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Physical Activity, Health & Economic OutcomesAjay Mahal, Monash University
February 11, 2014
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Outline
• Linking Physical Activity to Economic Outcomes
• So Why Don’t People Exercise More?
• Key Research Gaps
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I. Physical Activity & Economic Outcomes
• Physical Activity Indirectly Impacts Economic Outcomes via Health
• Physical Activity directly impacts Economic Outcomes
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Health and Economic Outcomes
• Labour Market Effects of Ill Health
Poor Health and Lower Productivity
Poor Health and Work Force Participation (Ill Person, Caregiver, Income Generation) • Expenses associated with Ill Health
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Obesity Penalty: % Body Fat versus Earnings Evidence from the US
(Source: Tome 2010)
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SRH and Labour Force Participation in Australia, 15-59 years, 2001
Sources: Kavetsos 2011, Morris 2006, Cai 2006)
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Adult Employment (%) is Lower in Households with Members with Chronic Disease in India, 2004
Variables Households With Chronic
Condition
Matched Households
Heart Disease 43.61 46.38
Cancer 48.50 51.82
Mahal et al (2013); Mahal et al (2014)
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Out of Pocket Spending on Cancer by Indian Households, 2004Source: Mahal et al. (2013)
Variables Households With Cancer
Matched Households
OOP Spending in 15-day reference period (INR) 118.33 44.77
OOP Expenditure on individuals without cancer
(15-day period) (INR)38.30 48.98
OOP Expenditure on conditions other than
cancer (15-day period, INR)15.54 28.83
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Physical Activity and Health
Physiological influence of Physical Activity (PA): cognitive ability (Angevaren 2008)
physical functionality (Maiorana 2001)
energy levels/motivation (Puetz 2006)
mental ill health (Dunn 2001)
risk chronic conditions (Warburton 2006)
all-cause mortality (dose-response) (Bauman 2003)
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Physical Inactivity main cause globally for:
•21-25% breast and colon cancers
•27% diabetes mellitus
•30% ischaemic heart disease
(WHO 2013)
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Effect of sports activity on over 16 year period in Europe (2000 Euros)
(Source: Lechner 2006)
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Direct Effects: Physical Activity and Appearance
• Fitness-related facial cues create the same impressions as faces that vary in attractiveness
• Fitness creates a perception as being more outgoing, socially competent, intelligent, and healthy
(Lakdawalla 2006, Zebrowitz 2008)
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II. So Why Don’t People Exercise More?Health: Illness, Overweight/Obesity
Demographics: Older Ages, Women, Families with Infant Children
Socioeconomic Status: Educational Attainment, Income, Opportunity cost of time
Psychological/Cultural: Belief in Sporting Ability, Deemphasize athletic endeavours
Environment: Availability of Facilities, Networks
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US Adults meeting Federal Physical Activity Guidelines
Population Group Prevalence, 2011 (Age ≥ 18y), %
Total (Both sexes) 21.0
All Males 24.9
All Females 17.1
Non-Hispanic White only 23.0
Non-Hispanic Black only 18.0
Hispanic or Latino 15.4
American Indian/Alaskan Native only 17.0
Asian only 16.7
(Go 2012)
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III. Key Research Gaps in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
• Economic Outcomes: Research on Physical Activity and its Implications for Economic Outcomes (particularly labor market outcomes) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
• Economic Roots of Physical Inactivity (income and occupational status, neighbourhood effects, migrant workers, urbanization)
• Evaluation of Interventions/Policies
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