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Top, ElectroWeak and QCD at the LHCMAYDA M. VELASCONORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY & COFI INSTITUTE
Lecture #1
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11/8/17 2
50 year anniversary of the Standard Model [1]
èToday: focus on Electroweak Interactions: g*, W±, Z0
èTomorrow: on top-quark
Strong interactions: gwill be included in both lectures
Higgs Boson covered by Williams1897 -- 1975
1968 -- 1994 1955 -- 1977
1956 -- 2000
2012
1983
1900 1979
[1] S. Weinberg, A Model of Leptons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1264 (1967)
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3
Formal Description of elementary particles and forces given by the Standard Model of Particle physics
Standard Model: Nature described by the Symmetry Groups
ElectroweakinteractionsStrong interactions
Weak HyperchargeWeakIsospin
Colour
SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1)
3 symmetry groupsÞ Interactions described by (only!) 3 coupling constants: gs, g, g’Þ Universal fermion-boson couplings
LHC able to give us precision
measurements of the relevant parameters
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6/20/17 4
ElectroWeakInteractions act on all know particles
QCDInteractions are only between gluons and
quarks
Top quarkMassive “bare quark” couples strongly with
all known forces
Decay tà WbHiggs Yukawa coupling
ttbar p
roduction
Single top production
Perturbativ
e regim
ePerturbative &
Non-perturbative regimes
MW, sin2qW, mtop,
MH,asProduction
A lot to be Covered…
I will be selective
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5
Weak neutral current:All particlesNo change of flavour
Weak charged current:All particlesFlavour changes
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Precision in Quantum Chromo Dynamics(QCD)
6
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Example, Drell-Yan Process: ppà Z or W
à Predictions needed as input
à Serious test of QCD with EWK processes
High pT: described at fixed-order of as by perturbative QCD predictions
Small pT: described using resummation of multiple soft-gluon emissions. Non-perturbative part that has to be parametrised and extracted from the data. è This is of great importance when calculating the W-mass
Main uncertainty in important EWK precision measurements
(W)
(n)
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P+ or Pb
P+ or Pb
Large Hadron Collider @ CERN
Ø Energy FrontierØ 20 Year program to
accumulate > 3000 fb-1
8
High Luminosity achievedwith beams with >1011 protons/bunch & > 2800 bunches in the ring
25ns
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LHC collisions: kinematics
29
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1 ASU1 0
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2010, 7 7e9, 45.0 pb−1
2011, 7 7e9, 6.1 fb−1
2012, 8 7e9, 23.3 fb−1
2015, 13 7e9, 4.2 fb−1
2016, 13 7e9, 40.8 fb−1
2017, 13 7e9, 49.8 fb−1
2018, 13 7e9, 23.2 fb−1
0
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CMS ,ntegrated LumLnosLty, SS
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6/20/17 11
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Proton – Proton Collisions
13 TeV
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Many Hard Processes
N = L s (acceptance) x (efficiency)
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LHC: For “hard” processes strong Interactions is directly between quarks
14
Low energyNUCLEON-NUCLEON
INTERACTIONS3 valence quarks
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Few comments on QCD relevant when discussion hard scattering processes
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At the LHC we need to have under control both the soft (underlying event) & hard QCD
6/20/17 16
Will
talk
mor
e ab
out u
nder
lying
eve
nt w
hen
we d
iscus
s top
-qua
rk
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Before we continue…The hard processes very often produce jets. We are continuously improving our jet reconstruction
6/20/17 17
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Identifying quark and gluon jets
6/20/17 18
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LHC Hostile environment
6/20/17 19
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Aside… I am going to show several cross section measurements
20
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6/20/17 21
[pb]
σPr
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Cro
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4−10
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CMS PreliminaryMay 2017
All results at: http://cern.ch/go/pNj7W
n jet(s)≥
Z
n jet(s)≥
γW γZ WW WZ ZZµll, l=e,→, Zνl→EW: W
qqWEW
qqZEW
WW→γγ
jjγWEW
ssWW EW
jjγZEW
ZZjjEW γWV γγZ γγW tt
=n jet(s)
t-cht tW s-cht γtt tZq ttW ttZ ttttσ∆ in exp. Hσ∆Th.
ggH qqHVBF VH ttH HH
CMS 95%CL limits at 7, 8 and 13 TeV
)-1 5.0 fb≤7 TeV CMS measurement (L )-1 19.6 fb≤8 TeV CMS measurement (L )-1 35.9 fb≤13 TeV CMS measurement (L
Theory prediction
QCD
EW
Top
Higgs
V+ 2 jets
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6/20/17 22
Focus 1st on EW production of single bosons and Multiboson
Huge range of production Cross Sections
BosonEW
DibosonsEW
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What do I mean by saying QCD or EW boson production ?Many future analysis will have this topology
Notice that they all involve jets…6/20/17 23
EWK: VBF Signal
VBF: Vector Boson Fusion VBS: Vector Boson Scattering
Future of the LHCGreat topology to
search for new high mass
resonances
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11/8/17
In SM, VBS crucial because (i) WLWL à WLWLvanishes, only (ii) WTWTà WTWT is present
MVV
(i) ≠ 0: additional particles are Responsible for EWSB
MH
• VL VL scattering linked to the mechanism responsible for the EWSB:
More on Higgs Lectu
res
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11/8/17 25
We know how to reconstruct jets… therefore we can identify:
ppà qqV or qqVVppà jj V ppà jj VV
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11/8/17 26
Multibosons are also used to search for new physics via anomalous couplings
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11/8/17 27
Anomalous couplings § Limiting factor: Observed statistics in the tail,
systematics and statistical uncertainty on the S/B model è Will improve as luminosity increases
§ Anomalous couplings result in an increase of cross sections at high energies o Invariant mass of the diboson system and the
boson pT are particularly sensitive
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11/8/17 28
Tribosons First study by ATLAS of W±W±W∓ to l±" +l±"+l±" and l±"+l± "+##
More statistics will come @13 TeVAccess to quartic
anomalous couplings
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11/8/17 29
To provide precise measurements of fundamental parameters to tests the theory:
Why? To have access to potential virtual new particles that might not be directly accessible at the current center of mass energy… just as we did for the Higgs before the actual observation
Role of precision EWK measurements @ Hadron Colliders
as
Some tension already in data … Better precision before we can
conclude if significant
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Precision measurements with W’s and Z bosons
6/20/17 30
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W and Z Boson Production• Many detailed EWK
studies possible – and done -- with the large Z,W samples
• Here we will focus on• sin2qW• W-Mass• Lepton Universality
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Before we proceed…
Some historical & theoretical
background of the
ElectroWeakmodel
6/20/17 32
From: M.A. Thomson
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SU(2)L : The Weak Interaction – W boson
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W Spin-1 – 3 possible polarizations:W helicity affects the kinematics of the outgoing leptons
6/20/17 34
Both W+ and W− bosons produced with high pT at the LHC have a dominant left-handed polarization along their directionof flight
When left-handed W+ is produced in the transverse plane, its decay left- handed neutrino will be preferentially emitted along the flight direction
While for left-handed W− , the charged lepton will fly preferentially in the same direction of the W, and the right-handed anti-neutrino will choose the other direction.
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W helicity and best production mechanism of W with high momentum transfer
6/20/17 35
W- n
Dominates when starting from valence quarks
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6/20/17 36
Polarization fraction depend not only on q, f, but also PT and pseudorapitity y
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But independent of the number of jets for W with high pT
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Aside: W helicity sensitive to the u & d fraction on the proton
A priori, the values of the fiparameters are not expected to be the same for both charges, since for partonswhich carry a large fraction of the proton’s momentum, the ratio of valence u quarks to sea quarks is higher than that for valence d quarks
6/20/17 38
Asymmetry is created
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SU(2)L : The Weak Interaction – Z boson
+
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How to measure sin2qW at the LHC using ppà Z ?
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Interplay between ! & Z0 and the Vector and Axial-Vector nature of the Z0
Quantum Mechanical Effects
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WORLD AVERAGE: Including LHC Results based on FB asymmetries in Z-decays
6/20/17 43Reduction by factor of 2 expected with 13 TeV data and by 4 at the HL-LHC
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Motivation for precise measurement of the W-mass
6/20/17 44
• SM at LO the W boson mass depends on parameters known with high precision:
• Beyond LO : corrections depending on mH and mtop
• Test of SM: compare measured mW to prediction from SM EWK fit • SM fit without mW: mW = 80354 +/- 7 MeV (arXiv:1803.01853) • Previous combined measurements :
LEP mW = 80376 +/- 33 MeV Tevatron mW = 80387 +/- 16 MeV
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W-Mass Determination
45
• Measurement based on 7 TeV data (4.6 fb-1). It takes time to get the systematic uncertainties under control for precision!!
• Included ~14.106 W leptonically decaying W candidates
• Technique uses template fits to the W- pT and mTpredictions
arXiv:1701.07240
Calibration of energy scale, recoil response and efficiency studies using the large Z sample. Modelling
of helicity effects constrained by W and Z data.
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W Mass Measurement
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Lepton Universality in W-decaysIf anomalies in b-meson decays into t’s (D*tn) persists, it becomes more important to revise our
assumptions on Lepton Universality6/20/17 47
t BR ~2.7 σlarger than e/µ
No change Since 2005…
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Possible because ttbar and tW are
a great source of W±
11/8/17 48
Becoming harder to mantain low energy thresholds for single lepton triggers level @ the LHC è Future requires new trigger schemes
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More tomorrow…
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