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Network Architecture for CyberspaceJoel Crichlow, Ph.D
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Network Architecture
Layers
Protocols
Standards
ISO/OSI Reference Model◦ International Organization for Standardization/Open
Systems Interconnection TCP/IP
◦ Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
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ISO/OSI
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Physical Layer
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Analog-to-Digital Conversion◦ Modulation/Demodulation - modem
Transmission Media
Multiplexing
Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
Errors◦ Error correcting codes◦ Error detecting codes
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Transmission Media
Twisted pair Coaxial cable Optical fibers Wireless Transmission
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MultiplexingFrequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
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MultiplexingTime Division Multiplexing (TDM)
user 1
Channel
4
Channel
3
Channel
2
Channel
1
user 3
user 4
user 2
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Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Circuit Switching
◦ Complete end-to-end path for exclusive use throughout the duration of session
Message Switching◦ Store-and-forward
Packet Switching
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Data Link Layer
Link management◦ Efficient and reliable transmission of information from
one node (host or PSN) in the network to a neighboring node
Frames◦ Constructed from packets received from upper layer
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Frames Flag – Begin, End
Bit stuffing◦ For example, if the flag is 01111110, then no sequence of 6 ‘1’ bits is allowed, a
‘0’ bit is inserted (stuffed) after every sequence of five ‘1’ bits
FLC - kind of frame, sequence number and acknowledgement indication
CRC – polynomial code
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Network Layer
Connection Oriented Service◦ Set up connection then transfer data
Connectionless Service◦ Transfer data without setting up connection◦ Acknowledged, Unacknowledged
Virtual Call◦ Virtual Circuit for all packets in right sequence
Datagram◦ Each packet handled independently
Routing
Flow Control
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Routing Shortest Path
Best Route◦ number of hops◦ distance (usually km)◦ bandwidth◦ traffic◦ communication cost
Static Routing
Dynamic Routing
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Distance vector Routing
Route
to
Preferred out line Distance in hops
A A 0
B B 1
C B 2
D G 2
E E 1
F E 2
G G 1
Table at Router A
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Path vector routing Current path vector for router A
Route to Preferred outline Path
A A A
B B A-B
C B A-B-C
D G A-G-D
E E A-E
F E A-E-F
G G A-G
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Dynamic routing
Link State routing◦ Determine the delay along the link to neighbors◦ Send this information to all the other routers◦ Use this information to establish the shortest path to
every other router
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Flow control and congestion
Too much traffic can overwhelm the system Finite bandwidth, finite memory Processing overhead Dropped packets Re-sends
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Transport Layer
Process-to-Process Network-wide Addressing
◦ Name Servers Service
◦ Connection oriented◦ Connectionless◦ Integrity of delivered messages◦ Flow control
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Session Layer
Application-oriented flavor◦ Different characteristics may determine different
procedures◦ Distributed computation vs multimedia transfer
Session management◦ Multiple transport connections◦ Multiple sessions over single transport connection
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Presentation Layer
Data Integrity◦Data formats◦Conversions
Security and Privacy◦Encryption
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Application Layer
The User Layer Useful Open? Friendly?
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TCP/IP
ISO/OSI?
Five Layers
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol◦ Connection Oriented
UDP – User Datagram Protocol◦ Connectionless
IP – Internet Protocol◦ Datagram service
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Local Area Networks
Range◦ Limited
Topologies◦ Bus, Ring, Star, …
IEEE Standards◦ Widespread use
M M M
P P P P
Bus
C
C
C
CC
Ring
C
C
C
C
Star
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Wireless Computing
Base Station Adhoc Networks WiFi Bluetooth
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WiFi
(a) WiFi with base station; (b) WiFi without base station
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Bluetooth
Bluetooth topology: (a) 1 piconet, (b) A scatternet of 3 piconets
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Conclusion We looked at:
ISO/OSI Reference Model
TCP/IP
Local Area Networks
Wireless Computing