Download - Nigar sultana muscle injuries
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JAMIA JAMIA HAMDARDHAMDARD
ASSIGNMENT ON
MUSCLE INJURIESMUSCLE INJURIES
•SUBMITTED TO: PREPARED BY:•DR.MINHAJ NIGAR SULTANA •DEPT. OF SURGERY ROLL NO. 32•FACULTY OF MEDICINE B.U.M.S IIIrd Prof
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Muscle Injuries
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INDEX
INTRODUCTIONMUSCULAR SYSTEMTYPE OF MUSCLESPROPERTIES OF MUSCLESACTION OF MUSCLESTYPE OF MUSCLE INJURIESCONTUSIONSTRAIN INJURY OF TENDONSCRAMPS AND SPRAINSCHRONIC MUSCULO TENDINOUS
INJURYREFERENCE
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Muscular System• Muscles are responsible for
all types of body movement.
• 3 basic muscle types found in body:
• Cardiac muscle• Smooth muscle• Skeletal muscle
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Muscle Types
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Smooth Muscle• Small and spindle shaped• Unmarked by an distinctive striations • aka Visceral • Involuntary • Unattached to bones• Act slowly• Do not tire easily• Can remain contracted for long time• Actions controlled by autonomic
nervous system• Found in wall of internal organs
– Stomach– Intestines– Uterus– Blood vessels
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Cardiac Muscle
• Only found in heart
• Striated and branched
• Involuntary
• Membranes of adjacent cells fused at intercalated discs
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Skeletal Muscle
• Attached to bones of the skeleton
• Striped or striated– Have cross-bandings of alternating
light/dark bands running perpendicular to length of muscle
• Also known as Voluntary muscle• Movement to limbs
– Contract quickly– Fatigue easily– Lack ability to remain contracted
for prolong periods
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Structure of a Skeletal Muscle
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Skeletal MuscleFunctionProduce
movement• Maintain posture• Stabilize joints• Generate heatSite of muscle
attachments• Bones • Cartilage• Connective
tissue coverings
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Properties of Muscle
• Contractility– Ability to shorten, reducing
distance between two parts• Excitability
– Ability to respond to stimuli• Extensibility
– Ability to lengthen; increase distance between two parts
• Elasticity – Ability to return to normal
shape
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Types of Muscle—Actions
• Prime mover (agonist)—muscle with the major responsibility for certain movement.
• Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover.
• Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation.
• Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover.
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Muscle Injuries
• Contusions• Strains• Tendon Injuries• Cramps/spasms• Over Exertion problems
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Contusion
• Bruise• Sudden traumatic blow to body (severe
compression force)• Not penetrate skin• Usually injury to blood vessels• Superficial, deep, or hemorrhage
• Hematoma (blood tumor): formation caused by pooling of blood and fluid w/in a tissue space
• Speed of healing depends on tissue damage and internal bleeding
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Contusion• Symptoms:
– Swelling– Point tenderness– Redness– Ecchymosis
• Treatment: PRICE, stretch• Complication: myositis ossificans—
calcification of the muscle to bone.
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Strains• Stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle
or adjacent tissue (fascia or muscle tendon)
• Severe tension force• Common sites:
– Hamstring– Quadriceps– Hip flexor– Biceps– Latissimus dorsi
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Strains• Grade 1
– Some muscle fibers stretched or torn– Some tenderness/pain with AROM
• Grade 2– Number of muscle fibers torn– Active contraction of muscle extremely
painful
• Grade 3– Complete rupture of muscle (MTJ)– Significant impairment or total loss of
movement
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Strains
Signs & Symptoms• Localized
swelling• Cramping• Inflammation• Loss of function• Pain• General
weakness• Discoloration
Prevention• Proper warm-up• Stretch• Proper
mechanics• Proper cool-
down/ stretch• Proper nutrition
& hydration
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Strains
• Treatment– Reduce swelling & pain– NSAIDs
• Severe—– Hard cast– Surgery
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Tendon Injuries—Anatomy of a Tendon
• Extension of muscle– Musculotendinous junction
• Contains wavy parallel collagenous fibers organized in bundles surrounded by gelatinous material that decreases friction
• Connects muscle to bone– Concentrates pulling forces in
limited area• Not as elastic • May run through sheath
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Tendon Injuries• Tears commonly
at muscle belly, musculotendinous junction, or bony attachment– Tendon double
strength muscle it serves
• Tendonitis: inflammation of tendon-muscle attachments, tendons, or both
• Tenosynovitis: inflammation of synovial sheath surrounding tendon
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Tendonitis• Signs & Symptoms
– Pain & inflammation– Worse with movement– Worse at night
• Treatment– PRICE– NSAIDs– Ultrasound therapy– Rehabilitation
• Prevention– Slowly increase intensity & type of
exercise– Don’t try to do more than ready for– Proper warm-up & stretch
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Cramps/Spasms• Cramp: painful
involuntary contraction of a skeletal muscle or muscle group
• Spasm: reflex reaction caused by trauma of musculoskeletal system
→ Can lead to muscle and tendon injuries
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Overexertion Muscle Injuries
Soreness• Muscular
pain from strenuous muscular exercise
• DOMS• Preventativ
e• Treatment
Stiffness• Occurs when muscles
worked hard for long period of time
• Fluids that collect in muscle during/after activity absorbed in bloodstream slowly
• Result in swollen, shorter, thicker muscle that resist stretching
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Chronic Musculotendinous Injuries
• Myositis: inflammation of muscle tissue
• Fasciitis: inflammation of muscle fascia– Fascia supports and separates
muscle• Tendinitis• Tenosynovitis
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Chronic Musculotendinous Injuries
Ectopic Calcification
• Myositis ossificans– Occur in muscle directly overlies bone
Atrophy• Wasting away of muscle tissue
– Immobilization of body part; loss of nerve simulation
Contracture• Abnormal shortening of muscle tissue• Resistance to passive stretch
– Associated with joint developed resisting scar tissue
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REFERENCE
• TEXTBOOK OF PATHOLOGY- HARSH MOHAN
• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY- B.D CHAURASIA
• MANIPAL MANUAL OF SURGERY• PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN BODY-
A.K JAIN• www.Wikipedia.com