N.J. Biology End of Course
State Test Review
Biology Started With:
• Macromolecules- the molecules of life!• Lipids- fats, phospholipids of cell membranes-
CHO.• Proteins- found in tissues, cell membranes,
determined by DNA and assembled by RNA, CHON.
• Carbohydrates –used for energy. CHO• Nucleic Acids- genetic material-DNA, RNA,
CHOPS.
Where did these elements come from?
Natural Cycles- Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorous Cycle
All living things need water!
• Evaporation, precipitation, transpiration.
So how do these elements get into living things?
• Food Chains and food webs!• Starts with producers-autotrophs-
photosynthesis.• Consumers- heterotrophs, cellular respiration.
Life processes-• cellular respiration is essentially the reverse
reaction of photosynthesis. • The formula for photosynthesis is
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + light energy ----------> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2
and the formula for cellular respiration is
C6 H12 O6 + 6 02 ----------> 6 H2O+ 6 CO2+ energy
Continued-• You can see that the products of
photosynthesis fuel cellular respiration and the products of cellular respiration fuel photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to build glucose and release oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Cellular respiration combines oxygen with glucose in the mitochondria to produce ATP; water (along with a little heat) and carbon dioxide are produced as well.
What Else?
• Cells!• Prokaryotes- no nuclues. Eukaryotes- nucleus
Transport
• Passive- no energy, osmosis and diffusion.• Active – energy, pinocytosis, phagocytosis,
Na/K pump.
Genetics!
• DNA, RNA, chromosomes,genes, forms of inheritance
Cell Division!
• Mitosis and meiosis.
Evolution!
• Change over time.• Charles Darwin- Survival of the Fittest!
Ecology!
• Food Chains and Food Webs• Symbiotic Relationships• Biomes