New Aviation Technologies
and Challenges in Training
Lou NémethChief Safety Officer
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Dealing with the Black Swan in training
What is the theory?
What can we do about it as it applies to aviation training?
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How will technology improvements influencing the type of simulators on the market?
Technology will increase safety while increasing efficiencies for our customers, but how?► The greater the fidelity of the device the more efficient the
learning► Converse is also true► What are the consequences of teaching stalls in a narrow
envelope?
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Aircraft Technology and Instructional Technology
4
FFS
Footp
rin
t Len
gth
D
ays
Tech
nolo
gy
Com
ple
xit
y
Time
1980 FMS EFIS FBS CBT IPT Vsim AQP ISD MFTD EVIDENCED BASED 2010
Technology in Aircraft
Training Technology
10
20
12
14
16
18
Less
More
The pace of training technology growth exceeds the
pace of aircraft technology growth circa 2000; this begins to bring down
the cost of training while demand for training will soar 2 – 3 years after 911.
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Aircraft Technology and Instructional Technology
5
FFS
Footp
rin
t Len
gth
D
ays
Tech
nolo
gy
Com
ple
xit
y
Time
Technology in Aircraft
Training Technology
10
20
12
14
16
18
Less
More
There is a lag in time between the introduction of training technology and the efficiency benefit.
Airlines are not typically early adopters. A competitive advantage may be achieved w/o the
risks that goes with early adoption by contracting training service providers.
1980 FMS EFIS FBS CBT IPT Vsim AQP ISD MFTD EVIDENCED BASED 2010
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ITQI - ICAO IATA Round Table 7
Years Of Operation
2nd jet generation
Sources: Airclaims, Airbus
All aircraft
1st generation
2nd generation3rd generation
4th generation
Includes western built jetsExcludes training, flight test, war, terrorism
2nd generation:Hull Loss
per million departures
1st generation:
Early jet
3rd generation:
Glass-cockpitNav displayFMS
4th generation:
FBWFlight EnvelopeProtection
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
Hull Losses per Aircraft Generation
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Cost of Accidents
INJURIES•Compensation for lost earnings•Medical & hospital costs•Awards for permanent disabilities•Rehab costs•Funeral Costs•Pensions for dependents
PROPERTY DAMAGE•Fire•Losses and damage•Use & occupancy•Liability
INSUREDCOSTS
UNINSUREDCOSTS
WATER LINE
INJURIES•First Aid Expenses•Transportation Costs•Investigation Costs•Cost of Processing Reports
WAGE LOSSES•Interrupted work time•Hours cleaning up accident•Time spent repairing eqpmnt
PRODUCTION LOSSES•Product spoiled by accident•Loss of skill & experience•Worker replacement•Idle machine time
ASSOCIATED COSTS•Dif between losses & recovery•Equipment replacement•Surplus workers•Disabled worker costs•Overhead while production stopped
OFF THE JOB ACCIDENTS•Medical Services•Injured worker welfare•Loss of skill & experience•Training
INTANGIBLES•Low Morale -- Labor conflict•PR & Loss of Goodwill
Ramp incidents cost the industry $3 billion per year, or $300,000 per aircraft -- Indirect costs exceed direct costs by a factor of 20
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Example Costs
Type of Event Direct Cost Indirect Cost
A/C struck by catering truck
$17,000 $230,000
A/C struck by another while
taxiing
$1.9 million $4.9 Million
Jetway struck A/C $50,000 $600,000
A/C struck by tug during pushback
$250,000 $200,000
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CAE’s Training Philosophy
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Clearly efficient but
is it safe?
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Will technology change the
balance between safety &
efficiency?
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Will even more technology change the
balance between safety
& efficiency?
No amount of technology, by
itself, will make us safe.
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Single Pilot Judgment Process
Did I id the environment
early enough?
Did I act in a timely
manner?
Did I feel confident?
Cognitive Process Span all phases
Gut check spans all phases
Sense/Identify Frame/Name Mobilze/Align Call Make it happen Learn/Adjust
Redo Redo Redo
Did I cut through the
complexity & get to the essence?
Did I have parameters
in mind?
Did I consider
those impacted?
Did I use all resources?
Did I come to a yes/no decision?
Could I clearly
explain my judgment?
Did I stay in the game?
Did I set clear
milestones?
Was I supportive of those trying to help me?
Did I get or solicit
feedback?
Did I make adjustments based on the
feedback?
Was the feedback
continuous?
Judgment; Tichy & Bennis; Penguin Publishers, 2007
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Two tools together Judgment Model & Flight Data Animation Tools
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Interactive Demo
The Strengths of Technology Applied To Training
16
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In Conclusion
Technology for the sake of technology solves nothing; holistic approaches that take into account the cognitive sciences are required
Technologies used to implement reflection by themselves are ineffective they must be paired with judgment tool questionnaires; enough practice with them creates the necessary clairvoyance and a better pilot
A decrease in fidelity will dramatically decrease learning outcomes
Training should leverage new technologies for the sake of safety and efficiency
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Thank you