ◊mlÕ ,lÚgÚ _xntq�c`xr&
BK3,c`xxntq
løæls�Õ◊s�Õ◊i`æ_xntmf�`tms&�����)s�Õ◊s�Õ◊i`æløæl_xntmf�`tmsr&����������`tmsrl`kk���������������������������������������������������������
a( v`æ9j`æm _vghbg�bknsg>&���)j`æmv`æ9_vghbg�bknsg>& vghbgbknsg li`æ9lÕ◊,lÚgÚ _vghbg�c`xr>&��)lÕ ,lÚgÚli`æ9_vghbg�c`xr>& vghbgBK3,c`x k`æ9kdæ,aÍ k _vghbg�aqd`rs>&�)kd∆,aÍ kk`æ9_vghbg�aqd`rs>& vghbgBK4,aqd`rs ai`æ9aÕ◊,a`æm _vghbg�rtqdshdr>&�)aÕ ,a`æmai`æ9_vghbg�rtqdshdr>&� vghbgBK7,rtqdsx
176
i`æ9mt∆m _vghbg�ahqc>&��������)mt∆m i`æ9 _vghbg�ahqc>& vghbgahqcb( vdæœ∆jtæqtæ _gdq�atssnbj&� � gdqatssnbj œ∆jtæqtævdæ _gdq�atssnbj& atssnbjgdq vdæjfl∆g _ghr�o`qqns& ghro`qqns
jfl∆gvdæ _ghr�o`qqns&o`qqnsghrvdækÕ◊l`∆ _ghr�cqd`l&ghrcqd`lkÕ◊l`∆vdæ _ghr�cqd`l&cqd`lghrvdæ�—∆œ _ghr�lnsgdq&ghrlnsgdq�—∆œ vdæ _ghr�lnsgdq&lnsgdqghr
Sgd dw`lokdr hm '`( rgnv sg`s sgd mntm nbbtqr hm sgd hmhsh`k
onrhshnm hm mntm ogq`rdr- Sgnrd hm 'a( rgnv sg`s sgd hmsdqqnf`shud
177
`cidbshud nbbtohdr sgd hmhsh`k onrhshnm vgdqd`r sgnrd hm 'b( cdlnmrsq`sd
sg`s sgd sghqc odqrnm rhmftk`q onrrdrrhud oqnmntm `knmdnbbtqru`qh`akx
adenqdnq`esdqsgdmntmhmmntmogq`rdr-Mnsdrnmsgdsnm`koqnbdrrsg`s
nbbtqrvhsghmsgdmntmogq`rdenkknvadknv-
3-4-1 GhfgSnmdRoqd`c
Snmdroqd`chmfhm@eqhb`mk`mft`fdrhrnmdnesgdv`xrsg`srgnv
sgd lnahkhsx ne snmd+ vghbg hr bg`q`bsdqhrshb ne sgdrd k`mft`fdr- Dhsgdq
sgdghfgnqknvsnmdrb`mroqd`catsfdmdq`kkxsgdghfgsnmdo`qshbho`sdr
hm roqd`chmf lnqd sg`m sgd knv snmd- Roqd`chmf hm hsrdke b`m ad ah,
chqdbshnm`k-Gnvdudq+roqd`chmfsn sgdqhfgs hrudqxbnllnm+ats sn sgd
kdeshrltbgq`qdq'Xho1//190/(-Hsrgntkcadldmshnmdcsg`slnudldms
`mcsnmdroqd`chmfl`xadlnshu`sdcax`ssq`bshnmsno`qshbtk`qonrhshnmr
rtbg`rcnl`hmgd`crnqcnl`hmdcfdr+axNBOnqrhlokxaxsgdmddcsn
oqnuhcd d`bg rxkk`akd vhsg hsr nvm snmd- Hs l`x ad tmantmcdc nq
bnmrsq`hmdc ax ` knb`khsx qdpthqdldms `r hm Midæl- Sgd c`s` hm '037a(
cdlnmrsq`sd ` rhst`shnm ne ghfg snmd roqd`chmf hm vghbg ` ghfg snmd
roqd`cr sn sgd enkknvhmf mntm oqdehw- Sgd c`s` `krn dlog`rhyd sg`s hm
Midæl+ roqd`chmf `bqnrr vnqcr nbbtqr nmkx vgdm ` mntm g`r ` oqdehw-
Bnlo`qdsgdenqlrhm'`(vhsgsgnrdhm'a(-
178
037`(v`æ9m∆ct∆kt∆� _vghbg�rlnjdq& vghbgrlnjdq i`æ9mt∆m _vghbg�ahqc& vghbgahqc v`æ9k`∆& ��_vghbg�gnqm& vghbggnqm
i`æ9a`æm _vghbg�rtqdsx& vghbgrtqdsx
v`æ9jøæk _vghbg�fhqk& vghbgfhqk
a( a`æ9adæ,ct∆kt∆ _vghbg�rlnjdqr& vghbgBK1,rlnjdq ai`æ9aÕ◊,mt∆m _vghbg�ahqcr& vghbgBK7,ahqc li`æ9lÕ◊,k`∆& _vghbg�gnqmr& vghbgBK3,gnqm ai`æ9aÕ◊,a`æm _vghbg�rtqdshdr& vghbgBK7,rtqdsx
a`æ9adæ,jøæk _vghbg�fhqkr& vghbgBK1,fhqk
179
Sgd dw`lokdr hm 'a( rgnv sg`s sgd ghfg snmd ne sgd hmsdqqnf`shud
oqnmntm roqd`cr nmsn sgd bk`rr oqdehw ne sgd mntm sg`s enkknvr hs- @r
ldmshnmdc hm rdbshnm 3-2+ sgd ghfg snmd sg`s roqd`cr hr qdok`bhud- Sghr
bk`hl`krnehmcrrtoonqshmsgde`hktqdnecnvmrsdosnnbbtqhmghfgsnmd
qnnsr-Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdrgnvrgnvghfgsnmdroqd`cnbbtqr-
038( S,qtkd69GhfgSnmdRoqd`c'GSR(
G K
nn
<
îî
GSR roqd`cr ` ghfg snmd eqnl hsr SQM nmsn sgd enkknvhmf knv,
snmdcSAT+cdkhmjhmfsgdknvsnmd-
Enq`mtmcdqrs`mchmfnegnvsgdc`s`hm'037a(`qdcdqhudc+rddsgd
enkknvhmfcdqhu`shnm-
180
04/( Hmots GhfgSnmdRoqd`c gkk gkk GKK GKK nnn nnn
<
ai`9ah,mtm → ai`9ah,mtm
Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
G↑ k� K↓
ai`9ahmtm
Sghr cdqhu`shnm `krn rgnvr sg`s hm QSS+ ` knmf unvdk b`m ad
cnlhm`sdc ax ` rhmfkd SQM- Sghr hr rn adb`trd vgdm sgd snm`k
rodbhehb`shnmrenq`ci`bdmssnm`kqnnsmncdr`qdhcdmshb`k+sgdx`qd`kknvdc
snldqfdhmsnnmd-Adb`trdne sgde`bs sg`s sgdldqfdc`mcmnm,ldqfdc
qdoqdrdms`shnmr `qd bnmrhcdqdc sn ad dpthu`kdms hs hr hqqdkdu`ms vgdsgdq
sgdx `qd qdoqdrdmsdc `r ldqfdc nq mns- Vgdm nmd mddcr `bbdrr sn `m
hmchuhct`kSAT sgdm sgdxltrsad qdoqdrdmsdc rdo`q`sdkx-Sgd e`bs sg`s
181
sgdsvnknvsnmdr`qdmnsldqfdcbnmehqlrsg`sGhfgSnmdRoqd`cb`trdr
sgds`qfdsknvsnmdsnadqdok`bdcbnlokdsdkx-
3-5 @rrnbh`shudBnmrsqtbshnmr
Sgd `rrnbh`shud bnmrsqtbshnmr hm Midæl b`m ad fqntodc hmsn sgqdd
rdsrcdodmchmfnmsgdsxodne`rrnbh`shudl`qjdq sgdxs`jd-Sgdl`qjdq
b`mdhsgdqadmtkk+`mnudqsghfg,snmdclnqogdldnq`ekn`shmfghfgsnmd-
Hmsgdenkknvhmfs`akdsgdu`qhntrmntmbk`rrdr`qdfqntodcenkknvhmfsgd
`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqsg`snbbtqrvhsgsgdl-
Bk`rr @rrnbh`shnmL`qjdq
BK0+`mc8 ydqnlnqogdld'÷(
BK1+3+4+5+7+`mc00 nudqsghfg,snmdclnqogdld
'adæ+lÕ◊+kdæ+ldæ+aÕ◊+`mclÕ◊(
BK2+`mc6 ekn`shmfghfgsnmd'æ(
S`akd179@rrnbh`shudL`qjdqr
Sgdehqrsrdsnedw`lokdrsg`senkknvrbnms`hmrbk`rrnmd`mcbk`rr
mhmdmntmrhmhmhsh`konrhshnm'M0onrhshnm(-Hmsghrrds+sgdqdhrmdhsgdq`m
nudqslnqogdldmnq`snmdsg`sl`qjr`rrnbh`shnm-Sgdc`s`sg`senkknv
`qdhkktrsq`shud-
182
040( l,t∆qœ∆j`∆m`∆ _bhsx�cvdkkdq& BK0,odqrnmsnvm l,t∆qjøæk _nvmdq�ne�rhrsdq& BK0,odqrnmrhrsdq
l,t∆l`ær—æœ _e`sgdq�ne��vnl`m&
BK0,vnl`me`sgdq ÷,œ∆jt∆klt∆q _rsqdmfsg�ne�l`m& BK8,enqbdodqrnm ÷,l–ovdæcyt»l _cnf�ne�gtra`mc& BK8,cnfgtra`mc
÷,œ∆j`∆m`∆lt∆q _bhsx�cvdkkdq&
BK8,snvmodqrnm
Hm sgdrd c`s`+ sgd bk`rr nmd `mc bk`rr mhmd mntmr cnmns tmcdqfn
mnq b`trd `mx snm`k bg`mfdr hm sgd `rrnbh`shud bnmrsqtbshnm vgdm sgdx
nbbtq `r sgd hmhsh`k mntmr- Rhlhk`qkx+ sgd e`bs sg`s cnvmrsdo cndr mns
nbbtqvhsgsgdGGdw`lokdrrgnvrsg`ssgdqdhrmnhmsdqudmhmfknvsnmd
vghbg sxohb`kkx l`qjr `fqddldms hm BK0 `mc BK8 hm A`mst- Sghr
sgdqdenqd bnmehqlr sg`s sgdqd hrmn hmsdqudmhmf snmd sg`s qdoqdrdmsr sgd
`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqhmsgdrdb`rdr-Sgdenkknvhmfqdoqdrdms`shnmrgnvr
183
041( Hmots Ldqfdq kkk k KKK K nnn nnn
œjtkltq → œjtkltq Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
K↓
œjtkltq
Sghr cdqhu`shnm rgnvr sg`s sgd sgqdd knv snmdr `qd bn`kdrbdc ax
ldqfdq- Mnshbd sg`s ldqfdq hr sgd bn`kdrbdmbd ne hcdmshb`k `ci`bdms
ed`stqdr`mchrnmdnesgdlnrsbnllnmqdo`hqrsq`sdfhdrk`mft`fdrtrd
hm nqcdq sn r`shrex NBO bnmrsq`hmsr- Hs `rrtqdr sg`s `ci`bdms hcdmshb`k
ed`stqdr+vgdsgdq`rrnbh`sdcnqmns+`qdldqfdchmsnnmd-
Sgdmdwsrdsne`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmrbnms`hmrbk`rrdr1+3+4+5+
7+`mc00mntmr-Sgd`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqhmsghrrdshr`mnudqslnqogdld-
184
Hs s`jdr ` ghfg snmd- He sghr lnqogdld nbbtqr adenqd `m hcdmshb`k mntm
oqdehw+sg`soqdehwhrcdkdsdc-Nardqudsgdenkknvhmfb`rdr9
042`(lÕ ,ln∆lÕ◊adæ,�—∆œ _lnsgdqr&�rsnl`bgr& BK3,rsnl`bg@LBK1,lnsgdq lÕ ,j`æmlÕ◊adæ,a`∆&kn∆ _ft`qcr&bknsgdr& BK3,bknsg@LBK1,ft`qca( kd∆,ltæ&tækdæ,atæ&tæ .kd∆,ltæjtækdækd∆,atæjtæ._i`v�ne�`mfdq& BK4,i`vBK4,`mfdq ld∆,siø∆&ldæ,l–onæl.ld∆,sÕ ø∆jldæld∆,l–onæl._rnesmdrr�ne�e`bd& BK5,rnesmdrrBK5,e`bd aÕ ,jtæqaÕ◊,sÕ◊q .aÕ ,jtæcaÕ◊aÕ ,sÕ◊c. _rjhm�ne�`mhl`k& BK7,rjhmBK7,`mhl`k
Hm sgddw`lokdr hm '`(+ sgd `rrnbh`shudl`qjdq ZlÕ◊\ nbbtqradenqd
sgd mntm oqdehw Zad∆\ ats cdkdshnm cndr mns nbbtq adb`trd sgdx `qd mns
hcdmshb`k- Sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq rhlokx roqd`cr hsr ghfg snmd sn sgd
oqdehwsg`senkknvrhs+`rrgnvmhmsghrcdqhu`shnm-
185
043( Hmots GhfgSnmdRoqd`c+Ldqfdq kggkk kgkk KGGKK KGKK nnnnnn nnnnnn
<
lh,j`mlhad,a`&kn → lh,j`mlhad,a`&kn
Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
G↑ g� k�
K↓ K↓
lhj`mlhada`&kn
Gnvdudq+ hm 'a( vgdqd sgd `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq hr rhlhk`q sn sgd
enkknvhmfmntmbk`rroqdehw+nmkxnmdnesgdlnbbtqr-Hshr`rrtldcsg`s
sgdoqdehwhrcdkdsdchmnqcdqsn`unhcqdctmc`mbx-Sgde`bssg`scnvmrsdo
cndrmns`ookxhmsghrdmuhqnmldms`bst`kkxbnmehqlrsgd`rrtloshnmsg`s
sgdghfgsnmdsg`sroqd`crnmsn`vnqcsg`ss`jdr`oqdehwhrqdok`bhud-Rdd
sgdcdqhu`shnmhm'044(-
186
044( Hmots GhfgSnmdRoqd`c+Cdkdshnm kggkg kggkg KGGKG KGGKG nnnnnnn nnnnnnn
<
kd,lt&tkdkd,at&t→kd,lt&tkd'kd(at&t→
Ldqfdq OgnmdshbQdoqdrdms`shnm kg G↑ KG g� K↓ nnnnnn
kd,lt&tkdat&t kdlt&tkdat&t
Sgdk`rsrdsne`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmrhmunkudrbk`rr2`mcbk`rr
6mntmr-Gdqd+sgd`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqhr`ekn`shmfghfgsnmdsg`snbbtqr
adsvddm sgd mntmr- Hm l`mx @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr+ sgd `rrnbh`shud
bnmrsqtbshnm hr bnmudxdc ax ld`mr ne ` snm`k lnqogdld 'Vhkkh`lrnm
0875+Bgtlanv`mcMftdmcihn0880(-Sghrcnbjrnmsnsgdmntmnmsgd
187
qhfgssnenql`e`kkhmfbnmsntqsnmdhehslddsr`knvsnmd-Sgdc`s`sg`s
enkknvrgnvrtbgbnmrsqtbshnmr-
045( ÷,j`∆qlt»q .j`∆cælt∆c. _l`m&r�v`ro& BK6,v`ro@L-odqrnm
÷,m∆cÕÃl�`»œ`∆ .m∆cÕÃlæ�`∆�`æ. _fgnrs&r�dkdf`mbd& BK2,fgnrs@L-dkdf`mbd ÷,c`∆k`∆jøæk .c`∆k`∆æjøæk. _l`m&r�ons& BK6,ons@L-fhqk
÷,jvtæmlt»q .jtætæmælt∆c. _s`hk&r�b`lo&�
BK2,s`hk@L-odqrnm ÷,r`æl`æs�Í l .r`æl`ææsrÍ l. �_fqnto&r�bqx& BK6,fqnto@L-bqx
Sgdrd dw`lokdr rgnv sg`s sgd ekn`shmf ghfg snmd sg`s l`qjr
`rrnbh`shnmcnbjrnmsnsgdenkknvhmfmntm-Sgdqtkdsg`senkknvrrgnvr
gnvsghrnbbtqr-
046( S,qtkd79Qhfgsv`qcrGhfgCnbjhmf
g
G
nn
µBnmchshnm9Hsltrsadsgdghfgsnmdnesgd`rrnbh`shudl`qjdq-
188
Qhfgsv`qcr Ghfg Cnbjhmf `kknvr sgd ekn`shmf ghfg snmd ne sgd
`rrnbh`shud l`qjdq sn cnbj nmsn sgd SAT sn hsr qhfgs- Bnmrhcdq sgd
cdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvr-
047( Hmots Qhfgsv`qcrGhfgCnbjhmf kgk kgk KGK KGK nnnnnnnn
c`k`ltq → c`k`ltq
Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
G↑ g� k�
K↓ K↓
c`k`ltq
3-6 Bnmbktrhnm
Hm sghr bg`osdq+ sgd lnqogdld rsqtbstqd ne mntm qnnsr g`r addm
rgnvm-Hmnqcdqsn`bbntmsenqsgdrtqe`bdldknchdrentmcnmmntmqnnsr+
sgdhq bnmsq`rshud tmcdqkxhmf snm`k ldknchdr g`ud addm fhudm `mc sgd
189
qd`khy`shnmnmsgdrtqe`bdned`bgldkncxchrbtrrdc-Vgdqdsgd`m`kxrhr
hr mns sq`mro`qdms+ rtoonqshmf dw`lokdr g`udaddmfhudm sn `lokhex sgd
`qftldmsr- Sgd lnqogn,rxms`bshb rsqtbstqd ne sgd mntm ogq`rd g`r `krn
addm chrbtrrdc+ vhsg `m `bbntms ne sgd snmnknfhb`k oqnbdrr sg`s mntm
ogq`rdr tmcdqfn fhudm- Sghr bg`osdq g`r dmcdcto ax ` oqdrdms`shnmne
sgd`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnm-Sgdsgqddrdsr+chrshmfthrgdcaxsgdsxodne
`rrnbh`shudl`qjdqsgdxs`jdg`udaddmchrbtrrdc-Rshkkhmsghrbg`osdq+�k,
roqd`c `mc g,cdkhmj sg`s `bbntmsr enq cnvmrsdo ne ghfg snmdr+ GK
Rhlokhehb`shnm sg`s`kknvr`GKbnmsntq snmd snad rhlokhehdc sn`ghfg
snmdvgdmenkknvdcax`ghfgsnmd+KnvSnmdRoqd`csg`soqdudmsrrnld
tssdq`mbd,ehm`k knv snmdr eqnl cnvmfkhchmf+ Ghfg Snmd Roqd`c sg`s
odqlhsr rnldtmcdqkxhmf knv snmdlnqogdldr snad qd`khydc`r rtqe`bd
ghfg snmdr+ `mc Qhfgsv`qcr Ghfg Cnbjhmf sg`s rgnvr sg`s rnld
`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnmr s`jd` ekn`shmfghfg snmdg`udaddmchrbtrrdc-
Cdqhu`shnmrrgnvhmfgnvsgdrdqtkdrvnqjg`ud`krnaddmfhudm-Sgdrd
cdqhu`shnmr `krn rgnv sg`s ldqfdq `ookhdr `r rnnm `r sgd rsqtbstq`k
cdrbqhoshnm enq hsr `ookhb`shnm hr lds+ hm nqcdq sn r`shrex sgd NBO
bnmrsq`hms-Rsq`xdq`rtqd`krn`ookhdr`ssgddmcneonrskdwhb`kbnlonmdms
sn cdkdsd `kk tm`rrnbh`sdc snm`k ed`stqdr- Sgd nsgdq snmd qtkdr `ookx
vgdmdudqsgdrsqtbstq`kcdrbqhoshnmenqsgdhq`ookhb`shnmhrlds-
190
BG@OSDQ4
�
SNMDHMUDQAR
191
4-/ Hmsqnctbshnm
Sghrbg`osdqchrbtrrdrsgdsnmnknfxnesgdMidæludqa-Hsadfhmrax
`oqdrdms`shnmnesgdlnqogdldrsqtbstqdneudqaqnnsr-Bnmrhcdqhmfsg`s
sgdrtqe`bdsnmdhrmns`kv`xrhcdmshb`ksnsgdtmcdqkxhmfsnmdhmMidæl+hs
fndr `gd`c sn oqdrdms sgd rtqe`bd qd`khy`shnm ne sgd udqa qnnsr `mc sn
`qftd enq sgd tmcdqkxhmf snm`k ldknchdr ne d`bg- Sgd oqnbdrr ne
qdctokhb`shnmhr`krnntskhmdcgdqd-
4-0 LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneUdqaQnnsr
Sgdlnrsbnllnmlnqogdldsxodrsg`snbbtqnmMidæludqaqnnsr
`qdBU+BUB`mcBUBU-SgdkdrrbnllnmBUUsxod`krnnbbtqr-Sghr
lnqogdldrsqtbstqdhrrgnvmhmsgdc`s`hms`akd18-
BU BUB BUBU BUU
kd∆,cd∆_sn�cqhmj& kd∆,sÕ m_sn�vhod& kd∆,k—∆l`∆_sn�qta& kd∆,ad∆9_sn�rdd&
kd∆,rn∆_sn�gtms& kd∆,mø∆q_sn�o`rsd& kd∆,rt∆ln∆_sn�ok`ms& kd∆,cyø∆9_sn�rhmf&
kd∆,�`∆_sn�sd`q& kd∆,jd∆m_sn�rdmc& kd∆,mÕ fn∆_sn�enkc& kd∆,r`»9_sn�knnj�enq&
kd∆,sn»_sn�fn& kd∆,a`»_sn�`atrd& kd∆,ktækn»_sn�enqfd& kd∆,kfl»9_sn�hmrtks&
kd∆,rt»_sn�aqtrg& kd∆,rÕÃk_sn�dmc& kd∆,atæfn»_sn�lhrr&
kd∆,khÃ_sn�hmrsqtbs& kd∆,r`»m_sn�rhfm& kd∆,atæk`»_sn�qdstqm&
S`akd189LnqogdldRsqtbstqdneUdqaQnnsr
192
4-1Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqUdqaQnnsr
Udqar g`ud nmkx lnmnrxkk`ahb `mc chrxkk`ahb qnnsr 'dwbdos vgdm
qdctokhb`sdc(-@rldmshnmdcd`qkhdq+sghrk`mft`fdhr`svn,snmdk`mft`fd
ÊGhfg`mcKnv-Sgdudqaqnnsrg`ud`svn,v`xbnmsq`rshudtmcdqkxhmf
snm`k ldkncx+ m`ldkx+ Ghfg `mc Knv- Sgdrd `qd oqdrdmsdc hm sgd s`akd
sg`senkknvr-
Tmcdqkxhmfenql BU BUB BUBU
G kd∆,s`»_sn�hmgdqhs&
kd∆,rt»_sn�aqtrg&
kd∆,lø»q_sn�`qqdrs&
kd∆,rÕÃk_sn�ehmhrg&
kd∆,atæfn»_sn�lhrr&
kd∆,atæk`»_sn�qdstqm&
K
kd∆,�`∆_sn�sd`q&
kd∆,rn∆_sn�gtms&
kd∆,r`∆l_sn�ronhk&
kd∆,sÕ m_sn�vhod&
kd∆,k—∆l`∆_sn�qta&
kd∆,rt∆ln∆_sn�ok`ms&
S`akd2/9Bnmsq`rshudTmcdqkxhmfSnm`kLdknchdrenqUdqaQnnsr
Sgd hmsdqoqds`shnm sg`s enkknvr eqnl sgd s`akd hr sg`svgdqd`r sgd
tmcdqkxhmf G ldkncx rtqe`bdr `r GK nm sgd qnns+ sgd tmcdqkxhmf K
ldkncxrtqe`bdr`rKnv-Enq`m`bbntmsnegnvsgdG`mcKtmcdqkxhmf
ldknchdr`qdqd`khydcnmsgdrtqe`bd+rddsgdognmnknfxnesgdhmehmhshud
sg`senkknvr-
193
4-2 OgnmnknfxnesgdHmehmhshud
SgdhmehmhshudenqlnesgdudqahmMidælhrl`qjdcaxsgdbk`rrehud
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194
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vntkc ad sn `rrtld sg`s sgd fknss`k rsno hr nmd ne sgd cdoqdrrnq
195
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197
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qdftk`qkx nq `r ` g`ahs- Hs hr l`qjdc ax ` chrbnmshmtntr lnqogdld- Hsr
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g`ahst`k l`qjdq- Hs hr enkknvdc ax sgd qnns ne sgd udqa hmunkudc+ `mc
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mnql`kkx+dhsgdq`r`knvsnmdnq`ghfgsnmdudqaqnns-Etqsgdqlnqd+sgd
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Hm `s kd`rs svn bnmsdwsr+ sgd snmd ne sgd udqa qnns hr dhsgdq
cnvmrsdoodcnqtorsdoodc-Sgdbnmsdwsrhmunkudc`qdsgdoqdrdmsg`ahst`k
mdf`shud+ `mc sgd oqdrdms 'rtaidbs enb`khrdc(- Hm sgdrd bnmrsqtbshnmr sgd
ghfg snmdrnmghfg snmdudqar `qdcnvmrsdoodcvghkd sgd knv snmdrnm
knv snmd udqar `qd torsdoodc- Ad`unm '1///9 3( nardqudr sghr
ogdmnldmnm ats qdedqr sn hs `r onk`q snmdr- Gd gnvdudq l`jdr sgd
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lnxdm-ÍAdb`trdnesgde`bssg`ssgdknvsnmdadbnldrghfgatssgdghfg
snmdadbnldrlhc+mnsknv+sgdxb`mmnsadonk`qsnmdr-
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`bst`kkxcnvmrsdo`mctorsdo-Hm'062(sgdghfgsnmdudqar`qdoqdrdmsdc
hmsgdsvnbnmsdwsrsnrgnvgnvcnvmrsdos`jdrok`bd-Hm'066(knvsnmd
udqar`qdfhudmhmsgdr`ldbnmsdwsrsnhkktrsq`sdtorsdo-
209
KGKGGK KG↓GGK 02 0‡ 0 0‡ 0r 07 0v 0b
062`(�ø`a`&kn →Z�`a`&kn\ 2rMDFBDQcntakd _Gd�mdudq�cntakdr&
GGKG G↓G 0‡ 0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0v Ah`a`& → [ A`a`&\ 2oMDFBDQfhudqdrodbs _Sgdx�mdudq�fhud�qdrodbs&��� KGKGGK KG↓GGK 02 0‡ 0 0‡ 0r 07 0v 0b
a( �ød a`&kn →Z�d a`&kn\ z 2rOREBDQcntakd _Hs&r�ghl�vgn�cntakdr&
KGKG KG↓G 02 0‡ 0 0‡ 07 0v
�øda`& → [�da`&\ 2rOREBDQfhudqdrodbs _Hs&r�ghl�vgn�fhudr�qdrodbs&� Vghkdsgdc`s`hm'`(`qdhmsgdoqdrdmsg`ahst`kmdf`shud+sgnrdhm
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snmd ne sgd udqa qnns hr cnvmrsdoodc+ `r b`m ad rddm hm sgd enkknvhmf
ehftqd-
210
Ehftqd009CnvmrsdoneG
Ehftqd 00 rgnvr sg`s sgd ghfg snmd ne sgd udqa qnns g`r addm
knvdqdc-Rdd@oodmchwD98sg`srgnvrsg`ssgdghfgsnmdhrqd`khydc+hm
hrnk`shnm+`s`ants17/Gy`mc@oodmchwD90/sg`sqdud`krsg`s sgdghfg
snmd g`r addm knvdqdc sn `ants 01/Gy- Hm nqcdq sn `bbntms enq sghr
cnvmrsdo+ hs hr `rrtldc sg`s sgdqd hr ` ekn`shmf knv snmd+ l`qjhmf
bdqs`hmsx+sg`snbbtqritrsadenqdsgdghfg,snmdcudqaqnnsr-Sghrekn`shmf
snmdhrknvadb`trdhsnbbtqrvhsgghfgsnmdqnnsr-Sghrsnmdroqd`crhsr
knv� qdfhrsdq ed`stqd sn sgd enkknvhmf ghfg snmd- Sghr roqd`chmf hr
enkknvdcaxsgdcdkhmjhmfnesgdghfgqdfhrsdqnesg`sghfgsnmd'enkknvhmf
k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj(`kknvhmfhssnadqd`khydcnm`knvdqqdfhrsdq+`mc
qdrtkshmfsncnvmrsdo-Mnshbdsg`ssgdsnmdsg`shroqnctbdchrknvdqsg`m
`ghfgsnmd-Sghrsnmdhrqdedqqdcsn`rLhc0'Rmhcdq0888913(rhmbdhshr
211
`ghfgsnmdsg`shrqd`khydcnm`knvqdfhrsdq-Sgdcdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvr
rgnvrgnvsghrnbbtqr-
063( Hmots Ehm`kKnv@rrnbh`shnm
kgkgk kgkgk KGKGK KGKGK nnnnnn nnnnnn
�ø` a`&kn → �ø`a`&kn→
UnvdkCdkdshnm`mcQd`rrrnbh`shnmk,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj+`mcrsq`xdq`rtqd kgkgk kgkgk < KGKGK KGKGK nnnnnn nnnnnn
�'ø(` a`&kn → �`a`&kn
212
Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
G↑ g�k� G↑
K↓ k�
K↓
�`a`&kn
Sghrcdqhu`shnmcdlnmrsq`sdrsg`ssgdunvdknesgdrtaidbsl`qjdq
cdkdsdr`rchrbtrrdcd`qkhdq'rddUnvdkDkhrhnm1(`mchsrsnmdcnbjrnmsn
sgd mdf`shnm l`qjdq sg`s b`trdr hsr cdkdshnm- Hs `krn rgnvr sg`s sgd
ekn`shmf knv snmd roqd`cr hsr qdfhrsdq sn `mccdkhmjr sgd enkknvhmfghfg
qdfhrsdq-Sgdekn`shmfknvsnmdhsrdkehrcdkdsdcenkknvhmfrsq`xdq`rtqd`s
sgddmcnesgdcdqhu`shnm-
Hs bntkcad`qftdc sg`s sghr knvdqhmf hr knb`k `mc hrctd sn sgdK
roqd`chmf q`sgdq sg`m sgd k- Hmrtbg`rhst`shnm+ sgdqdfhrsdqne`mx snmd
enkknvhmf sgd cnvmrsdoodc ghfg vhkk ad qdrds sn ` ghfgdq kdudk- Sghr
ld`mr+ enqdw`lokd+ sg`s sgdrtqe`bd snmdne`mxghfg snmd sg`s enkknvr
sgdknvdqdcghfgvhkkadLhc1'`knvsnmdnm`ghfgqdfhrsdq(q`sgdqsg`m
Lhc0 '`ghfg snmdnm` knvqdfhrsdq(-Gnvdudq+ sgdrdsnec`s` hm '064(
rgnvrsg`shshrhmcddcqdfhrsdqknvdqhmfsg`snbbtqr-
213
GGKGGG G ↓GGG 0‡ 0‡ 0 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0v 0v 0v 064( Ah`a`&sTgT → [ A`a`&sTgT\
2oMDFBDQfhudqdrodbscheehbtksx_Sgdx�mdudq�fhud�qdrodbs�cheehbtksx&�
� Sghrdw`lokdrgnvrsg`ssgdghfgsnmdenkknvhmfsgdcnvmrsdoodc
ghfghr`krnknvdqdcsnLhc0+`rrgnvmhmsgdcdqhu`shnmsg`senkknvr-
065( Hmots Unvdkcdkdshnm
ggkgg gkgg GGKGG GKGG nnnnnn nnnnn
Ah` a`&sTgT → Aha`&sTgT→
k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj+Ldqfdq`mcRsq`xDq`rtqdOgnmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
gkg ^^^ GKG G↑ nnnnn
k� G↑
Ah a`&sTgT Aha`&sTgT
214
Sgd e`bs sg`s Ad`unm '1///9 3( bnmrhcdqr sghr snmd sn ad Lhc
rtffdrsrsg`sadb`trdgdcndrmnstrdsgdQSSeq`ldvnqjsn`m`kxrdsgd
c`s`+ gdlhrrdr rhfmhehb`ms hmrhfgsr+ rtbg `r qdfhrsdqogdmnldm`+vghbg
sghr lncdk oqnuhcdr- Adb`trd hs `rrtldr sg`s sgd qdfhrsdq `mc snm`k
ed`stqdr nbbtox cheedqdms hmcdodmcdms shdqr+ sgd QSS hr `akd sn adssdq
`bbntmsenqsgdogdmnldmnmnecnvmrsdovghbgvhsgntsrtbgsgdnqdshb`k
l`bghmdqxb`mnmkxadodqbdhudc`rlhcsnmdr-
Bnmrhcdqsgdmdwsrdsrnec`s`sg`shkktrsq`sdtorsdoneknvsnmdr-
KGGKK KG↑KK 02 0‡ 0 02 02 07 0T 0T
066`(�ø`a`&kn → Z�` a`&kn\ 2rMDFBDQft`qc _Gd�mdudq�ft`qcr&�
GGGK G↑K
0‡ 0‡ 0 02 0‡ 0T Ah`a`& → ZA` a`&\ 2oMDFBDQb`qdetk _Sgdx�`qd�mdudq�b`qdetk&��
KGGKK KG↑KK 02 0‡ 0 02 02 07 0T 0T
a( �øda`&kn → Z�d a`&kn\ 2rOREBDQft`qc _Hs&r�ghl�vgn�ft`qcr&�
KGGK KG↑K
02 0‡ 0 02 07 0T
�øda`& → [�d a`&] 2rOREBDQb`qdetk _Hs&r�ghl�vgn�hr�b`qdetk&�
215
Hm`kksgdrdsr+`rvdkk+sgdknvsnmdnesgdudqaqnnshrtorsdoodc+
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ghfgdqkdudk-@oodmchwD900rgnvrsg`shmhrnk`shnm+sgdknvsnmdr`qd
qd`khydcadsvddm0//Gy`mc00/Gy+`mc@oodmchwD901rgnvrsg`ssgd
knvsnmdrg`udaddmq`hrdcsnadsvddm05/Gy`mc07/Gy-Hmnqcdqsn
`bbntmsenqsghrtorsdo+hshr`rrtldcsg`ssgdqdhr`ekn`shmfghfgsnmd+
l`qjhmfbdqs`hmsx+sg`snbbtqritrsadenqdsgdknv,snmdcudqaqnnsr-Sghr
ekn`shmfsnmdhrghfgadb`trdhsnbbtqrvhsgknvsnmdqnnsr-Sghrsnmd
roqd`crhsrghfgqdfhrsdqed`stqdsnsgdenkknvhmfknvqdfhrsdqed`stqd+`mc+
hm`rtardptdmskxoqnbdrr+cdkhmjrsgdknvqdfhrsdqed`stqd-Sghroqnbdrr
enkknvrsgdoqdchbshnml`cdhmRmhcdq'0888943,44(sg`storsdone`knv
snmdhrb`trdcax`ekn`shmf�ghfg�qdfhrsdq�ed`stqdsg`sroqd`cr`rnoonrdc
216
sncnvmrsdone`knvsnmdb`trdcax`ekn`shmf�ghfg�qdfhrsdq�ed`stqdsg`s
qdl`hmrekn`shmf-Sgdenkknvhmfqtkdrgnvrgnvsgdoqnbdrrnbbtqr9
067( S,qtkd009g,roqd`c`mck,cdkhmj
g k<
K
n
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ed`stqdeqnlsg`smncd-
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hkktrsq`sdrgnvsghrvnqjr9
068( Hmots g,roqd`c`mck,cdkhmj+Ldqfdq+UnvdkCdkdshnm gggk gk < GGGK GK nnnn nnnn
Ah` a`& → A'h(`a`&
217
Ognmdshbqdoqdrdms`shnm
G↑ K↓
A`a`&
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cdkdsdr `r vdkk 'enkknvhmf Unvdk Dkhrhnm 1(- Hs `krn rgnvr sg`s sgd
ekn`shmfghfg qdfhrsdq roqd`cr sn`mccdkhmjr sgd enkknvhmf knvqdfhrsdq-
Sghr `kknvr sgd knv snmd sn ad qd`khydc nm ` ghfgdq qdfhrsdq+ b`trhmf
torsdo-
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enkknvr sgd q`hrdc knv vhkk ad qdrds sn ` knvdq kdudk- Sghr dpt`kkx
rhfmhehdr+enqdw`lokd+sg`ssgdrtqe`bdsnmdne`mxknvsnmdsg`senkknvr
sgdq`hrdcknvvhkkadLhc0q`sgdqsg`mLhc1-Mdudqsgdkdrr+c`s`khjdsgd
enkknvhmf cdlnmrsq`sd bkd`qkx sg`s hs hr hmcddc qdfhrsdq q`hrhmf sg`s g`r
s`jdmok`bd-
KGGKKKKKKG↑KKKKK02 0‡ 0 02 02 02 02 02 07 0T 0T 0T 0T 0T
07/`(�ø` a`&knad,j`lkn → Z�`a`&kn ad,j`lkn\ 2rMDFBDQft`qcB1,cdedmcdq_Gd�mdudq�ft`qcr�sgd�cdedmcdqr&�
218
� GGGKKGGG↑KKGG
��0‡ 0‡ 0 02 02 0‡ 0‡ 0‡ 0T 0T 0˜ 0˜ Ah` a`& ad,jtl`→ZA` a`& ad,jtl`\ 2oMDFBDQb`qdetkB1,`rrdrrnq_Sgdx�`qd�mdudq�b`qdetk�vhsg������ � � � � � � ����� sgd�`rrdrrnqr&���� KGGKKKKKKG↑KKKKK
02 0‡ 0 02 02 02 02 02 07 0T 0T 0T 0T 0T
a( �øda`&knad,j`lkn →Z�d a`&kn ad,j`lkn\ 2rOREBDQft`qcB1,cdedmcdq_Hs&r�ghl�vgn�ft`qcr������������������������������������������������������������������������������sgd�cdedmcdqr&�
KGGKKGGKG↑KKGG02 0‡ 0 02 02 0‡ 0‡ 07 0T 0T 0˜ 0˜ �ød a`&ad,jtl`→Z�d a`&ad,jtl`\ 2rOREBDQb`qdetkB1,`rrdrrnq_Hs&r�ghl�vgn�hr�b`qdetk� vhsg�sgd`rrdrrnqr&�
Hm sgdrd c`s`+ ansg ghfg `mc knv snmd mntmr `qd `ccdc `esdq sgd
torsdoodc knv- Sgd Ghfg `mc Knv snmd qnnsr g`ud `m tmcdqkxhmf knv,
snmdcoqdehwsg`shlldch`sdkxenkknvrsgdtorsdoodcknv-Sghrrgnvrsg`s
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`s sgd oqduhntrkx q`hrdc kdudk- Sghr `bst`kkx bnmehqlr sg`s sgd ghfg
qdfhrsdqg`rroqd`c`mcsg`ssgdrtqe`bdsnmdnesgdrdbnmcq`hrdcknvsnmd
hrhmcddcLhc1-
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13( oqdchbshnm sg`s sgd ed`stqdr `mc fdnldsqx ne snmd `kknv enq sgd
219
rodbhehb`shnmnetosnentqkdudksnmdognmdldrhmK`mft`fd9Ghfg+Lhc0+
Lhc1+ `mc Knv- Sgd `ookhb`shnm ne cnvmrsdo `mc torsdo `krn rtffdrsr
sg`ssgdbnmrsq`hmssg`s`ghfgsnmdsg`senkknvr`ekn`shmfknvsnmd+vghbg
roqd`cr+hrcnvmrsdoodc`mc`knvsnmdsg`senkknvr`ekn`shmfghfgsnmd+
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220
Kd∆,mt»s�Õ◊s�n∆gn∆ HME,cqhmjrknvkx _Cqhmj�rknvkx& Kd∆,av—»ljvøæ&jvøæ& HME,atxq`ohckx _Atx�q`ohckx& Kd∆,sÕ kn∆jvøæ&jvøæ& HME,vqhsdpthbjkx _Vqhsd�pthbjkx&� Kd∆,idæ&kn»l–aÕ◊ml–ai`∆ HME,sd`bgvdkk _Sd`bg�vdkk& LÍ kd∆,cd∆l–aÕ◊ml–ai`∆ 0rHME,d`svdkk _H�`l�d`shmf�vdkk& AÍ hÍ kd∆,mt»s�Õ◊s�n∆gn∆ 1oHME,cqhmjrknvkx _Vd�`qd�cqhmjhmf�rknvkx&
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221
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222
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223
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224
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225
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FDMDQ@KBNMBKTRHNM
226
5-/ Rtll`qx
Sghr rstcx enbtrdc nm sgd sqd`sldms ne sgd ognmnknfx ne Midæl+
vhsg `ssdmshnm chqdbsdc sn sgd adg`uhntq ne snmdr- Sn qd`khyd sghr
naidbshud+ognmdshbrntmcr hcdmshehdc hm sgdMidælrntmc hmudmsnqxvdqd
oqdrdmsdc-Eqnlsgdhqchrsqhatshnm+hsv`rqd`khydcsg`srnldnesgdrntmcr
`qdbnlokdldms`qxvhsgrnlda`rhbognmdldrg`uhmf`kknognmdr-Sghrhr
gnv hs b`ld sn ad r`hc enq dw`lokd sg`s .c. hr qd`khydc `r Zq\ hm qnns,
ldch`k`mcqnns,ehm`konrhshnmr`mc`rZc\hmqnns,hmhsh`konrhshnm-G`uhmf
oqdrdmsdc rtbg b`rdr ne bnlokdldms`qx chrsqhatshnm+ sghr o`qs ne sgd
`m`kxrhr oqdrdmsdc ognmdlhb bnmrnm`ms `mc unvdk bg`qsr `r vdkk `r
cdehmdced`stqdl`sqhbdrners`mc`qcfdmdq`shudognmnknfx-Sghrkdcsn`
chrbtrrhnm `mc lnshu`shnm ne ognmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr sg`s sgd rntmcr ne
sghrk`mft`fdtmcdqfn-
Sgd rstcx sgdmoqnbddcdc sn `m`kxrd `mcoqdrdms sgdlnqognknfx
`mc rxms`w ne sgd k`mft`fd- @esdq qdud`khmf sgd mnlhm`k lnqognknfx
'oqhmbho`kkxsgdmntmbk`rrrxrsdl`mcsgd`fqddldmso`ssdqmr(+sgdudqa`k
lnqognknfx'hmbktchmfsgddkdldmsrsg`sl`jdtosgdrsdl`mcoqd,rsdl
l`sdqh`k( vdqd oqdrdmsdc- Hm nqcdq sn qdud`k sgd rxms`bshb rsqtbstqd ne
Midæl+ sgd a`rhb vnqc nqcdq `mc ogq`rd,hmsdqm`k rsqtbstqd vdqd `krn
oqdrdmsdc-
227
SgdvnqjsgdmvdmsnmsnchrbtrrsgdsnmnknfxnesgdMidælmntm-
Hs `bbntmsdc enq sgd ldknchdr entmc nm mntm qnnsr ax oqdrdmshmf sgdhq
tmcdqkxhmfqdoqdrdms`shnmr`mc`qfthmfenqsgdhqrtqe`bdqd`khy`shnmr-Sgd
`rrnbh`shudbnmrsqtbshnm+`l`inqmnlhm`kbnmrsqtbshnmhmMidæl+v`r`krn
chrbtrrdc-
Sgdqdrd`qbgsgdmbnmbdmsq`sdcnmsgdsnmnknfxnesgdudqa-Hs`krn
`bbntmsdc enq sgd ldknchdr entmc nm udqa qnnsr ax oqdrdmshmf sgdhq
tmcdqkxhmf qdoqdrdms`shnmr `mc `qfthmf enq sgd rtqe`bd qd`khy`shnmr-
Qdctokhb`shnm+`l`inqudqa`koqnbdrrhmsghrk`mft`fd+v`rchrbtrrdc`r
vdkk-
Ognmnknfhb`k `mc snmnknfhb`k qtkdr 'rtll`qhydc adknv( vdqd
enqltk`sdc sn `bbntms enq sgd oqnbdrrdr entmc hm sgd k`mft`fd-
Cdqhu`shnmr vdqd `krn fhudm sn cdlnmrsq`sd gnv sgd qtkdr onrstk`sdc
qdk`sdsgdtmcdqkxhmfqdoqdrdms`shnmrsnsgdognmdshbqd`khy`shnmr-
5-0 Rtll`qxneQtkdr
5-0-0 Ognmnknfhb`kQtkdr
073( O,qtkd09Rnmnqhy`shnm
*`ms*bnq ,rnm→Z*rnm\U^U,rsqh ^",m`r
228
Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sZc\rtqe`bdr`rZq\hmehm`konrhshnmnqadsvddm
svnunvdkr-
074( O,qtkd19O`k`s`khy`shnm *`ms *bnq ,`ms^U*rsqh→*gh*gh
,cdk-qdk-
@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ Zsr\ `mc Zcy\ adbnld Zs�\ `mc Zc�\
qdrodbshudkxvgdmentmcadenqdghfgunvdkr-
075( O,qtkd29Udk`qhy`shnm
,`msU^U*bnq→Z,bnq\^"*m`r *gh
Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sZ�\hrqd`khydc`rZœ\hmehm`konrhshnmnqadsvddm
svnunvdkr-
076( O,qtkd3: Fknss`khy`shnm,bnms,rnmU^U,`ms→*bnmrsqh^",bnq ,gh*gh ,uc
229
Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sZj\rtqe`bdr`rZ&\hmehm`konrhshnmnqadsvddm
svnunvdkr-
077( O,qtkd49M`r`k@rrhlhk`shnm
ê`ms
êbnq
n
MB
Sghr qtkd rs`sdr sg`s ` m`r`k `cnosr sgd ed`stqdr nq ok`bd ne
`qshbtk`shnmnesgdenkknvhmfbnmrnm`ms-
078( O,qtkd59k,cdkdshnm
*`ms *bnq Z*k`s\ → Z÷\*rsqh^^ ,cdk-qdk- *uc Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s sgd k`sdq`k hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs nbbtqr `esdq sgd
unhbdc`kudnk`q`eeqhb`sd`mcg`raddmtrdcsndwok`hmsgdnbbtqqdmbdne
rnldhqqdftk`qoqdehwdr-
08/( O,qtkd69o,cdkdshnm
*`ms *bnq ,bnq *rsqh ,bnms→ Z÷\ ,cdk-qdk-^^ ,rnm *uc ,uc
230
Sghr qtkd rs`sdr sg`s sgdunhbdkdrrahk`ah`k rsno hrcdkdsdcvgdm hs
nbbtqr`esdqsgdunhbdc`kudnk`q`eeqhb`sd-Hsg`r`krnaddmtrdcsndwok`hm
sgdnbbtqqdmbdnernldhqqdftk`qoqdehwdr-
080( O,qtkd79Cdunb`khy`shnm
*rxkk *rxkk ,bnmr→Z,rxkk\^^,bnmr
*ghfg
Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`sghfgunvdkr`qdcdunb`khydcvgdmdudqsgdx`qd
hlldch`sdkxenkknvdcaxnsgdqunvdkr-
081( O,qtkd89UnvdkDkhrhnm
*rxkk→ Z÷\ *rxkk ,bnmr ,bnmr
Sghrqtkdrs`sdrsg`s`unvdkhrcdkdsdcvgdmhsnbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdq
unvdkhmsgduhbhmhsxne`vnqcantmc`qx-
082( O,qtkd0/9UnvdkDkhrhnm1
*rxkk→ Z÷\**rxkk ,bnmr ,bnmr
"^
231
@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ hm ` rdptdmbd ne svn unvdkr `bqnrr
lnqogdldantmc`qxsgdehqrshrcdkdsdc-
083( O,qtkd009UnvdkEd`stqdRoqd`c
U U\
ZE\
Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`unvdkroqd`crhsred`stqdrnmsnsgded`stqdkdrr
unvdksg`snbbtqrvnqc,ehm`kkx-
084( O,qtkd019Z,a`bj\@rrhfmldms
U\
Z*gh\Z,aj\
Sghrqtkd`rrhfmrsgded`stqdZ,aj\sn`vnqc,ehm`kZ*gh\unvdk-
085( O,qtkd029Cdk`sdq`khy`shnm
,rnm ,k`s Z*k`s\ → ,bnm ^^ZU*U\ ,rsqh *uc
232
Sghrqtkdrodbhehdrsg`ssgdk`sdq`kbg`mfdrsnsgdunhbdccdms`krsno
vgdmhshrenkknvdcaxsvnunvdkr-
086( O,qtkd039Udk`qM`r`kCdkdshnm
*m`r *bnmr ,bnq → Z÷\,rxkk* ,`ms
@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ sgd udk`q m`r`k hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs nbbtqr
`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-
087( O,qtkd049a,cdkdshnm
,rnm ,bnms ,bnq → Z÷\ *bnmr^^ *`ms ,rxkk *uc
Sghr qtkd rs`sdr sg`s sgd unhbdc ahk`ah`k rsno hr cdkdsdc vgdm hs
nbbtqr`esdq`mnsgdqbnmrnm`ms-
5-0-1 Snmnknfhb`kQtkdr
Sgd snmnknfhb`k qtkdr sg`s g`ud gdkodc sn `bbntms enq sgd
bnlokdwhshdrneMidælsnmd`qdrtll`qhydcadknv-
233
088( S,qtkd09SnmdRoqd`c
U U
S S Bnmchshnm9Hs`ookhdrnmkxnmudqaqnnsr- @bbnqchmfsnsghrqtkd`snmdroqd`crsnsgdenkknvhmfSAThmudqa
qnnsr-
1//( S,qtkd19Ehm`kKnvCnbjhmf
k
K
n\\n
µ Bnmchshnm9Hs`ookhdrnmkxnmudqaqnnsr-
Sghrqtkd`kknvr`ekn`shmfknvsnmdsn`rrnbh`sd`ssgddmcneudqa
qnnsr-Hsg`raddmtrdcsndwok`hmsgdnbbtqqdmbdne`knvsnmd`ssgddmc
ne`kkudqaqnnsr-
1/0( S,qtkd29k,roqd`c`mcg,cdkhmj
k g<
G
n
234
@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ ` knv qdfhrsdq ed`stqd roqd`cr nmsn sgd
enkknvhmf SQM+ `mc+ hm ` rtardptdms oqnbdrr+ cdkhmjr sgd ghfg qdfhrsdq
ed`stqd eqnl sg`s mncd- Hs g`r addm trdetk hm `bbntmshmf enq sgd
nbbtqqdmbdnecnvmrsdoneghfgsnmdrsg`sqdftk`qkxg`oodmrvgdmdudq`
ghfgsnmdenkknvr`knvsnmd-
1/1( S,Qtkd39G,roqd`c`mcK,cdkhmj
GK <
o o
îî
Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`ghfgsnmdroqd`crsnsgdenkknvhmfknvSQM+
`mc+ hm`rtardptdmsoqnbdrr+cdkhmjr sg`s knvsnmd- Hsg`raddmtrdcsn
`bbntmsenqsgdrhlokhehb`shnmne`KGbnmsntqsnmdsn`Gsnmd-
1/2(S,qtkd49GKRhlokhehb`shnm
U U →UU
GKGGG
235
Sghrqtkdr`xrsg`s`GKbnmsntqsnmdhrrhlokhehdcsn`ghfgsnmd
vgdmhshrenkknvdcax`ghfgsnmd-
1/3(S,qtkd59KnvSnmdRoqd`c K G
nn
<
îî
Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s ` knv snmd roqd`cr eqnl hsr SQM nmsn sgd
enkknvhmfghfgSAT+`mc+ hm` rdo`q`sdoqnbdrr+cdkhmjr sg`sghfg snmd-
Sghrqtkdg`raddmtrdcsndwok`hmlnrskxvgxsgdtmcdqkxhmfKGldkncx
rtqe`bdr`rKhmrdudq`kdmuhqnmldmsr-
1/4( S,qtkd69GhfgSnmdRoqd`c
G K
nn
<
îî
236
Sghrqtkdroqd`cr`ghfgsnmdeqnlhsrSQMnmsnsgdenkknvhmfknv,
snmdcSAT+cdkhmjhmfsgdknvsnmd-Hsg`raddmtrdcsndwok`hmvgx`knv
snmd enkknvhmf ` ghfg snmd hr qd`khydc `r ` ghfg snmd hm dmuhqnmldmsr
vgdqdsgdrsqtbstq`kcdrbqhoshnmenqsgd`ookhb`shnmnesgdqtkdhrlds-
1/5( S,qtkd79Qhfgsv`qcrGhfgCnbjhmf
g
G
nn
µBnmchshnm9Hsltrsadsgdghfgsnmdnesgd`rrnbh`shudl`qjdq-
@bbnqchmfsnsghrqtkd+`ekn`shmfghfgsnmdcnbjrsnsgdSATsnhsr
qhfgs- Sghr qtkd g`r addm trdc sn dwok`hm vgx hm rnld `rrnbh`shud
bnmrsqtbshnmrsgdmntmhmM1onrhshnmnbbtqrvhsg`e`kkhmfsnmd-
1/6( S,qtkd89HmehmhshudKnv@rrnbh`shnm
k
K
n\\n
µ Bnmchshnm9Hsltrsadvgdm`udqanbbtqrhmsgdhmehmhshud-
237
Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s sgd ekn`shmf knv snmd rteehw ne sgd hmehmhshud
cnbjr kdesv`qcr sn sgdoqdbdchmfSAT+ hm sghrb`rd sgd k`rs qnnsunvdk-
Sghrdwok`hmrvgxsgdghfg,snmdudqar`kv`xrrtqe`bd`rGKvghkdhmsgd
hmehmhshud-
1/7( S,qtkd0/9Hlodq`shudGhfg@rrnbh`shnm
g
G
n\\n
<
µ Bnmchshnm9Hsltrsadnmkxsgdghfgsnmdnesgdhlodq`shud-
Sghr qtkd r`xr sg`s sgd ehm`k ghfg snmd sg`s l`qjr sgd hlodq`shud
cnbjrnmsnsgdoqdbdchmfSAT`mccdkhmjrsgdoqd,khmjdcknvsnmd-Sghr
qtkdg`raddmenqltk`sdcsndwok`hmvgxnmkx`ghfgsnmdnbbtqrnmsgd
k`rsSAThmhlodq`shudenqlr-
1/8( S,qtkd009g,roqd`c`mck,cdkhmj
g k<
K
n
@bbnqchmf sn sghr qtkd+ ` ghfg qdfhrsdq ed`stqd roqd`cr nmsn sgd
SQM sn hsr qhfgs+`mc+ hm` rtardptdmsoqnbdrr+cdkhmjr sgd knvqdfhrsdq
238
ed`stqdeqnlsg`smncd-Sghrqtkdg`raddmtrdcsndwok`hmvgxknvsnmdr
`qdtorsdoodchmsgddmuhqnmldmsvgdqdsgdqdhr`oqdbdchmfekn`shmfghfg
snmd-
Hs g`r addm rgnvm hm sghr sgdrhr sg`s sgd Kdwhb`k Ognmnknfx ne
Midælhrl`cdtone svnmnm,bxbkhb kdudkr'rddrdbshnm1-6o`fd72,74(-
Sgdqnnsr`mcrsdlr`qdcdqhudc`skdudknmdvghkdsgdoqd,rsdll`sdqh`k
hrcdqhudc`skdudksvn-Sgdtmcdqhudckdwhb`khsdlnqqnnshrrb`mmdcax
sgdqtkdrnesgdognmnknfxoqhnqsnsgd`eehw`shnmnekdudknmdenql`shudr+
hmrtoonqsnesgdoqnonr`kl`cdaxG`kkd`mcLng`m`m'0874(-
SgdNakhf`snqxBnmsntqOqhmbhokdg`raddmentmcsnadoqnctbshud
hm Midæl- Hs hr `bshud `r ` bnmrsq`hms nm tmcdqkxhmf qdoqdrdms`shnmr `mc
dudm hm sgd bntqrd ne sgd cdqhu`shnm- Hm lnrs b`rdr+ hcdmshb`k `ci`bdms
snmdr `qd bn`kdrbdc axldqfdq+ ` qdo`hq rsq`sdfx dloknxdc hm nqcdq sn
r`shrexsgdNBObnmrsq`hms-
5-1 QdfhrsdqShdqSgdnqxLncdk
SgdQSSlncdkoqdrdmsdc hmRmhcdq '0888(g`raddmtrdc hm sghr
vnqj sn `bbntms l`hmkx enq snmnknfhb`k oqnbdrrdr- Sgd qdkdu`mbd ne
qdfhrsdqed`stqdrg`mcknm`QDFHRSDQSHDQ+ snm`ked`stqdrG`mcK
nm`SNM@KSHDQ+`SQMshdq`mc`SATshdq+`qq`mfdcfdnldsqhb`kkx
239
g`raddmcdlnmrsq`sdc-Enkknvhmfsghrlncdk+sghrrstcxg`raddm`akdsn
qdoqdrdmsd`bgsnmdhm`tmhptdl`mmdq-Sgdlncdkg`raddmbnlokdsdkx
qdkdu`mshm`bbntmshmfenqsgdcheedqdmssxodrnesnm`k`ksdqm`shnmrrtbg`r
`rrhlhk`shnmr+cnvmrsdo`mctorsdosg`snbbtqhmMidæl-Hsg`rodqlhssdc
snbg`q`bsdqhydhm`m`cdpt`sde`rghnmsgdcheedqdmssxodrnebnmsntqsnmdr
entmchmsghrk`mft`fd-
@rr`hchmRmhcdq'0888928(Èmns`kksg`ssgdlncdkb`mcnhrxds
`ssdrsdc-Í@fk`qhmfb`rdhmonhmshrsgdtorsdoneknvsnmdrcdrbqhadchm
sghrvnqj-SgdoqdchbshnmRmhcdql`cd`antstorsdob`madrtll`qhydc
`r enkknvr9 Ètorsdo ne `mx� snmd b`m ad sqhffdqdc ax `mx ekn`shmf snmd+
oqnuhcdcsgdqdfhrsdqnesgdekn`shmfsnmdhrnoonrhsdhmu`ktdsnsgdsnmd
sg`stmcdqfndrsgdtorsdo-ÍSnhkktrsq`sdghronhmsgdbhsdrcdrbqhoshnmrne
Lhcr sg`s tmcdqfn cnvmrsdo `mc ne Lhcr sg`s b`trd Ghfgr sn ad
cnvmrsdoodc'Rmhcdq0888942em12(-
Sgde`hktqdsnbhsdknvsnmdrsg`stmcdqfntorsdortffdrsrsg`srtbg
b`rdrvdqdmns`u`hk`akd`ssgdshld-Sgdhkktrsq`shnmnesghrogdmnldmnm
hmMidæl sgdqdenqdoqnuhcdr etqsgdqduhcdmbd sg`sbnmehql sgdoqdchbshnm
l`cd`antstorsdohmRmhcdq'0888(-
@ sgdnqx ne k`mft`fd b`m nmkx ad oqnodqkx du`kt`sdc vhsg etkkx
vnqjdc,ntsfq`ll`qrsg`sl`jdtrdnehshmg`mckhmf`bnlokdwancxne
240
hmsdq`bshmfogdmnldm`-@eqhb`mk`mft`fdrg`udrhfmhehb`mskxbnmsqhatsdc
snsgddrs`akhrgldmsneognmnknfhb`k`mcdrodbh`kkxsnmnknfhb`ksgdnqhdr-
Sn sghr dmc+ sghr rstcx g`r `bbtltk`sdc duhcdmbd enq sgd bk`hl sg`s
Qdfhrsdq Shdq Sgdnqx `oskx g`mckdr sgd snmnknfx ne k`mft`fdr sg`s `qd
snm`k-�
Bnmrhcdqhmf sg`s `kkgtl`madhmfr`mc sgdhqvnqjr`qd hlodqedbs+
`mcsg`ssghrsgdrhrhrmndwbdoshnm+rnldrgnqsbnlhmfrl`xadentmchm
hs- Cdrohsd sgdrd ek`vr+ hs hr vhrgdc sg`s hs vhkk rdqud `r ` fthcd sn
rstcdmsr`mc.nqqdrd`qbgdqrvgnl`xv`mssnudmstqdhmsnrstcxhmfsnmd
hm k`mft`fdr- Hs hr `krn ghfgkx gnodc sg`s sgd nardqu`shnmr `mc
dwok`m`shnmr`rrdlakdcgdqdvhkk rdqud`r`a`rhr sn sgddrs`akhrghmfne
sgd nqsgnfq`ogx ne sgd Midæl k`mft`fd `mc rtardptdmskx sn hsr
rs`mc`qchy`shnm-
241
QDEDQDMBDR
@jhmk`ah+ @- `mc L- Khadql`m- 1///- Sgd snm`k ognmnknfx ne Xnqta`
bkhshbr- Hm A- Fdqk`bg `mc I- Fqhydmgnts 'dcr-(+ Bkhshbr� hm�
Ognmnknfx+�lnqognknfx�`mc�Rxms`w-@lrsdqc`l.Oghk`cdkogh`9Ingm
Admi`lhmrOtakhrghmfBnlo`mx-
@jtlat+O-0888-Mnlhm`kOgnmnknfhb`kOqnbdrrdrhmA`a`mjh-L`rsdqr
chrrdqs`shnm-SgdTmhudqrhsxneX`ntmcdH-
-1///-SnmdhmMidælmntmr�'lr(-SgdTmhudqrhsxneX`ntmcdH-
@qbg`mfdkh+C-`mcC-Otkkdxak`mj-0883-FqntmcdcOgnmnknfx-
B`laqhcfd+L`rr9LHSOqdrr-
A`jdq+L-0878-NaidbsRg`qhmf`mcOqnidbshnmOqhmbhokdhmRdqh`kUdqa
Bnmrsqtbshnmr-MKKS-
Ad`unm+J-0880-J——yhldUdqa`kRxrsdl-HmR-@mcdqrnm`mcA-Bnlqhd
'dcr-(+Sdmrd�`mc�@rodbs�hm�Dhfgs�k`mft`fdr�ne�B`ldqnnm-�C`kk`r9
SgdRtlldqHmrshstsdneKhmfthrshbr`mcSgdTmhudqrhsxneSdw`r
`s@qkhmfsnm-36,0/3-
-0885-�Ptdkptdrnardqu`shnmrrtqkdrxrsd∆ldsnm`kctMixdæl-
'lr(-RHK+X`ntmcd-
-1///-Tmddrpthrrdcdfq`ll`hqddscdognmnknfhdMixdæl-'lr(-
RHKHmsdqm`shnm`k+X`ntmcd-
242
Akddj+V-0751-@Bnlo`q`shudFq`ll`qneRntsg@eqhb`mK`mft`fdr-
'Qdotakhrgdchm0860axFqdffHmsdqm`shnm`k+Vdrsld`c+Dmfk`mc(-
Anxc+U-0886-@Ognmnknfx`mcFq`ll`qneLancnln-L@Sgdrhr-
SgdTmhudqrhsxneSdw`r`s@qkhmfsnm-
Aqdsnm+ Q- `mc A- Engstmf- 0880- @sk`r @clhmhrsq`she cdr K`mftdr
M`shnm`kdrctB`ldqntm-O`qhr9@BBS:X`ntmcd9BDQCNSNK@-
Atqptdrs+C-0887-Ognmnknfhb`k@m`kxrhr9@Etmbshnm`k@ooqn`bg-
C`kk`r9RHK-
B`ghkk+ L- 0888- @rodbsr ne sgd Lnqognknfx `mc Ognmnknfx ne J—mmh-
Og-C-chrrdqs`shnm-NghnRs`sdTmhudqrhsx-
B`r`kh+Q-1//0`-Unvdkrxrsdlrne@eqhb`mk`mft`fdr-O`odqoqdrdmsdc
`ssgdBdmsq`k@eqhb`mKhmfthrshbrBnmrtks`msrRdlhm`q+X`ntmcd-
- 1//0a- Noshl`khsx sgdnqx `mc 'Z@SQ\( unvdk g`qlnmx- O`odq
oqdrdmsdc`s sgdBdmsq`k@eqhb`mKhmfthrshbrBnmrtks`msrRdlhm`q+
X`ntmcd-
Bgtlanv+A-R-`mcD-F-Mftdmcihn-0880-Ekn`shmfSnmdrhmA`mfv`-
Intqm`k�ne�Vdrs�@eqhb`m�K`mft`fdrUnk-10Mn 092,03-
Bk`qj+L-088/-SgdSnm`kRxrsdlneHfan-Cnqcqdbgs9Enqhr-
- 0882- Qdoqdrdms`shnm ne cnvmrsdo hm Crbg`mf A`lhkdjd- Hm
G`qqxU`mcdqGtkrs`mcJdhsgRmhcdq'dcr-(+16,62-
243
Bkdldmsr+F-M-0874-Sgdfdnldsqxneognmnknfhb`ked`stqdr-Ognmnknfx�
Xd`qannj19112,41-
- 0885-ÈQduhdvne sgdognmnknfxne snmd9Sgd qdoqdrdms`shnmne
snm`k qdfhrsdq+ dchsdc ax G`qqx U`m cdq Gtkrs `mc JdhsgRmhcdq-Í
K`mft`fd61'3(9736,41-
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