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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN 1
NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND TRAFFIC ANALYSIS FOR WIMAXSpeaker: Dedi Rahmawan Putra (95598052)Supervisor: Dr. Kai-Wei Ke
July, 28 2008
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
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Outline
July, 28 2008
Simple Network Management Protocol Development of Network Management
Station (NMS) Network Management Deployment on
IEEE 802.16 system Traffic Analysis Closing Remarks
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN 3
SNMPSIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
Principle OperationStandardsObject Addressing
July, 28 2008
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
SMI (Structure of Management Information)Define how management information may look
like SMIv2 (currently used)
MIBs (Management Information Bases)Tell what management information exists MIB-II (currently used)
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)Define how information is exchanged SNMPv1, SNMPv2c, SNMPv3
Standards
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
NMS
Agent
MIB
poll
pollpoll
TRAPS
GET/SET
variable
table
MIBMIBAgent
Agent
Principle Operation
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Ensuring that each variable
gets a unique name
for interne
t people
for company
or university
Object Addressing (1)
OID: 1.3.6.1.2.1
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
OID: 1.3.6.1.2.1 wmanIfMib is defined under
this branch
Object Addressing (2)
OID: 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1
e.g.Scalar Instance: 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0Table Instance: 1.3.6.1.2.1.2.1.1.1
GET 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0 = “MP.16 BS v.130” Column number
Index Value
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN 8
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NETWORK MANAGEMENT STATION (NMS)ChallengesSystem Context DiagramSystem ArchitectureFront PageSimple NMS WorkflowNMS DEMONSTRATION
July, 28 2008
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July, 28 2008
Remote Accessibility Continuous Monitoring Cross Platform Widely Applicable for SNMP-Capable Device User friendly tools and menu Configurable Objects parameters Satisfying Requirements: Operation, Administration,
Maintenance, Provisioning, Functions Robust Feature Extendable
Challenges
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
MIB
MIB
MIB
User
Presentation Logic
Control Logic
Database Driver
SNMP Tools
LAN/MAN/WAN
Network Management
Station
Database Server
Agents
WiMAX BS
WiMAX SS Access Point Printer
SNMP
SNMP
SNMP
SNMP SNMPPC
MIBMIB
System Context Diagram
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Database
Session Beans
Entity Beans
ServletsJSP Pages
Java EE Server
Web Container
EJB Container
Client
Browser
Applets
Class Library
System Architecture
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Front Page
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Object Registra
tionAgent
Registration
Agent-Object
MappingObject
Monitoring
Simple NMS Workflow
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN 14
NMS DEMONSTRATION
July, 28 2008
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN 15
NETWORK MANAGEMENT DEPLOYMENT ON IEEE 802.16 SYSTEM
Network Management System DeploymentChallengesMonitoring ParametersMonitoring ScenarioMonitoring Result Snapshots
July, 28 2008
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
WiMAX BS140.124.183.210
WiMAX SS-1140.124.183.211
AP-1140.124.183.213
Internet
WiMAX SS-2140.124.183.212
AP-2140.124.183.214
NMS140.124.183.224
User Client
Clients
Clients
Gateway
Wired or Wireless
Network Management System Deployment
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Wireless Environment Unstable WiMAX Test-Bed Network
System Limited MIB Agents Time Constrain Collecting Adequate Data
Challenges
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Monitoring Parameters
July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
QoS Service Class: UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, Best Effort Modulation Type: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Traffic Intensity: light load, heavy load Data flow: Downlink (DL), Uplink (UL) Data Traffic:
UGS: VoIP rtPS: MPEG video, web-TV nrtPS: file transfer (FTP) BE: internet application(web browsing), email
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Monitoring Scenario
July, 28 2008
WiMAX BS140.124.183.210
WiMAX SS-1140.124.183.211
WiMAX SS-2140.124.183.212
WiMAX Wireless Mediumeth0 eth0
eth0
OUTIN OUT
IN
OUT
IN
wmanIfBsSsPacketCounterTableNOT
EXIST
ifTable on MIB-II StandardifInOctets
ifInUcastPktsifOutOctetsifOutUcastPkts
• May introduce inaccurate result• Traffic Pattern can be observed
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Monitoring Result Snapshots
July, 28 2008
e.g. Best Effort Heavy Load on SS-1
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN 21
TRAFFIC ANALYSISSelf-Similar vs Poisson Traffic ModelChallengesUGS Service ClassrtPS Service ClassnrtPS Service ClassBest Effort Service ClassAnalysis Summary
July, 28 2008
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Poisson Model Self-Similar ModelConsiders network arrival as a random process.
Uses autocorrelation and does not consider the network traffic to be random.
Does not scale the bursty traffic properly.
Scales bursty traffic well, because it has similar characteristics on any scale.
In fine scale, bursty traffic appears bursty, while in coarse scale, bursty traffic appears smoothed out and looks like random noise.
Gives more accurate pictures due to Long Range Dependence in the network traffic.
Self-Similarity vs. Poisson Model
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Inaccurate Data source Short Duration Data Self-similarity assessment methods:
Pictorial Guess, Variance-Time Plot, Rescaled Adjusted Range (R/S) Plot
Hurst Parameter Estimation
Challenges
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UGS Service Class (1)
July, 28 2008
0 100 200 300 400 5000
50
100
150ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (UGS Heavy)
Time Unit = 1000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 10 20 30 40 500
5000
10000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (UGS Heavy)
Time Unit = 50000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 50 100 150 200 2500
1000
2000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (UGS Heavy)
Time Unit = 10000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 100 200 300 400 5000
20
40
60ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (UGS Light)
Time Unit = 1000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
1000
2000
3000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (UGS Light)
Time Unit = 50000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
200
400
600ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (UGS Light)
Time Unit = 10000 milliseconds
Valu
e
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
1
2
3R/S Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (UGS-Heavy)
log10(N)
log1
0(R/
S)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3-2
-1
0
1
2Variance Time Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (UGS Heavy)
log10(m)
log1
0(Va
rianc
es)
UGS Service Class (2)
July, 28 2008
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3-2
-1
0
1Variance Time Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (UGS Light)
log10(m)
log1
0(Va
rianc
es)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
1
2
3R/S Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (UGS Light)
log10(N)
log1
0(r/s
)
β = -1.0329
H = 0.4836
Slope = -1 Slope = -1β = -0.8488
H = 0.5756
Slope = 0.5
Slope = 1Slope = 0.5
Slope = 1H = 0.6828 H = 0.5316
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rtPS Service Class (1)
July, 28 2008
0 100 200 300 400 5000
100
200
300ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (rtPS Heavy)
Time Unit = 1000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 10 20 30 400
5000
10000
15000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (rtPS Heavy)
Time Unit = 50000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 50 100 150 2000
1000
2000
3000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (rtPS Heavy)
Time Unit = 10000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 100 200 300 400 5000
100
200
300ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (rtPS Light)
Time Unit = 1000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 50 100 150 2000
1000
2000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (rtPS Light)
Time Unit = 10000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
2000
4000
6000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (rtPS Light)
Time Unit = 50000 milliseconds
Valu
e
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
1
2
3
4Variance Time Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (rtPS Heavy)
log10(m)
log1
0(Va
rianc
es)
rtPS Service Class (2)
July, 28 2008
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
1
2
3Variance Time Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (rtPS Light)
log10(m)
log1
0(Va
rianc
es)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3R/S Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (rtPS Heavy)
log10(N)
log1
0(r/s
)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
1
2
3R/S Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (rtPS Light)
log10(N)
log1
0(r/s
)
β = -0.4495H = 0.7752
Slope = -1Slope = -1
β = -1.1594H = 0.4203
Slope = 0.5
Slope = 1
Slope = 0.5
Slope = 1H = 0.5507 H = 0.7686
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
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nrtPS Service Class
July, 28 2008
0 100 200 300 400 5000
200
400
600ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (nrtPS Heavy)
Time Unit = 1000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 50 100 150 200 2500
2000
4000
6000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (nrtPS Heavy)
Time Unit = 10000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 10 20 30 40 500
1
2
3x 10
4ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (nrtPS Heavy)
Time Unit = 50000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 100 200 300 400 5000
200
400
600ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (nrtPS Light)
Time Unit = 1000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 10 20 30 400
1
2x 10
4ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (nrtPS Light)
Time Unit = 50000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 50 100 150 2000
2000
4000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (nrtPS Light)
Time Unit = 10000 milliseconds
Valu
e
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nrtPS Service Class
July, 28 2008
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 31
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Variance Time Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (nrtPS Heavy)
log10(m)
log1
0(Va
rianc
es)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 31
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4Variance Time Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (nrtPS Light)
log10(m)
log1
0(Va
rianc
es)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3R/S Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (nrtPS Heavy)
log10(N)
log1
0(r/s
)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3R/S Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (nrtPS Light)
log10(N)
log1
0(r/s
)
β = -0.2832 H = 0.8584
Slope = -1 Slope = -1
β = -0.5039
H = 0.7480
Slope = 0.5
Slope = 1
Slope = 0.5
Slope = 1
H = 0.8409 H = 0.5933
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Best Effort Service Class (1)
July, 28 2008
0 100 200 300 400 5000
100
200
300ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (BE Heavy)
Time Unit = 1000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 20 40 60 800
5000
10000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (BE Heavy)
Time Unit = 50000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 100 200 300 4000
1000
2000
3000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (BE Heavy)
Time Unit = 10000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 100 200 300 400 5000
200
400ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (BE Light)
Time Unit = 1000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 10 20 30 40 500
5000
10000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (BE Light)
Time Unit = 50000 milliseconds
Valu
e
0 50 100 150 200 2500
1000
2000
3000ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (BE Light)
Time Unit = 10000 milliseconds
Valu
e
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Best Effort Service Class (2)
July, 28 2008
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5Variance Time Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (BE Heavy)
log10(m)
log1
0(Va
rianc
es)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 31
2
3
4Variance Time Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (BE Light)
log10(m)
log1
0(Va
rianc
es)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3R/S Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (BE Heavy)
log10(N)
log1
0(r/s
)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3R/S Plot ifOutUcastPkts-SS1 (BE Light)
log10(N)
log1
0(r/s
)
β = -0.5333
H = 0.7333Slope = -1
Slope = -1
β = -1.1141
H = 0.4429
Slope = 0.5
Slope = 1Slope = 0.5
Slope = 1
H = 0.7958 H = 0.7413
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
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Analysis Summary
July, 28 2008
Rank
QoS Category
Traffic Intensi
tyPictorial Guess
Hurst variance
plot
Hurst by R/S Plot
Average Hurst
1 nrtPS Heavy Self-Similar 0.8584 0.8409 0.8497
2 Best Effort Heavy Self-
Similar 0.7333 0.7958 0.7646
3 nrtPS Light Self-Similar 0.7480 0.5933 0.6707
4 rtPS Heavy Poisson 0.7752 0.5507 0.66305 rtPS Light Poisson 0.4203 0.7686 0.59456 Best
Effort Light Self-Similar 0.4429 0.7413 0.5921
7 UGS Heavy Uniform 0.4836 0.6828 0.58328 UGS Light Uniform 0.5756 0.5306 0.5531
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN 33
CLOSING REMARKS
ConclusionsFuture Works
July, 28 2008
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Conclusions
July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
The NMS had been designed, implemented, and deployed successfully.
The monitoring procedure was done on Ethernet interface using the objects of MIB-II standard.
The response time in notifying the network manager much depends on wireless link quality and the traffic intensity.
Different QoS class and traffic intensity generated different traffic behavior and self-similarity degree.
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Future Works
July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Continuing the incremental sequence to NMS Development. Defining additional features to support more functionality
into NMS system, e.g. providing statistical analysis Integrating the NMS with another system, e.g. developing
Java application client. Developing J2ME application is also possible for operation on
mobile device. Establishing additional research on self-similar model
towards WiMAX QoS. Collecting more rigorous data to get more convincing result. Repeatable analysis and measurement once the WiMAX MIB
interface is available.
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN 36
THANK YOU
July, 28 2008
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Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
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Network Management Requirement Analysis
July, 28 2008
Operation deals with keeping the network up and running smoothly.
Administration deals with keeping track of resources in the network and how they are assigned.
Maintenance regards with performing repairs, upgrades, and corrective and preventive measures to make the managed network run better.
Provisioning is concerned with configuring resources in the network to support a given service.
Functions that are performed as part of network management accordingly.
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Retrieving Scalar Value
July, 8 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
1.1.0
1.2.1.0 1.2.2.0
Object OID: 1.1
Instance OID: 1.1.0
Value
GET 1.1.0 = 140.124.181.210
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Retrieving Table Entries Value
July, 8 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
X.C.I = OidOfTable.ColumnNumber.IndexValue
new-MIB.routeTable.next.8 = 3
destination
1.3.2.8 = 3
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
FeaturesSatisfied Requirements
Operation Administration Maintenance Provisioning FunctionsObject Registration x xObject Summary xAgent Registration x xAgent Summary xAgent object Management x x xAgent Status Control x x xStatic Monitoring x x xDynamic Monitoring x xGrouped Monitoring x xManager System Control x xAgent Management Structure x xAdmin Login Control x x xServer Time x xPing Tool x x xGet Tool x x xSet Tool x x x xLogs of Activities x x
Feature Refinement
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
+getId() : Long+setId(in id : Long) : void+getIpAddress() : String+setIpAddress(in ipAddress : String) : void+getName() : String+setName(in name : String) : void
-id : Long-ipAddress : String-name : String-type : String-deviceStatus : Boolean-monitorStatus : Boolean-snmpVersion : int-snmpPort : int-communityWrite : String-communityRead : String
AgentEntity
+getId() : Long+setId(in id : Long) : void+getName() : String+setName(in name : String) : void+getSyntax() : String+setSyntax(in syntax : String) : void
-id : Long-oid : String-name : String-syntax : String-maxaccess : String-description : String-retrievalMethod : String-asDefault : Boolean-intervalRetrieval : int-enumeration : Boolean
ObjectEntity
+getId() : Long+setId(in id : Long) : void+equals(in object : Object) : Boolean
-id : LongAgentObjectEntity
+getId() : Long+setId(in id : Long) : void+getInstanceValue() : int+setInstanceValue(in value : int) : void+getMeaning() : String+setMeaning(in meaning : String) : void
-id : Long-instanceValue : int-meaning : String
EnumInstanceEntity
+getId() : Long+setId(in id : Long) : void+getMoment() : Long+setMoment(in moment : Long) : void+getInstanceValue() : String+setInstanceValue(in value : String) : void
-id : Long-moment : Long-retrievalValue : String
MonitoringEntity
-agentEntity
0..*1
0..*
-objectEntity
1
1
-gateway0..1
1
-objectEntity0..*
-agentObjectEntity 0..*
1
Implementation Class Diagram
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Header
Footer
Content
Content
Menu
Content
Content
Containers and contents are implemented using JSP
GUI Layout
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aimed to detect the device status utilizes isReachable() function call
provided by Java. Implemented using Stateless Session
Bean within EJB Container.
Ping Function
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Get Function
July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Used for monitoring feature and simple Get feature.
Implemented using Stateless Session Bean within EJB container.
To perform the value retrieval from a specific object ID in the MIB agent.
Utilizing Snmp4j library to create SNMP PDU and execute Get command.
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Implemented using Stateless Session Bean within EJB container.
Used for simple Set tool feature To create SetRequest-PDU and execute Set command, we also utilize Snmp4j library.
Set Function
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To schedule a sequence of actions by giving a certain delay in between.
Implemented using Stateless Session Bean within EJB container.
Constructed by 3 sub functions: initiating timer, cancelling timer, timeout actions.
Used for dynamic monitoring and Auto-ping feature.
Timer Interval
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Chart Generator
July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Generates the chart presentations on monitoring procedure.
Utilizing JFreeChart library. Two kinds of charting presentation available: bar
or histogram time series chart, and line time series chart.
Implemented in: Servlet within web container: for Static PNG image Applet within Applet Class Library: for real monitoring
The chart is a time series domain chart drawn against the retrieval value
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displaying hidden field
Object Registration UI
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July, 28 2008Network Management and Traffic Analysis for Wireless MAN
Object ID Object Name Syntax: the object data type Max-Access: the maximum possible access Description Make Default for New agent: special field
intended to distinguish which objects should be included in a newly-registered agent by default.
Object Registration Field
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meaningless status value for human readable
more understandable meaning
Syntax Enumeration
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Once: retrieved once when the monitoring starts. Eg: SystemDescription, systemName.
Continuously-Updated-Value: retrieved and updated regularly. Eg: systemUpTime.
Line-Chart: retrieved regularly, the previously retrieval data will be kept.
Bar-Chart: basically similar with Line-Chart one, but using bar-chart or histogram to illustrate the monitored object.
newly appeared field
Object Retrieval Method
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hidden by default
show hidden field
Agent Registration UI
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IP Address Agent name Device type: the level position in the WiMAX network
deployment hierarchy: WiMAX-BS, WiMAX-SS, AP, CLIENT
Upper level gateway: which upper gateway the device belongs to.
SNMP version : which compatible SNMP standard the device agent is designed for: v1, v2c, v3
Read Community: community string for read access. Write Community: community string for write access. SNMP Port
Agent Registration Field
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Need confirmation: monitoring in progress? restart
Object naming convention: name + index for Table instances
Agent Object Management
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•OK•Need Attention•Not Performed
Agent Status Control
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Used for: Once and Continuously-Updated-Value
Static Monitoring
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Line-Chart
Object NameBar-Chart(Histogram)
Dynamic Monitoring
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wmanIfMib = 1.3.6.1.2.1.10.184
wmanIfMibObjects = 1.3.6.1.2.1.10.184.1
wmanIfBsObjects (1) wmanIfSsObjects (2) wmanIfCommonObjects (3)
wmanIfBsPacketCswmanIfBsCpswmanIfBsPkmObjectswmanIfBsNotificationwmanIfBsPhy
wmanIfSsPkmObjectswmanIfSsNotificationwmanIfSsPhy
wmanIfCmnPacketCswmanIfCmnCpswmanIfCmnPkmObjects
wmanIfMibConformance = 1.3.6.1.2.1.10.184.2
wmanIfMibGroups (1) wmanIfMibCompliances (2)
IEEE Std. 802.16f-2005
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Object ID Object Name Syntax Max-Access
1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.2.x1 ifDescr OCTET-STRING READ-ONLY1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.5.x1 ifSpeed Gauge32 READ-ONLY1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.10.x1 ifInOctets Counter32 READ-ONLY1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.11.x1 ifInUcastPkts Counter32 READ-ONLY1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.12.x1 ifInNUcastPkts Counter32 READ-ONLY1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.14.x1 ifInErrors Counter32 READ-ONLY1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.16.x1 ifOutOctets Counter32 READ-ONLY1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.17.x1 ifOutUcastPkts Counter32 READ-ONLY1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.18.x1
ifOutNUcastOctets Counter32 READ-ONLY
MIB Extraction
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Management Scenario Flowchart
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WiMAX QoS Classes
July, 28 2008
UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service) Used for real-time constant bit rate service that gives periodic transfer data at similar packet size (burst) and sensitive towards throughput, latency, and jitter.
Real Time Polling Service (rtPS)Used for real-time service flows with periodic variable size data packets which is sensitive toward the throughput and latency, but with loosely tolerance compared to UGS guaranteed rate and delay requirement
Non-Real-Time Polling Service (nrtPS) Used for non real-time services with regular variable size burst that needs intensive throughput with minimal guarantee on its latency
Best Effort (BE) This service is dedicated to the network traffic that doesn’t require guaranteed data rate and delay
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Equations
July, 28 2008
Variance-Time
Rescaled Adjusted Range (R/S)
Linear Regression