(NEAP)
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
2 013 – 2018
VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE MAY, 2013
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
FOREWORD
Mainstreaming environmental concerns into development policies, plans and strategies is one of the priorities in Tanzanian’s Sustainable Development Agenda.. One of the initial mainstreaming efforts has been the preparation of National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) in 1994. This was a response to the recommendations by the Earth Summit in 1992 held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. At this Summit, countries were required to prepare and implement National Environmental Action Plans.
The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 (EMA) also provides for preparation of NEAP in the interval of five years. According to the Act, NEAP is the basis for integrating environmental concerns in formulation and implementation of development plans and programmes. In addition, the EMA 2004 requires Sector Ministries and Local Government Authorities to prepare their respective Environmental Action Plans in conformity with the NEAP so as ensure environmental mainstreaming at respective levels.
Since the preparation of NEAP (1994), the Government has undertaken various initiatives to improve environment management in the country. These include; formulation of the National Environmental Policy (1997); enactment of the Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004; mainstreaming of environment into MKUKUTA I (2005-2010) and II (2010-2015); and formulation of the sectoral policies, strategies and plans. These initiatives aim to ensure environmental consideration in the country’s development processes.. In addition to requirements of EMA 2004, the NEAP (2012 - 2017), has been prepared to update information on natural resources and environment, and in devising strategic interventions, taking into account emerging issues which have a bearing on the environment such as climate change, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), biofuels, Invasive Alien Species (IAS) and electronic waste.
Preparation of this version of NEAP was participatory. It involved various stakeholders from Sector Ministries, Local Government Authorities (LGAs), public and private sectors, actors, NGOs, media and local communities. These consultations provided another opportunity for stakeholders to provide inputs that shaped the NEAP according to their needs and thus enhancing ownership. The consultations also offered a platform for awareness Raisng on environmental issues to stakeholders especially at Local Government level.
The revised NEAP highlights the state of the environment identifying key environmental issues. These include Land degradation; Water resources degradation and pollution; Aquatic resources degradation; Loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity; Deforestation; Urban pollution; Climate change; Modern biotechnology; E-waste; Invasive alien species; and Biofuels. Furthermore, the NEAP sets targets and indicators for tracking implementation progress.
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In view of the highlighted issues I wish to emphasize that NEAP is an important document for guiding sustainable development of Tanzania. I call upon all stakeholders to participate fully in the implementation of the NEAP in order to improve the quality of life while maintaining environmental sustainability for the present and future generations.
Dr. Terezya L. Huvisa (MP)Minister of State – Environment
Vice President’s Office
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
T he successful preparation of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) is a result of commitment and hard work by many individuals and institutions who deserve our appreciation. Since it is not possible to mention them all by names,
I would like to confirm our heartfelt appreciation and that we value their cooperation and support.
I would like also to express my sincere gratitude to stakeholders who participated in the review of the draft NEAP, which was prepared by a Task Force under the coordination of the Vice President’s Office. These include experts from the President’s Office – Planning Commission; Vice President’s Office; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives; Ministry of Water; Ministry of Transport; Ministry of Education and Vocational Training; Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children; Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism; Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development; Ministry of Works; Ministry of Information, Youth, Culture and Sports; Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing; Dar es Salaam City Council; Ilala, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipal Councils; Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA); University of Dar es Salaam – Institute of Resource Assessment (IRA); National Environment Management Council (NEMC); and Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA).
I am thankful to Eng. Ngosi C. X. Mwihava, Deputy Permanent Secretary, Vice President’s Office; Director of Environment, Assistant Directors and members of the Task Force for their inputs on finalising the NEAP.
Finally, I am grateful to the Government of Japan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) through the Africa Adaptation Programme (AAP) for financial support in the revised NEAP preparation process.
Sazi B. SalulaPermanent Secretary
VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Country Profile: The United Republic of Tanzania has a total area of 945,087 km2 of which surface land in Tanzania Mainland is 883,749 km2 and 2,460 km2 in Zanzibar. The country is comprised of 59,050 km2 of inland water bodies. About 40% of the total land area in Tanzania constitutes protected area where wildlife protected areas (including game controlled reserves) cover about 28% and forest reserves account for about 15%. Tanzania is characterised by tropical climate with varied temperatures from one place to another depending on the geographical location. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 500mm to 2,500mm and above. The population of Tanzania in 2010 was estimated to be 43.2 million, out of which 42 million (97%) are from Tanzania Mainland while 1.3 million (3%) from Tanzania Zanzibar. Tanzania’s real GDP recorded an average growth rate of about 7% in 2001-2010. Currently, agriculture contributes about 25.3% of the GDP but absorbs 74% of the labour force.
Background and Justification: The Environmental Management Act (2004) provides for preparation of NEAP in every five years. The NEAP elaborates the implementation of the National Policy Agenda in its totality. Furthermore, Sector Ministries and Local Government Authorities are obliged to prepare Environmental Action Plans, in conformity with the NEAP. Since the preparation of the first NEAP in 1994, many environmental challenges have emerged or intensified including climate change, modern biotechnology, biofuels, Invasive Alien Species (IAS), and Electronic Waste ( E-Waste). Cognisant of the adverse impacts of these challenges to the environment and human health, revision of the NEAP became necessary in order to, among others, address these emerging environmental issues.
Development Process: The preparation of the revised NEAP involved assessment of the implementation of the first NEAP (1994); literature review; consultations with key stakeholders including Sector Ministries, Local Government Authorities (LGAs), Academic and Research Institutions, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and Private Sector. The NEAP was finalized by a team of experts coordinated by the Vice President’s Office.
Environmental Management Initiatives
Policies: There are several policies that influence environmental management in Tanzania. Among these include; the National Environmental Policy (1997); Agriculture and Livestock Policy (1997); Livestock Development Policy (2006); National Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy Statement (1997); National Forest Policy (1998); Beekeeping Policy (2008); Wildlife Policy (2007); National Tourism Policy (1999); National Land Policy
(1995); National Population Policy (1992); National Human Settlements Development Policy (2000); Sustainable Industrial Development Policy (1996); National Water Policy (2002); National Irrigation Policy (2010); National Health Policy (2007); National Energy Policy (2003); Mineral Policy (2009); National Investment Promotion Policy (1996); Education and Training Policy (2005); National Transport Policy (2003); National Research Policy (2010); Women and Gender Development Policy (2000); Community Development Policy (1996); Disaster Management Policy (1990); National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy, 2003; National NGOs Policy (2002); National Biotechnology Policy (2010); Construction Industry Policy (2003); and Tanzania Development Vision 2025.
Legislation: There are several legal and regulatory instruments which are relevant to the environmental management in Tanzania. These include Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004; Wildlife Conservation Act No. 5 of 2009; Marine Parks and Reserve Act No. 29 of 1994; Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003; Forest Act No. 7 of 2002; Grazing Land and Animal Feed Resources Act No. 13 of 2010; Fertilizer Act No. 9 of 2009; Industrial and Consumer Chemicals (Management and Control) Act No. 3 of 2003; Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2009; Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 12 of 2009; Tourism Act No. 29 of 2008; Beekeeping Act No. 15 of 2002; Mining Act No. 14 of 2010; Land Act No. 4 of 1999; Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999; Public Health Act No. 1 of 2009; Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003; Plant Protection Act No. 13 of 1997; Merchant Shipping Act No. 21 of 2003; Rural Energy Act No. 8 of 2005; Urban Planning Act No. 8 of 2007; Road Act No. 13 of 2007; Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act No. 8 of 1982; and Local Government (District Authorities) Act No. 7 of 1982.
Institutional framework for environmental management: The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 sets up the institutional framework for environmental management in the country. The Act establishes National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC) with the role of advising the Minister responsible for Environment, on matters relating to protection and management of environment. It confers the role of enforcement to the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). The Act directs establishment of Sector Environmental Sections with the role of overseeing environmental management relevant to such respective sectors. It also gives power to the Regional Secretariats to designate Regional Environmental Management Expert (REME) charged with responsibility to advice and oversee implementation and enforcement of EMA. Furthermore, it empowers LGAs (City, Municipal, District, Township) to designate or appoint Environmental Management Officers to oversee implementation of EMA at respective levels. In addition, the Act establishes Environmental Committees at LGAs levels to advise and oversee the implementation of EMA within their jurisdiction.
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Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Tanzania has ratified and is implementing various Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). These include Convention on Biological Diversity (1992); United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1994); Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989); Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa (1990); United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) (1973); Kyoto Protocol to United Nations Framework on Climate Change (1997); Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985); Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (1987); SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement (1999); World Heritage Convention (1972); Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora (1994); Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region (1985); Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) (Bonn) (1985); Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention) (1971); Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Water birds (AEWA) (1999); Convention on Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika (2003); Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (1998); Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (2001); Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000); African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1968); and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982).
Regional Cooperation: Tanzania is a member of several regional blocks including Southern Africa Development Community (SADC); East Africa Cooperation (EAC); African Union (AU); and Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC).
Milestones achieved from NEAP (1994)Since preparation of NEAP (1994), the Government has undertaken various initiatives to improve environmental management in the country. These include: formulation and implementation of the National Environmental Policy (1997); enactment of the Environmental Management Act, 2004; mainstreaming of environment into National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) I (2005-2010) and II (2010-2015), sectoral policies, strategies, plans, and programmes. Despite of these achievements, environment management in the country is still a challenge due to inadequate resources, inadequate mainstreaming of environmental issues in sectors and low level of awareness of the public on the importance of conservation.
State of the Environment
Land Resource: The present land use is categorized into seven major land types, namely, forests, woodland, bushland, grassland, cultivated land, open land and water features. Forests and woodland occupies more than 40 percent of the total land area of the mainland, whereas protected areas occupy nearly 30 percent of the whole area of the country. The country has continued to face a number of environmental challenges including land degradation due to unsustainable farming and mining; encroachment of wetlands; overgrazing; uncontrolled tree and bush clearing and wild fires. Forests and Woodlands: Tanzania has about 35.3 million hectares (ha) of natural forests or about 38% of the total land area. Furthermore, forests and woodlands do provide other goods and services to people such as food, natural herbs for medicine and water. The forest resources are facing a number of environmental challenges including over exploitation, bush fires and encroachment.
Water Resource: Tanzania has about 59,050 km2 of inland water bodies. It is estimated that 6% of land area is covered by Lake Surface and numerous rivers draining into major water basins. Groundwater plays a major role in meeting the demand of water especially in rural areas. The total renewable water resources are estimated at 80 km3/year of which 30 km3/year is groundwater resources. The main environmental challenges include access to clean and safe water; sedimentation of reservoirs and waterways; pollution; encroachment of water sources; and climate change impacts. Human activities such as unsustainable fishing, agriculture and mining have been the major sources of pollution of many water sources especially the lakes, rivers and dams.
Biodiversity: Tanzania is the fourth country in Africa having the largest number of mammals, with at least 310 mammal species. Also, it is among the countries in Africa with the highest species richness of birds, plants, amphibians and reptiles. Moreover, it is one of the biodiversity hotspot areas in the world in particular from the Eastern Arc Mountains. Threats on biodiversity include: human encroachment in biodiversity sensitive areas; pollution of rivers, lakes, and ocean; over-exploitation; invasive alien species; and climate change impacts. This has contributed to loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Commercial introduction of GMOs in the country is yet to take place apart from few research activities involving GMOs. The country has put in place legal and administrative framework to regulate GMOs. Challenges facing the safe use of modern biotechnology in the country include low public awareness; inadequate human resource and infrastructural capacity as well as funding.
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Urban Environment:, The rapid growth of urban population in Tanzania has resulted in emergence and growth of informal settlements occupying about 60% of housing in urban areas. It is estimated that about 70% of the urban population in the country live in unplanned settlements which present potential public health risks and flooding hazards mainly as a result of poor urban planning. Other issues related to urban environment include:e-waste, municipal waste, traffic congestion, air and noise pollution.
Energy Resources: Tanzania is endowed with diverse energy sources including biomass, natural gas, hydropower, coal, geothermal, solar and wind power, much of which is untapped. The total annual energy used in Tanzania is 92% biomass-based and 8% is commercial energy, mainly electricity and petroleum-based fuel. This means energy use is characterized by very low per capita consumption of commercial energy and high dependence on biomass. Challenges faced include high initial costs of environmentally and socially sound energy technologies; and inadequate human and institutional capacities.
Climate Change: In Tanzania, the impacts of climate change are already evident
in most socio-economic sectors. Impacts are already being experienced almost in each and every sector. Examples are countless and increasing. Severe and recurrent droughts in recent years triggered devastating power crisis. Other impacts of climate change includes melting of glacier over Mt. Kilimanjaro, submerging of Maziwe Island in Pangani and Fungu la Nyani in Rufiji due to sea level rise and intrusion of seawater into freshwater wells along the cost of Bagamoyo. About 80% of the glacier on Mount Kilimanjaro has been lost since 1912. It is projected that the entire glacier will be gone by 2025.
Climate change has also brought its opportunities, particularly as it relates to increased efficiency and diversification of the sources of energy. New technologies related to renewable energy, better industrial efficiencies, better agricultural processing, better management of natural resources including Forestry sector have all helped to redefine a better sustainable development path in the name of Climate Change Mitigation.
Climate change adaptation and mitigation activities are hindered by inadequate funding, low public awareness, inadequate institutional and human resources capacities, inadequate national specific adaptation capacities including nationally research based adaptation technologies and technological challenges.
Environmental Disasters: Environmental disasters in Tanzania are aggravated by some natural actions such as floods, droughts and human induced disasters. For instance, the floods that occurred in April, 2011 in Kilombero, Morogoro and those of December 2011 in Dar es Salaam caused several deaths and considerable property and infrastructure damage of 26 bridges of more than 886km, which costed 17 billion Tanzanian shillings in maintenance. In 2009-2010 a severe drought occurred in Arusha region which led to death
of a total of 316,437 cattle, 236,359 goats and 92,640 sheep. TAZAMA oil spill in River Mwega in Kilosa districts that happened in June 2011 affected the river environment, aquatic biodiversity and community life around the river.
Invasive Alien Species (IAS): Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are among the key drivers of environmental change causing biodiversity loss in many ecosystems and are considered difficult to be eradicated. Since 1960s the spread of IAS has been increasing in the country in the last few decades and is causing substantial threat to biodiversity and ecological integrity of native habitats and ecosystems. Tanzania has 67 reported IAS of different categories including plant pathogens, pests, aquatic and terrestrial weeds, animals and trees.
Biofuels: The use of biofuels in Tanzania is still at an infancy stage. There are initiatives to prepare policy and legal framework for sustainable biofuel development. The national vision for the development of biofuel sub-sector is to contribute to the reduction of fossil fuels in transport sector and to stimulate socio-economic development.
Implementation PlanA plan of action has been developed to address environmental issues by providing priority actions, expected output, timeframe, key actors provide indicators for tracking progress. The time-frame for implementation is categorized as short term (up to 2 years), medium term (2 to 5 years) and long term (5 years and above). The environmental challenges addressed include land degradation; water resources degradation and pollution; degradation of aquatic resources; loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity; deforestation; urban pollution; climate change; modern biotechnology; electronic waste; Invasive Alien Species (IAS); and biofuels.
Implementation Strategies
Stakeholder’s Involvement: The public will participate in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the NEAP under the coordination of the Vice President’s Office. Stakeholders are obliged to prepare and submit annual progress report by March of each year.
Funding: Potential sources of funding may include: National Environmental Trust Fund; Constituency Development Fund; Central and Local Government Budgetary allocations; Global Environment Facility; Bilateral arrangements, and Support from NGOs; CBOs; Faith Based Organisation (FBOs); locally and internationally available resources as well as contributions from private sectors and the public in general.
Monitoring and Evaluation: The implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the NEAP will be carried out using participatory approach. Evaluation of the implementation of the NEAP will be done annually and atits end i.e, that is after five years.Sectors and stakeholders will contribute in reporting as per EMA 2004.
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CONTENTSFOREWORD iACKNOWLEDGEMENT iiiEXECUTIVE SUMMARY ivLIST OF FIGURES xiACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiiCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 11.1 Country Profile 11.2 Climate 21.3 Population and Population Dynamics 21.4 Socio-economic issues 31.4.1 The State of the Economy 31.4.2 State of poverty 31.5 Background and Justification of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) 31.6 Development Process 41.7 Layout of the NEAP Document 4CHAPTER TWO: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES 2.1 Policies 62.2 Legislation 122.3 Institutional framework 172.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and Regional Cooperation 182.4.1 Multilateral Environmental Agreements 182.4.2 Regional Cooperation 202.5 Milestones Achieved from NEAP (1994) 21CHAPTER THREE: THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Land Resource 243.2 Forests and Woodlands 243.3 Water Resources 253.4 Biodiversity 253.5 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 253.6 Urban Environment 253.6.1 Electronic Waste (E-waste) 263.6.2 Municipal Waste 263.6.3 Traffic congestion 263.6.4 Air and Noise Pollution 273.7 Energy Resources 273.8 Climate Change 273.9 Environmental Disasters 283.10 Invasive Alien Species (IAS) 293.11 Biofuels 29
CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 30 CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES 48 5.1 Stakeholder Involvement 495.2 Resource Requirements 495.3 Monitoring and Evaluation 50
Figure 1: Map of Tanzania showing administrative boundaries 1
Figure 2: Organisation structure for the implementation of EMA 18
List of Figures
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AEWA - African-Eurasian Migratory Water birds CBO - Community Based OrganizationCBFM - Community Based Forest ManagementCEMO - City Environmental Management OfficerCMS - Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals COSTECH - Commission for Science and TechnologyCPCT - Cleaner Production Centre of TanzaniaDoE - Division of Environment EAC - East African CommunityEAP - Environmental Action PlanEEE - Electrical and Electronic EquipmentEIA - Environmental Impact AssessmentEMA - Environmental Management ActEPM - Environmental Planning and ManagementGDP - Gross Domestic ProductGMOs - Genetically Modified OrganismsILFEMP - Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management ProgrammeILO - International Labour OrganizationJFM - Joint Forest ManagementLEAP - Local Environmental Action PlanLGA - Local Government AuthoritiesMAFC - Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and CooperativesMDGs - Millennium Development GoalsMEAs - Multilateral Environmental AgreementsMEM - Ministry of Energy and Minerals MEMO - Municipal Environmental Management OfficerMoEVT - Ministry of Education and Vocational Training MheshimiwaA - Ministry of Home Affairs MoLHHSD - Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements DevelopmentMoHSW - Ministry of Health and Social WelfareMoWs - Ministry of WorksMoITM - Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing MoLFD - Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development MoW - Ministry of Water MKUKUTA - Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umaskini TanzaniaMoCST - Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology NAP - National Action Programme to Combat DesertificationNAPA - National Adaptation Programme of ActionNAWAPO - National Water PolicyNBSAP - National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
NEAP - National Environmental Action PlanNEMC - National Environment Management CouncilNEP - National Environmental PolicyNGO - Non Governmental OrganizationNLUPC - National Land Use Planning CommissionNSGRP - National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of PovertyPFM - Participatory Forest ManagementPMO-RALG - Prime Minister’s Office, Regional Administration and Local GovernmentREME - Regional Environment Management ExpertSADC - Southern African Development CommunitySES - Sector Environmental SectionSoE - State of the Environment SUA - Sokoine University of Agriculture TEMO - Town Environmental Management Officer TBS - Tanzania Bureau of StandardsTOE - Tonnes of Oil EquivalentUCLAS - University College of Lands and Architectural Studies UDSM - University of Dar es SalaamUNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNCCD - United Nations Convention to Combat DesertificationUNDP - United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP - United Nations Environment ProgrammeUWSAs - Urban Water Supply and Sewerage AuthoritiesVPO - Vice President’s OfficeWEEE - Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Country Profile
The United Republic of Tanzania is located in Eastern Africa between Latitude 10S to 120S and Longitude 300E to 400E. It is constituted by Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar with a total area of 945,087 km2 of which surface land in Tanzania Mainland is 883,749 km2 and 2,460 km2 in Zanzibar. The country is comprised of 59,050 km2 of inland water bodies. It shares borders with Kenya and Uganda in the North; Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo in the West; Zambia and Malawi in the South West, Mozambique in the South and Indian Ocean in the East (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Map of Tanzania showing administrative boundariesTanzania is the biggest among the East African countries in terms of land area. It has a spectacular landscape of mainly three physiographic regions namely the Islands and the coastal plains to the east; the inland plateau; and the highlands in the southern and north eastern. Except for the coastal strip and lower parts of the main rivers, the rest of the country lies above 300m altitude. The Great Rift Valley that runs from north east of Africa through central Tanzania is another landmark that adds to the scenic view of the country. About 40% of the total land in Tanzania constitutes protected (or conserved) area where wildlife protected areas (including game controlled reserves) cover about 28%while forest reserves account for about 15%.
Polyconic Projection
20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 18010 Miles
Scale 1:2,000,00020 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 26010 Kilometers
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Ngerengere
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
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Tanzania is mountainous in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest peak with the altitude of 5895 m, is situated. To the north and west are the Great Lakes namely Lake Victoria (Africa’s largest lake) and Lake Tanganyika (Africa’s deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish) and Lake Nyasa to the south. Central Tanzania comprises a large plateau, with plains and arable land.
1.2 Climate
Tanzania is characterised by tropical climate with varied temperatures from one place to another depending on the geographical location, relief and altitude. While the average temperature is between 27°C and 29°C in the coastal regions and the off-shore Islands, the Central, Northern and Western parts have average temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C and higher between the months of December and March. In the Northeast and Southwest where there are mountainous areas and Makonde Plateau, the temperature occasionally falls below 15°C during the nights in the months of June and July. In some parts of the country (Southern Highlands) temperature can drop as low as 0°C - 6°C. The rest of the country has temperatures rarely falling lower than 20˚C. The hottest period extends between November and February (25˚C - 31˚C) while the coldest period occurs between May and August (15˚C-20˚C).
Rainfall patterns in the Tanzania are subdivided into the following types: tropical on the coast, where it is hot and humid (rainy season March - May): semi-temperate in the mountains with the short rains (Vuli) in November-December and the long rains (Masika) in February – May: and drier (Kiangazi) in the plateau region with considerable seasonal variations in temperature. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 500 mm to 2,500 mm and above. The average duration of the dry season is 5 to 6 months. However, in recent years, the pattern of rainfall has become less predictable.
1.3 Population and Population Dynamics
Based on the 2002 Population and Housing Census, the population of Tanzania in 2010 was estimated at 43,2 million. Tanzania Mainland had an estimated population of 42 million, equivalent to 97.1% of the total population, while Tanzania Zanzibar had an estimated population of 1.3 million, equivalent to 2.9% of the total population. The population distribution showed that 31.8 million people, equivalent to 74% of the total population live in rural areas, while 11.4 people equivalent to 26% live in urban areas. In 2010, the regional population distribution shows that Shinyanga continued to have highest population of 3.8 million equivalent to 9% of the total population, followed by Mwanza 3.6 million (8%) and Dar es Salaam 3.2 (7%). The higher population in Shinyanga was mainly due to high fertility rate of 7.3 children per woman. Lindi region had the lowest population of 923,607 people in Tanzania Mainland caused by emigration to other regions.
1.4 Socio-economic issues1.4.1 The State of the Economy
Tanzania’s economy relies heavily on agriculture, which accounts for 25.3 percent of the GDP but absorbs 74 percent of the labour force. Tourism is growing in importance and ranks as the second highest foreign exchange earner after agriculture. Tanzania has vast amounts of natural resources including forests, wildlife, fisheries and minerals such as gold, diamonds, Tanzanite, coal, iron ore, uranium, nickel, chromium, tin, platinum and variety of Germstones and other minerals. It is the third-largest producer of gold in Africa after South Africa and Ghana. Mineral production has grown significantly in recent years. It represents Tanzania’s biggest source of economic growth, provides over 3% of GDP and accounts for half of Tanzania’s exports.
Tanzania’s real GDP recorded an average growth rate of about 7% over the 2001-2010 period. Growth slowed down in 2009 to 6.0 percent, largely due to global financial crisis. However, it bounced back to 7 percent in 2010.
1.4.2 State of poverty
In spite of Tanzania’s GDP growth rate has been impressive in recent years, the incidence of income poverty has not changed significantly. Household Budget Surveys (HBS) of 2000/2001 and 2007 show that 36 percent of Tanzanians were poor in 2000/2001 compared to 34 percent in 2007. Income poverty (basic needs and food poverty) varied across geographical areas with the rural areas being worse off. Rural growth led by growth of the agriculture sector was about 4.5 percent on average. When this growth rate is compared with the national population growth rate of 2.9 percent, the change in rural per capita income becomes small, thus perpetuating poverty in rural areas. Given the large proportion of the poor in the rural areas who are dependent on agriculture as their main source of livelihood, agriculture is central to poverty reduction in general and hunger/food poverty in particular.
1.5 Background and Justification of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)
Development of the National Environmental Action Plans (NEAPs) originated from recommendations of the Earth Summit that took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. From this Summit, countries were encouraged to prepare their respective National Environmental Action Plans so as to set out priority actions to address environmental challenges. Tanzania prepared its first National Environmental Action Plan in 1994.The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 also provides for the preparation of NEAP in the interval of every five years. According to the Act, NEAP is the basis for integrating environmental concerns in formulation and implementation of development plans and programmes. Furthermore, Sector Ministries and Local Government Authorities are obliged to prepare Environmental Action Plans, which are in conformity with the NEAP and basis for environmental mainstreaming at such respective levels.
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NEAP is an important tool for addressing environmental challenges at all levels of Government. It involves developing a national vision, assessing environmental issues, setting priorities, identifying the most appropriate strategies for addressing the key problems, and implementing actions so as to achieve environmental sustainability. It also outlines a process for the government to set priority actions to improve environmental conditions.
Since the preparation of NEAP in 1994, many environmental challenges have emerged and some old ones intensified. Such challenges include climate change, modern biotechnology, biofuels, mining pollution Invasive Alien Species (IAS) and Electronic waste (E-waste). These challenges have impacts on the ecosystems, quality of life and human health, national economy as well as on the Political and institutional arrangements. Cognisant of the adverse impacts of these challenges to the environment and human health, the Vice President’s Office spearheaded the process of revising the NEAP in order to, address these emerging environmental issues.
1.6 Development Process
The preparation of the revised NEAP involved assessment of the implementation of the first NEAP (1994); literature review; consultations with key stakeholders including government ministries, local government authorities, academic and research institutions, Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector. The NEAP was finalized by a team of experts coordinated by the Vice President’s Office.
1.7 Layout of the NEAP Document
This document is organized in five chapters. Chapter one presents the introduction covering the country profile; background and justification; and development process of the NEAP. Chapter two spells out the environmental management initiatives by outlining relevant policies and legislation; institutional framework; multilateral environmental agreements and regional cooperation; and highlights milestones achieved from NEAP of 1994. The state of environment is presented in Chapter three where it outlines the status of land resources, forests and woodlands, water resources, biodiversity, GMOs, urban environment, energy resources, the atmosphere, environmental disasters, invasive alien species and biofuels. Chapter four presents the implementation plan by providing priority actions for each issue, expected output, timeframe, key players, targets and indicators for tracking progress. Lastly, Chapter five provides details on implementation strategies including stakeholders’ engagement, monitoring and evaluation.
CHAPTER TWOENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES
The environmental management in Mainland Tanzania is guided by the National Environmental Policy (1997) and the Environmental Management Act (2004) complemented by sectoral policies and legislation as well as Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). These policies, legal and institutional frameworks provide for various development opportunities and challenges to the rural and urban local government authorities.
2.1 Policies
i) National Environmental Policy, 1997
The Policy seeks to provide the framework for making fundamental changes of mainstreaming environmental considerations into f decision making in Tanzania. It calls for a coherent policy where priorities can be defined for the promotion of long-term economic growth, creating incentives for sustainable utilisation of natural resources, disincentives for environmental pollution and degradation, and effective management of the overall environment.
ii) Agricultural and Livestock Policy, 1997
The Policy emphasizes that for long term future of the country, the natural resources (land, soil, water and forests) must be managed so that agriculture is sustained. To achieve this, the policy outlines how agriculture policy statements be formulated with respect to environmental management. Some of the agricultural policy statements that have relevance to sustainable development are guided to:
i) Promote intensification and diversification of agriculture production;ii) Improve crop husbandry through soil erosion control and soil fertility
improvement;iii) Implement measures that will minimize encroachment in public lands
including forests, woodlands, wetlands and pasture;iv) Strengthen agrochemical monitoring and registration;v) Promote agro-forestry and organic farming;vi) Encourage control of agricultural run-offs of agrochemicals to minimize
pollution of both surface and ground water;vii) Introduce mechanisms to improve water use efficiency in irrigation
including control of water logging and salinization; andviii) Intensify plant genetic conservation programmes.
iii) Livestock Development Policy, 2006
One of the objectives of the Policy is to promote integrated and sustainable use and management of natural resources related to livestock production
in order to achieve environmental sustainability. To ensure sustainable livestock production, the livestock policy outlines the following policy statements:
i) Strengthen technical support services on environmental issues;ii) Promote proper land use planning for livestock production; andiii) Strengthen inter-sectoral coordination on environmental issues.
iv) National Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy Statement, 1997
The Policy focuses on the promotion of sustainable exploitation, utilization and marketing of fish resources to provide food, income, employment and foreign exchange earnings and effective protection of the aquatic environment to sustain development.
v) National Forest Policy, 1998
The overall goal of the Policy (1998) is to enhance the contribution of the forest sector to the sustainable development of Tanzania and the conservation and management of her natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. The Policy, among other aspects, recognizes the high value of forests due to the high potential for royalty collection, export and tourism earnings as well as the recycling and sequestering of carbon and conservation of globally important biodiversity. Furthermore, the policy emphasizes on biodiversity conservation; describes the importance of forest ecosystems for maintaining biodiversity and the threats to biodiversity. One of the main objectives envisaged in the policy focuses on ensured ecosystem stability through conservation of forest biodiversity, water catchments, and soil fertility.
vi) Beekeeping Policy, 2008
The objective of the Policy is to improve biodiversity, increase employment, and foreign exchange earnings through sustainable bee products based, industrial development and trade. It also ensures ecosystem stability by practising Integrated Pest Management and carrying out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for investments inside or around bee reserves.
vii) Wildlife Policy, 2007
The Policy focuses on wildlife protection and conservation in order to ensure sustainability of wildlife ecosystems. Some of the objectives of the Policy include establishment of Protected Areas (PA); maintenance and development of a PA network in order to enhance biological diversity; conservation of wildlife and its habitats outside the core areas by establishing Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs); and conservation of wetlands.
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viii) National Tourism Policy, 1999
The Policy acknowledges the relationship between the environment and development of sustainable tourism. Thus, it aims to ensure that development of tourism is based on careful assessment of carrying capacities of tourism products and ensure enhancement and improvement of special environment features so that tourism development does not conflict with indigenous forests, beaches, mountains and other important types of vegetation.
ix) National Land Policy, 1995
The Policy aims at developing a coherent and comprehensive framework that defines land tenure and enables proper management and allocation of land in urban and rural areas. Among other things, the Policy advocates the protection of land resources from degradation for sustainable development. The policy addresses several environmental issues such as land use planning which takes into consideration the land capability, ensures proper management of land resources, promotes resource sharing and multiple land use techniques in areas of conflicting land use, and involve community in resource management, land use and conflict resolution.
x) National Population Policy, 2006
The Policy aims at coordinating and influencing other policies, strategies and programmes to ensure sustainable development as well as promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women. The Policy recognizes, among other things, the impact of population growth on natural resources and environment. One of the goals of the Policy is to prepare and implement coordinated urban, rural and regional development plans for rapid development in the country and to reduce the rate of rural-urban migration.
xi) National Human Settlements Development Policy, 2000
The Policy stresses the need to ensure that human settlements are kept clean and pollution effects of solid and liquid wastes do not endanger the health of residents. It also advocates on compliance on environmental quality standards of gaseous emissions from sources such as industries and vehicles.
xii) Sustainable Industrial Development Policy, 1996
The Policy promotes environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable industrial development. In addition, the Policy targets to institute incentive mechanism on investments that promotes environmental conservation; requires undertaking EIA and appropriate mitigation measures for
all industrial projects; and promotion of application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy to industrial processes, products and services.
xiii) National Water Policy, 2002
The main objective of the Policy is to develop a comprehensive framework for sustainable development and management of water resources. The Policy aims at ensuring that communities are fully involved in the management of water supply schemes. It addresses cross-sectoral interests in water, watershed management and integrated and participatory approaches for water resources planning, development and management. The Policy advocates for undertaking EIA and Environmental Audit (EA) in all water related projects. It also supports the application of the “polluter pays principle” and has a specific objective of having in place a water management system which protects the environment, ecological system and biodiversity.
xiv) National Irrigation Policy, 2010
Some of the objectives of the Policy includes promotion of efficient water use in irrigation systems; and ensure that irrigation development is technically feasible, economically viable, socially desirable and environmentally sustainable. The Policy aims to have irrigation systems which are environmentally sound by ensuring compliance to relevant legislation; protecting and conserving water and land sources; pollution control in irrigated agriculture; and promotion of proper land use practices.
xv) National Health Policy, 2007
The objective of the Policy towards environmental health is to protect community health by enhancing sustainable environmental health. To achieve this objective, some of the policy statements are to:-
i) Ensure that the community adhere to environmental health standards;
ii) Improve waste management systems including disposal of hospital wastes;
iii) Continue to educate health service providers on the importance of environmental health in their working areas;
iv) Review and enact laws and procedures for conservation and protection of the environment; and
v) Continue to involve stakeholders in protecting natural resources.
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xvi) National Energy Policy, 2003
The Policy, among others, focuses on utilization of various energy resources in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. The Policy recognises that, energy is a prerequisite for the proper function of all sub-sectors of the economy. It is an essential service whose availability, quantity and quality determine the success or failure of development endeavours. The Policy stresses the use of renewable and alternative energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and natural gas. The use of alternative energy sources such as biogas and briquettes both for domestic and industrial uses are encouraged to minimize the use of charcoal and firewood to protect massive deforestation.
xvii) Mineral Policy of Tanzania, 2009
One of the objectives of the Policy is to reduce or eliminate adverse environmental effects of mining by promoting health and safety conditions in mining areas and addressing social issues affecting local communities. It requires mining operations to carry out EIA and directs mining companies to set aside funds for environmental rehabilitation and mine closure obligations.
xviii) National Investment Promotion Policy, 1996
The Policy seeks to promote the growth of exports by strategically utilizing the scarce natural, social and capital resources to accomplish it. It also stresses the need for modernization of equipments and technological upgrading so as to enable optimal use of available sources, improved efficiency operation, improvement in the quality of products and co-products.
xix) Education and Training Policy, 2005
One of the aims of the Policy is to promote the acquisition and appropriate use of literary, social, scientific, vocational, technological, professional and other forms of knowledge, skills and understanding for the development and improvement of the condition of man and society. The Policy provides platform for integrating environmental education in educational curricula.
xx) National Transport Policy, 2003
One of the objectives of the Policy is to develop safe, reliable, effective, efficient and fully integrated transport infrastructure. The Policy emphasizes on the need to facilitate sustainable development by ensuring that all aspects of environment protection and management are given sufficient emphasis at the design and development stages of transport infrastructure and when providing service.
xxi) National Research and Development Policy, 2010
The objective of the Policy is to provide guidance in addressing present and future national research challenges for socioeconomic development. Environment is one of the focal areas of the Policy whose objectives are to minimize the effects of research undertaking on the environment; and promoting research that is beneficial to the environment.
xxii) Women and Gender Development Policy, 2000
The Policy aims to facilitate realization of gender equality for purpose of speeding up sustainable development in Tanzania. The Policy emphasizes, among others, mainstreaming of gender issues in environmental protection and conservation.
xxiii) Community Development Policy, 1996
One of the objectives of the Policy is to educate communities on the importance of environmental conservation in pursuing social and economic development. Some of the areas of emphasis of the Policy include health and sanitation in rural and urban areas; water and environmental sanitation; appropriate technology for domestic energy use, in particular improved cook stoves; and improving rural and urban environment through programmes such as planting trees and forests in households, villages and ward.
xxiv) Disaster Management Policy, 1990
One of the objectives of the Policy is to mainstream disaster management issues into development plans and other sectoral policies, plans and strategies and programmes at all levels to enhance mitigation and prevention measures. Specifically, the Policy emphasizes on protecting the environment from disasters through undertaking Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) after disasters strike and prior to commencement of projects.
xxv) National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy, 2003
The objectives of the Policy are to provide a national framework that will enable ICT contribute towards achieving national development goals; and transform Tanzania into a knowledge-based society through the application of ICT. One of the policy statements is to monitor and respond to environmental disasters and to collect and disseminate information on environmental problems.
xxvi) National Policy on Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), 2001Some of the objectives of the Policy are to facilitate mechanisms for supporting NGOs; and strengthen the relationship between Government
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and NGOs. The Policy recognizes the significant role and contribution of NGOs in the society and considers them as important partners in the development process. The Policy supports NGOs in all sectors including environmental management.
xxvii) National Biotechnology Policy, 2010
The Policy promotes development and application of biotechnology to foster socio-economic development. The objective of the Policy is to ensure that the country has the capacity and capability to capture the proven benefits arising from health, agriculture, industry and environmental applications of biotechnology while protecting and sustaining the safety of the community and the environment.
xxviii) Construction Industry Policy, 2003
The objective of the Policy is to develop competitive construction industry with consideration of environmental responsibility in the implementation of construction projects. The aim is to promote the application of sustainable construction practices that are environmentally friendly. This includes application of of technologies, products and practices which are not harmful to the environment, human health and safety; promoting education and training; and undertaking Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of projects.
xxix) Tanzania Development Vision, 2025
The Vision has three objectives which are: achieving quality and good life for all; good governance and the rule of law; and building a strong and resilient economy that can effectively withstand global competition. It is envisioned that Tanzania will achieve sustainable semi-industrialized middle market economy by 2025.
2.2 Legislation
i) The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004
The Act provides both a legal and institutional framework for the sustainable management of the environment, prevention and control of pollution, waste management, environmental quality standards, public participation, environmental compliance and enforcement. It also requires the undertaking of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for investment projects. It further recognises the need for research, public participation in environmental decision making, environmental awareness rising, and dissemination of environmental information. The Act gives the Local Government Authorities mandate to ensure environmental compliance in their areas of jurisdiction.
ii) The Wildlife Conservation Act No. 5 of 2009
The Act provides for the conservation of wildlife and ensures protection, management and sustainable utilization of wildlife resources, habitats, ecosystems and the non-living environment supporting such resources, habitats or ecosystems with actual or potential use or value.
iii) The Marine Parks and Reserves Act No. 29 of 1994
The Act aims at protecting, conserving, and restoring the species and genetic diversity of living and non-living marine resources and the ecosystem processes of marine and coastal areas. It provides for management of marine and coastal areas so as to promote sustainability of existing resource use, and the recovery of areas and resources that have been over exploited or otherwise damaged.
iv) The Fisheries Act No. 22 of 2003
The Act regulates fishing activities in both fresh and marine waters. Among others, it emphasises on the conservation of fisheries resources in particular critical habitats or endangered species, and restricts the issuance of fishing licences for fishing in any conserved areas. The Act further requires formation of community management units for the purpose of protecting and conserving fishery resources.
v) The Forest Act No. 7 of 2002
The Act provides for management of forests and requires to carry out EIA of certain development projects. The Act obliges establishment of forest management plan for all types of forest to ensure sustainable management in the long-term. The Act designates Community Forest Reserves, Mangrove Forest Reserves and encourages community-based management.
vi) Grazing-land and Animal Feed Resources Act No. 13 of 2010
The Act provides for the management and control of grazing-lands, animal feed resources and trade as well as provision for other related matters. The Act further gives mandate to the Local Government Authority in relation to soil conservation, prevention of adverse effects to soil and soil erosion in a grazing-land, rehabilitation, protection or improvement of the grazing-land, make by-laws on clearing of land for the purpose of cultivation of crops other than animal feed; use of implements or machinery; introduction or removal of flora or fauna; gathering of natural produce; introduction, grazing, watering or movement of stock and other domestic animals; husbandry practices of grazing-land; and construction of infrastructures.
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vii) The Fertilizers Act No. 9 of 2009
The Act provides for regulation of manufacturing, importation, exportation, sale and use of agricultural fertilizers. It requires adherence to environmental legal requirements prior to issuance of permit for importation and exportation of fertilizers. Furthermore, the Act obliges owner, occupier or any person entrusted with the charge of the premises where undesired fertilizers, package or article is found, to cover cost for removal, reshipment or destruction.
viii) The Industrial and Consumer Chemicals (Management and Control) Act No. 3 of 2003
The Act provides for the management and control of the production, import, transport, export, storage, dealing and disposal of industrial and consumer chemicals in the country. The Act provides for the registration, restrictions, prohibition and inspection of chemicals. Furthermore it has provisions for safe handling, chemical wastes, accidents; management of spills and contaminated sites and decommissioning of plants.
ix) The Water Resource Management Act No. 11 of 2009
The Act provides for pollution control and issues discharge permits of effluents to water bodies, including the underground strata. The Act also provides measures for flood mitigation and control for the purpose of preventing or minimising the risk of flooding, flood damage and water pollution by prohibiting the construction on submersible lands of dikes, levees or other structures which will likely hinder the runoff of flood water.
x) The Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 12 of 2009
The Act aims at ensuring the quality of water by protecting water works and storage facilities against pollution. The Act also provides powers to Local Government Authorities to mobilise community water supply organisations to take over water supply schemes and get technical and financial support. The Act further gives mandate to the Local Government Authorities to make by-laws in relation to water supply and sanitation for the efficient and sustainable provision of these services in their areas of jurisdiction by water authorities or community organisations.
xi) The Tourism Act No. 29 of 2008
The Act provides for institutional framework, administration, regulation, registration and licensing of tourism facilities and activities. It promotes eco-tourism, cultural tourism and other forms of tourism that provides better sectoral linkages create employment and foster sustainable development. Furthermore, the Act requires undertaking EIA prior to implementation of tourism projects/activities.
xii) The Beekeeping Act No. 15 of 2002
The Act provides for conduct of beekeeping, improvement of the products of beekeeping and for the prevention and eradication of diseases and pests amongst bees. It requires undertaking of Environmental Impact Assessments, set out an environmental management plan and integrated pest management for eliminating and minimizing t impacts on the beekeeping environment.
xiii) The Mining Act No 14, 2010
The Act provides for regulation of prospecting for minerals, mining, processing and dealing in minerals. The Act requires all holders of mining licenses to take appropriate measures for the protection of the environment in accordance with the Environmental Management Act including undertaking EIA in mining activities.
xiv) The Land Act No. 4 of 1999
The Act contains provisions of critical environmental importance. One of the important fundamental principles of the Act is to ensure that land is used productively and that any such use complies with the principles of sustainable development. Among others, the Act prohibits any development activities within 60m of the high tide water mark of the shoreline as well as in environmentally sensitive areas such as wetlands and swamps.
xv) The Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999
The Act empowers the Village Government to have legal control on village land and its uses. This also includes prohibiting or minimizing land problems like bush fires as well as land use related conflicts between farmers and livestock keepers/pastoralists.
xvi) The Public Health Act No. 1 of 2009
The Act provides for the promotion, conservation and maintenance of public health with a view of ensuring comprehensive functional and sustainable public health services. The Act also prohibits discharges into a sewer or into drain that may cause malfunctioning of the drainage systems.
xvii) The Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003
The Act deals with the protection of human health from occupational hazards. The Act provides for the protection of persons other than those at work against hazards to health and safety arising out of or in connection with activities of persons at work. The Act further requires companies or institutions to provide safety gears to those working at risk areas.
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xviii) The Plant Protection Act No. 13 of 1997
The Act provides for prevention of the introduction and spread of harmful organisms, to ensure sustainable plant and environmental protection, to control the importation and use of plant protection substances, to regulate export and imports of plants and plant products.
xix) The Merchant Shipping Act No. 21 of 2003
The Act, among others, provides for the prevention of marine pollution by oil, hazardous waste, noxious liquid, sewage, toxic waste, garbage and other substances and the protection of the marine environment.
xx) The Rural Energy Act No. 8 of 2005
The Act establishes the Rural Energy Board, Fund and Agency responsible for promotion of improved access to modern energy services in the rural areas. It further prescribes principles of rural energy development including achievement of sustainable development when modern energy services in rural areas are promoted, facilitated and supported.
xxi) The Urban Planning Act No. 8 of 2007
The Act provides for procedures for the preparation, administration and enforcement of land use plans. One of the fundamental principles of land use includes protection of environment of human settlements and of ecosystems from pollution, degradation and destruction in order to attain sustainable development.
xxii) The Road Act No.13 of 2007
The Act, among others, provides for protection of environment. It states that the road authority entrusted with the duties of developing, managing and maintaining public roads under its jurisdiction, shall comply with the prescribed guidelines, regulations relating to environmental protection and waste disposal.
xxiii) The Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act No. 8 of 1982
This Act assigns responsibility to Urban Authorities the administration of taking measures for conservation of natural resources, safeguard and promote public health. Urban authorities are further required to take all necessary, reasonable and practicable measures for maintaining the area of their authority in clean and sanitary condition and for preventing the occurrence of or for remedying or causing to be remedied any nuisance or condition likely to be injurious or dangerous to health.
xxiv) The Local Government (District Authorities) Act No. 7 of 1982.
The Act provides for measures to address some of the environmental concerns, among others, to curb land degradation caused by human activities such as overgrazing, development of human settlements and use of fuel-wood. Furthermore, the District Authorities have the following functions: management of drainage, sewerage works and public water supplies; and prevention of pollution of water in any river, stream, water course, well or other water supply in the area, and for this purpose prohibit, regulate or control the use of such water supply.
2.3 Institutional framework
The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 sets up the Institutional Framework for environmental management in the country (Figure 1). It confers the task of overall coordination and policy articulation of environmental management in the country and provision of the central support functions to the Ministry Responsible for Environment, which is the Vice President’s Office.
The Act establishes the National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC) with the role of advising the Minister responsible for environment,. It confers the role of enforcement to the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). The Act directs establishment of Sector Environment Sections with the role of overseeing environmental management to such respective sectors. It also gives power to the Regional Secretariats to designate Regional Environmental Management Expert (REME) charged with responsibility to advice and oversee implementation and enforcement of EMA.
Furthermore, it empowers LGAs (City, Municipal, District, Township) to designate or appoint Environmental Management Officers to oversee implementation of EMA at respective levels. In addition, the Act establishes Environmental Committees at different LGAs levels to advise and oversee the implementation of EMA within their jurisdiction.
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Figure 2: Organisation structure for the implementation of EMA
2.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and Regional Cooperation
2.4.1 Multilateral Environmental Agreements Tanzania has ratified various Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in order to join the International community efforts in addressing global environmental issues. The Government has further domesticated most of these Agreements. Multilateral Environmental Agreements to which Tanzania is a Party include:-
Vice President’s Office [Minister Responsible for Environment]
Division of Environment
[Director of Environment]
Sector Ministry Environmental Sections
[Sector Environment Coordinator]
Regional Secretariat
[Regional Environmental Management Experts]
City Council [City Council Env.
Management Officer]
City Env. Management Committee
Municipal Council [Municipal Env.
Management Officer]
Municipal Env. Management Committee
Town Council (Town Council Env.
Management Officer)
Town Council Env.
Management Officer
Township Council (Township Council Env. Management
Officer)
Township Council Env. Management
Committee
District Council (District Council Env.
Management Officer)
District Council Env.
Management Committee
Ward (Ward Env.
Management Officer)
Ward Environmental Management Committee
Village
(Village Env. Management Officer)
Village Environmental
Management Committee
Kitongoji
(Kitongoji Env. Management Officer)
Kitongoji Environmental Management Committee
Ward (Ward Env. Management
Officer)
Ward Environmental Management Committee
Mtaa (Mtaa Env. Management
Officer)
Mtaa Environmental Management Committee
National Environment Management Council (NEMC)
[Director General]
National Environmental Advisory Committee (NEAC)
Figure 2: Organisation structure for the implementation of EMA
2.4 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and Regional Cooperation
2.4.1 Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Tanzania has ratified various Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in order to join the International community efforts in addressing global environmental issues. The Government has further domesticated most of these Agreements. Multilateral Environmental Agreements to which Tanzania is a Party include:-
Convention/ Treaty Year of ratification
1.The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 1996
2.The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification,1994 1997
3.The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989
1993
4.Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa,1991
1993
5.The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992
1996
6.The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), 1973
1979
7.The Kyoto Protocol to United Nations Framework on Climate Change,1997
2003
8.The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer,1985 1993
9.The Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987
1993
10.The SADC Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement, 1999
2003
11.The World Heritage Convention, 1972 1977
12.The Lusaka Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora, 1994
1994
13.The Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region,(Nairobi Convention) 1985
1996
14.The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) (Bonn), 1979 1999
15.The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention), 1971
1999
16.The Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Water birds (AEWA), 1999
1999
17.The Convention on sustainable management of Lake Tanganyika, 2003
2004
18.The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade,1998
2002
19.The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2001
2004
20.The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 2000 2003
21.African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968
1974
22.The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1958 1985
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2.4.2 Regional Cooperation
a) The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC)
Tanzania is a member of Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). The objectives of SADC, are to achieve development and economic growth, alleviate poverty, enhance the standard and quality of life of the people of Southern Africa and support the socially disadvantaged through regional integration; and achieve sustainable utilization of natural resources and effective protection of the environment.
b) The East African Community (EAC)
Tanzania is a member of East African Community (EAC) of 1999., which is the regional intergovernmental organization of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. The regional co-operation and integration envisaged in the EAC is broad based, covering environment and natural resources management, trade, investments and industrial development, monetary and fiscal affairs, infrastructure and services, human resources, science and technology, agriculture and food security, tourism and wildlife management, and health, social and cultural activities.
c) African Union (AU)
Tanzania is one of the 54 members of the African Union (AU) which was established in July 9, 2002. The AU was formed as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The main objectives of the AU are to: accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent; promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its people; achieve peace and security in Africa; and to promote democratic institutions, good governance and human rights.
d) Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)
Tanzania is one of the 19 members of the Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) which was initially known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative that was launched in March 1997. The priority areas identified for the IOR-ARC in medium and long-term include protection of environment; poverty alleviation; research and management; energy; information technology; health; agriculture; maritime transport; fisheries; and disaster management.
2.5 Milestones Achieved from NEAP (1994)
The first NEAP was prepared in 1994 with several strategic actions for its implementation. Since then, some of the major milestones achieved to date include: preparation and implementation of the National Environmental Policy (1997), the Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 and other sectoral policies and legislation. These policies and legislation provide basis and guiding framework for environmental management in the country. The institutional framework for effective environmental management has been established to include sector ministries, and Local Government Authorities. In addition, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Community Based Organisations (CBOs), Private sector and individuals are actively participating in the environmental management initiatives.
Furthermore, numerous national programmes, strategies and plans, have been developed and implemented to address key environmental challenges such as land degradation; water supply; waste management; water catchments conservation; deforestation; loss of biodiversity; coastal and marine environment conservation.
A number of initiatives have been undertaken in addressing land degradation. This includes national tree planting campaign which has increased rate of tree planting due to increased awareness. For instance, a total 629,641,817 trees were planted nationally between 2005/06-2010/11 which is equal to 572,401.7 ha in five years or an average of 114,480.3 ha per year. Between 2006 - 2010, the National Land use Planning Commission (NLUPC) prepared land use plans for 800 villages.
Forest and wildlife conservation has improved and the Government has successfully established 33 Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). In addition, 2,328 villages, about 22% of all villages in the country are engaged in Participatory Forest Management. Through this, 4,122,500 hectares which is about 12% of all forests in the country have been managed. Furthermore, the Government has established 1,687 “Malihai clubs” in primary and secondary schools to provide opportunities for schools to participate in environmental conservation and awareness creation on the importance of conservation to the community.
Efforts to enable citizens to access clean and safe water have been undertaken by the government and hence increase the number of people with access to clean and safe water. In rural areas proportion of people with access to clean and safe water increased from 6 percent to 57.8 percent in 2011, whereas in urban areas it increased from 25 percent in 1961 to 86 percent during the same period. Furthermore, the construction of dams has increased nearly 20 times more, from dams that could store 255.1 million cubic meters before independence to 5.2 billion cubic meters in 2011.
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Achievements have been made in waste management in the country. Some of these achievements include improved collection of solid waste in urban areas from an average of about 5% in 1990’s to 50% to date and provision of sewerage systems covering about 10% to 15% of the urban population. In addition more than 69 industries have been involved in cleaner technology assessments and implemented different options contributing to reduction in emissions and waste as well as rational utilization of resources in terms of utilities and raw materials.
Alternative sources of energy have been promoted including solar, wind and natural gas. The estimated current installed Photovoltaic (PV) capacity is about 550 kWp with an annual growth rate of about 20%. Currently, a total of 122 MW are being generated in the country using natural gas from Songosongo and Mnazi Bay, accounting for 45% of total thermal power generation connected to the national electricity grid. More than 25 industries have switched to natural gas instead of fuel oil which has contributed in reducing indirectly the amount of otherwise undesirable gaseous emissions. There are initiatives in Cities to produce electricity from closed dump sites. For example the Mtoni dump site in Dar es Salaam is generating about 2.5 MW of electricity. These initiatives will further reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Despite of these achievements, effective environment management in the country is still a challenge, due to the fact that many environmental challenges have emerged. For example climate change, modern biotechnology, biofuel, and Invasive Alien Species.
CHAPTER THREE THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
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THE STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
This Chapter highlights on the state of the environment in the context of Land, forests, water, biodiversity, urban environment, energy and atmosphere. Environment and natural resources are increasingly under pressure as a result of unsustainable utilization. This is exacerbated by emerging issues such as Climate Change, Invasive Alien Species, Biofuels and Electronic waste.
3.1 Land Resource
The present land use is categorized into seven major land types, namely, forests, woodland, grassland, cultivated land, open land, bush land and water features. Forests and woodland occupies more than 40 percent of the total land area of the mainland, whereas protected areas occupy nearly 30 percent of the whole area of the country.
Despite the existing policies, strategies and legislation, the land resource is still affected by unsustainable farming and mining, wetlands degradation; overgrazing; tree and bush clearing; and wild fires. The rate of land degradation is also accelerated by some social-economic factors, including insufficient awareness and knowledge on relevant land policies and laws and proper management of land and water resources; inadequate alternative sources for energy and construction materials; insufficient number of Financial Institutions that support farmers in terms of credit to acquire or develop land; insufficient institutions to provide information on land availability for those in need, and guidelines/arrangements on how the landless, especially the youth can acquire land; and rapid population growth. Inadequate land use plans at various administrative levels is among the factors causing not only land and resources degradation but also land conflicts.
3.2 Forests and Woodlands
Tanzania possesses about 35.3 million hectares (ha) of natural forests or 38% of the total land area. Forests and woodlands are the sources for most of the wood and non-wood products. Wood products include timber, poles, firewood and charcoal. Non-wood products include ropes, resins, tie and dye, game meat, fruits, traditional/natural medicines, natural vegetables, palm leaves for making baskets/mats, honey, beeswax and mushrooms. Furthermore, forests and woodlands do provide other goods and services to people such as food, natural herbs for medicine and water. A number of intangible benefits do exist as outcomes of the presence of forests and woodlands. Such benefits include depository of biodiversity; amelioration of climate (microclimate), Carbon sequestration, habitat to wildlife and cultural and religious values. The forest resources are facing a number of environmental challenges including over exploitation; bush fires; and encroachment for various human activities.
3.3 Water Resources
Tanzania has 59,050 km2 of inland water bodies. It is estimated that 6% of land area is covered by Lake Surface and numerous rivers draining into major water basins. Groundwater plays a major role in meeting the demand of water especially in rural areas. The total renewable water resources are estimated at 89 km3 /year of which 40 km3 /year is groundwater resources.The main environmental challenges confronting the water resources in Tanzania are; sedimentation in reservoirs and waterways; pollution; encroachment of water sources; climate change impacts. Human activities such as unsustainable fishing, agriculture, grazing in catchment’s areas and mining have been the major sources of pollution of many water sources especially the dams.
3.4 Biodiversity
Tanzania is one of the twelve mega diversity countries of the world, and the nation’s biological diversity has important economic, technological and social implications. It is the fourth country in Africa with the largest number of mammals (at least 310 mammal species) and a number of highest species richness of birds, plants, amphibians and reptiles. The Eastern Arc Mountains is one of the biodiversity hotspot in Tanzania which has significant socio-economic importance. Threats confronting biodiversity in Tanzania include human encroachment, bush fires, pollution of rivers, lakes, and ocean, over-exploitation; invasive alien species and climate change impacts.
3.5 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)Modern biotechnology is increasingly gaining popularity as an important tool for technological advancement in medicine, agriculture, environment and industry sectors. Commercial introduction of GMOs in the country is yet to take place apart from few research activities. Tanzania has also been handling shipments of GMOs to neighbouring countries. In view of health, environmental, socio-economic and ethical concerns associated with GMOs, Tanzania has put in place legal and administrative framework to regulate GMOs. Challenges facing the safe use of modern biotechnology in the country include inadequate: public awareness: funding; human and infrastructural capacities.
3.6 Urban EnvironmentThe rapid growth of urban population is a challenge due to the fact that the population growth is not proportion provision of services such as water supply and services, sewerage facilities, water supply services, housing, road infrastructure, e-waste and Municipal waste management facilities. The inadequate services has resulted in emergence and growth of informal settlements occupying about 60% of housing in urban areas. It is estimated that about 70% of the urban population in the country live in unplanned settlements. Such settlements present potential public health risks such as flooding hazards, mainly as a result of poor urban planning.
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3.6.1 Electronic Waste (E-waste)
The fast growing use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and rapid turn-over in technology is creating a growing e-waste stream in Tanzania. The challenge of e-waste is even of greater concern in the country because of inadequate capacity to handle and recycle the hazardous materials contained in e-waste. This leads to disposal of both e-waste and municipal waste in dumpsites hence polluting the environment and creating health risks to the nearby community and the population at large.
3.6.2 Municipal Waste
Municipal waste consists of waste collected by or on behalf of municipal authorities and disposed of through the waste management system and it includes solid and liquid waste. Increasing urbanization, rising standards of living and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid and liquid waste generation mainly by industrial and domestic activities. It is estimated that more than 10,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated per day countrywide. The increase in waste generation is not equivalent to increase in the capacity of the relevant urban authorities to deal with this problem. On average, about 50% of solid wastes generated in urban areas are collected daily and disposal at dumpsites. Some solid wastes are disposed of by burning or burying and others may end up in drains or dumpsites.
The proper management of liquid waste has become one of the most pressing and challenging environmental problems in the country. Sewerage systems cover a very small part of the municipalities and about 10 – 15 % of the urban population have access to the sewerage system. In most municipalities the collected sewerage is treated in waste stabilization ponds before being discharged into the receiving water bodies. However, most of the ponds are not working properly which means that raw sewerage is discharged to the surface and ground water resources. Inadequate coverage of sewerage systems contributes to incidence of water borne diseases in most urban areas.
3.6.3 Traffic congestion
The fast growing development, population density, insufficient public transport system and inadequate road infrastructure in urban areas has caused the existence of high traffic jams. Moreover, traffic congestion has caused air pollution from sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matters as well as noise pollution from imported second hand vehicles with poor fuel efficiency that have a role in affecting human health.
3.6.4 Air and Noise Pollution
The air pollution problem is more acute in urban areas principally due to concentration of socio-economic activities. The major sources of air pollution include transportation, industrial processes, mining, domestic biomass burning, energy production, uncontrolled: waste disposal; chemicals management; agriculture and animal husbandry. In general, the pollutant density level in the air around urban and industrial areas is relatively higher than that found in rural areas. Although little quantitative data exist, the major source of ambient air pollution is from vehicle emissions, the largest emitters being older vehicles and diesel-powered vehicles. In the rural areas the principal sources of air pollution are kerosene and biomass burning which are responsible mainly for indoor pollution.
Studies in Dar es Salaam have established the presence of noise pollution due to industrial activities, social activities (bars, nightclubs and social halls), and small-scale service industries, use of generators in residential areas, motor vehicles, air planes, and construction activities. The noise levels recorded were above 90dBA, the recommended safe limit of occupational noise exposure for 8 hours. With the current economic growth and associated with industrial expansion, noise pollution is anticipated to increase particularly in urban areas.
3.7 Energy Resources
Tanzania is endowed with diverse energy sources including biomass, natural gas, hydropower, coal, geothermal, solar and wind, much of which is untapped. Coal reserves have been estimated at 1.6 billion tonnes of which 304 million tonnes have been confirmed. Natural gas exists in Tanzania with proven reserves of about 32 TCF (Trillion Cubic Feet) from Songo-Songo and Mnazi Bay. The country also has indications of geothermal resources with an estimated potential of about 650 MW.
The total annual energy consumed in Tanzania is estimated at 22 million tonnes of oil. About 92% of this amount is biomass-based and 8% is commercial energy, mainly from electricity and petroleum and natural gas-based fuel. This energy use picture shows the low per capita consumption of commercial energy and high dependence on traditional biomass.
Challenges facing energy sector include climate change, high initial costs of environmentally and socially sound energy technologies; and inadequate human and institutional capacities.
3.8 Climate Change
The impacts of global warming are already evident in almost all sectors of the economy and throughout the country. Impacts are already being experienced almost in each and every sector. Examples are countless and increasing. Severe and recurrent droughts in the past few years triggered devastating power crisis
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in recent years. All major dams which are the main source of electrical power in the country surpassed their lowest water level during that period and they were temporarily shut down, resulting in long hours of power black outs. About 80 percent of the glacier on Mount Kilimanjaro has been lost since 1912. It is projected that the entire glacier will be gone by 2025. The intrusion of Sea water into water wells along the coast of Bagamoyo and the submerging of Maziwe Island in Pangani and Fungu la Nyani in Rufiji are both linked to sea level rise impacts.
Climate change has also brought its opportunities, particularly as it relates to increased efficiency and diversification of the sources of energy. New technologies related to renewable energy, better industrial efficiencies, better agricultural processing, better management of the natural resources including the forestry sector have all helped to redefine a better sustainable development path in the name of climate change mitigation.
Several challenges are being experienced including inadequate capacity to fund adaptation and mitigation activities; low public awareness; inadequate institutional and human resources capacities to address climate issue; and inadequate national specific adaptation capacities including nationally research based adaptation technologies.
3.9 Environmental Disasters
Environmental disasters in Tanzania are aggravated by some natural actions such as floods, droughts and human induced disasters for example settlements in hazardous prone areas .
Droughts have a major impact on the environment and the lives of both human and other living organisms. For instance, the drought that occurred in 1993 affected 282,053 people in Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Kagera and Kigoma regions in terms of decline in crop yields and livestock loss. Another acute drought occurred in 1996 in 14 regions where about 3.9 million people were affected. This was followed by a severe drought that occurred in 1999 affecting 17 regions. Another severe drought also occurred between 2009-2010 which killed a total of 316,437 cattle, 236,359 goats and 92,640 sheep in Arusha region.
Floods also contribute significantly to the destruction of the natural resources resulting into socio-economic losses and environmental degradation. For instance the floods that occurred in April, 2011 in Kilombero, Morogoro and December 2011 in Dar es Salaam caused several deaths and considerable property and infrastructure damage. These floods damaged more than 886km of roads and 26 bridges which costed the national 17 billion Tanzanian shillings for repair . TAZAMA oil spill in river Mwega in Kilosa districts that happened accidentally in June 2011 affects the river environment, aquatic biodiversity and community life around the river.
3.10 Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) may be defined as species that are non-native to the specific ecosystem, which have been introduced accidentally or intentionally, and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause adverse impacts to socio-economic welfare, environmental wellbeing and human health. IAS are among the key drivers of environmental change causing biodiversity loss in many ecosystems and they are considered very difficult to be eradicated.
The spread of IAS has been increasing in the country in the last few decades, which causes substantial threat to biodiversity and ecological integrity of native habitats and ecosystems. The rate of introduction and spread of IAS have increased substantially since the 1960s. The key drivers of the spread of IAS are trade and human mobility. Tanzania has 67 reported IAS of different categories including plant pathogens, pests, aquatic and terrestrial weeds, animals and trees. The presence of multiple factors (climate change, disturbances on species interaction and land use changes) influencing the vulnerability and severity of the IAS poses a management challenge. Tanzania has experienced socio-economic and environmental problems associated with IAS.
Efforts to prevent control and counteract some of the devastating IAS in the country such as water hyacinth in Lake Victoria have proven to be costly and difficulty in reversing their impacts. Although challenges associated with IAS have been recognized for several decades, an integrated approach is required to address effectively this problem.
3.11 Biofuels
In Tanzania more than 90% of the energy consumption is mainly from fuel wood and charcoal. The remaining percentage comes from Petroleum and natural gas (8%), electricity (1.2%) and less than 1% comes from other energy sources including coal, solar, biogas and wind.
The use of biofuels in Tanzania is still at an infant stage. There are initiatives to prepare policy and legal framework for sustainable biofuel development while appreciating the challenges, associated risks and trade-off in ensuring sustainable biofuels development. The national vision for the development of biofuel sub-sector is to contribute to the reduction of fossil fuels in transport sector and to stimulate socio-economic development. The expected biofuels feedstock include sugar cane, jatropha, Croton microstaschys, palm oil and sweet sorghum.. The country is being mapped into agro ecological zones for the purpose of identifying suitable areas for biofuel production, at the same time to ensure that programme does not contribute to food scarcity and biodiversity degradation. However, the outcome of the energy sector’s work in biofules development will guide on the best biofuel farming approaches..
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CHAPTER FOUR
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
This Chapter sets up a plan of action to address environmental challenges/issues by providing priority actions, expected outputs, timeframe, key actors and indicators for tracking progress. The implementation approach takes into account the institutional arrangement as stipulated under EMA, 2004. The time-frame for implementation is categorized as short term (0-2 years), medium term (2-5 years) and long term (5 years and above).
The environmental challenges/issues addressed in this chapter include; Land degradation, Water resources degradation and pollution, Degradation of aquatic resources, Loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity, Deforestation, Urban pollution, Climate change, Modern biotechnology, Electric and Electronic Equipment wastes, Invasive Alien Species and Biofuels.
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
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degr
aded
are
as/
fragi
le.
Env
ironm
enta
l m
aps
in p
lace
N
umbe
r of
E
nviro
nmen
tal
map
s
Med
ium
te
rm
Min
istri
es r
espo
nsib
le fo
r La
nd, L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent
;Env
ironm
ent;
and
Land
use
P
lann
ing
Com
mis
sion
, A
cade
mic
and
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
, NG
Os
and
CB
Os
1.3
Stre
ngth
en p
reve
ntiv
e m
easu
res
agai
nst
wild
fire
s
Inte
grat
ed fi
re
man
agem
ent
plan
s de
velo
ped
and
impl
emen
ted
Inci
denc
es o
f bu
sh fi
res
Sho
rt te
rm
Min
istri
es r
espo
nsib
le fo
r Fo
rest
ry, A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k, W
ildlif
e an
d Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent;
and
Tanz
ania
Fo
rest
Ser
vice
s A
genc
y,
Med
ia,
NG
Os
and
CB
Os
1.4
Enh
ance
im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e N
atio
nal A
ctio
n P
lan
to
Com
bat
Des
ertif
icat
ion
(NA
P)
• N
atio
nal A
ctio
n P
lan
on
Des
ertif
icat
ion
impl
emen
ted
• R
educ
ed
Des
ertif
icat
ion
Rat
e of
D
eser
tific
atio
n
Med
ium
te
rm
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Fo
rest
ry, E
nviro
nmen
t, Li
vest
ock,
Agr
icul
ture
and
Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t; an
d N
EM
C, T
anza
nia
Fore
st
Ser
vice
s A
genc
y, N
GO
s an
d C
BO
s 1.
5 P
repa
re a
nd
impl
emen
t rec
lam
atio
n pl
ans
in h
ighl
y de
grad
ed a
reas
Rec
lam
atio
n pl
ans
in p
lace
an
d im
plem
ente
d
Are
a of
re
clai
med
land
Lo
ng te
rm
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Fo
rest
ry, A
gric
ultu
re, W
ildlif
e,
Live
stoc
k, W
orks
, Min
eral
s an
d Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t; an
dTan
zani
a Fo
rest
Ser
vice
s
Imp
lem
enta
tion
Pla
n f
or N
EAP
31
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
Age
ncy,
Priv
ate
sect
or,
NG
Os/
CB
Os
1.
6 P
rom
ote
sust
aina
ble
agric
ultu
ral p
ract
ices
S
usta
inab
le
agric
ultu
ral
prac
tices
im
plem
ente
d
Num
ber o
f be
st p
ract
ices
Lo
ng te
rm
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r A
gric
ultu
re, E
duca
tion,
Li
vest
ock
;Loc
al G
over
nmen
t, N
GO
s an
d C
BO
s
1.7
Pro
mot
e us
e of
tra
ditio
nal k
now
ledg
e in
land
man
agem
ent
Trad
ition
al
know
ledg
e pr
omot
ed a
nd
impl
emen
ted
Num
ber o
f fa
rmer
s en
gage
d in
the
use
of
tradi
tiona
l kn
owle
dge
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r A
gric
ultu
re, L
ives
tock
; Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent;
NG
Os
and
CB
Os
1.8
Pro
mot
e ra
ngel
and
reso
urce
s m
anag
emen
t
Ran
gela
nd
reso
urce
s m
anag
emen
t pl
ans,
pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd
Stra
tegi
es in
pl
ace
Num
ber o
f pl
ans,
pr
ogra
mm
es
and
stra
tegi
es
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r A
gric
ultu
re, F
ores
try,
Live
stoc
k Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t; an
d N
GO
s an
d C
BO
s
1.9
Stre
ngth
en n
atio
nal
rese
arch
, ext
ensi
on
serv
ices
and
farm
er
orga
niza
tions
in la
nd
use
and
info
rmat
ion
shar
ing
• R
esea
rch
capa
city
im
prov
ed;
• E
xten
sion
se
rvic
es t
o fa
rmer
s st
reng
then
ed
• Num
ber o
f re
sear
ch
• R
atio
of
exte
nsio
n st
aff
to fa
rmer
s
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r A
gric
ultu
re, S
cien
ce a
nd
Tech
nolo
gy,
Live
stoc
k Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent;
and
Res
earc
h an
d A
cade
mic
Inst
itutio
ns,
CO
STE
CH
, M
edia
, NG
Os
and
CB
Os
1.
10 S
treng
then
Im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e Th
e S
trate
gy
impl
emen
ted
Rat
e of
de
grad
atio
n of
Lo
ng ti
me
Min
istry
resp
onsi
ble
for
Env
ironm
ent,
Fore
stry
,
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
34 35
(NEAP)(NEAP)
32
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
Stra
tegy
for U
rgen
t A
ctio
ns o
n La
nd
Deg
rada
tion
and
Wat
er C
atch
men
ts
effe
ctiv
ely
land
and
wat
er
catc
hmen
ts
Agr
icul
ture
, Liv
esto
ck a
nd
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent;
and
NG
Os
and
CB
Os
2. W
ater
R
esou
rces
D
egra
datio
n an
d Po
llutio
n
2.1
Stre
ngth
en e
nfor
cem
ent
of le
gisl
atio
n re
late
d to
w
ater
reso
urce
s m
anag
emen
t and
Wat
er
Sup
ply
and
sani
tatio
n
Com
plia
nce
to
rele
vant
le
gisl
atio
n
• N
umbe
r of
wat
er
catc
hmen
ts
iden
tifie
d an
d co
nser
ved
•
Leve
l of
com
plia
nce
Lon
g te
rm
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r W
ater
, Loc
al G
over
nmen
t E
nviro
nmen
t and
NE
MC
U
rban
Wat
er S
uppl
y an
d S
ewer
age
Aut
horit
y; P
rivat
e se
ctor
, NG
Os/
CB
Os
2.2
Pro
mot
e lo
cal
com
mun
ities
pa
rtici
patio
n in
the
enfo
rcem
ent o
f wat
er
abst
ract
ion
Loca
l co
mm
uniti
es
parti
cipa
tion
in
the
enfo
rcem
ent
of a
bstra
ctio
n of
w
ater
from
the
auth
oriz
ed
agen
cies
Inci
denc
es o
f
unau
thor
ized
w
ater
ab
stra
ctio
n
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r W
ater
, Loc
al G
over
nmen
t E
nviro
nmen
t; an
d P
rivat
e se
ctor
; NG
Os/
CB
Os
2.3
Stre
ngth
en
impl
emen
tatio
n of
in
tegr
ated
wat
er
reso
urce
s m
anag
emen
t pl
ans.
Wat
er
reso
urce
s m
anag
emen
t pl
ans
impl
emen
ted
• Q
uant
ity
and
qual
ity
of
wat
er
• A
rea
of w
ater
ca
tchm
ent
cons
erve
d
Long
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Wat
er,
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t,
Env
ironm
ent;
and
Urb
an
Wat
er S
uppl
y an
d S
anita
tion
Aut
horit
ies,
W
ater
B
asin
B
oard
, P
rivat
e se
ctor
; N
GO
s/C
BO
s 2.
4 E
stab
lish
/ Im
prov
e w
aste
wat
er
man
agem
ent
syst
ems
in u
rban
cen
tres
Was
tew
ater
m
anag
emen
t sy
stem
s in
urb
an
cent
res
es
tabl
ishe
d/
impr
oved
• N
umbe
r of
clie
nts
conn
ecte
d to
th
e S
ewer
age
syst
ems
Long
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t, W
ater
, H
ealth
;
Env
ironm
ent;
and
Urb
an
Wat
er
Sup
ply
and
San
itatio
n A
utho
ritie
s, P
rivat
e se
ctor
; NG
Os/
CB
Os,
Med
ia
33
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
• S
torm
wat
er
drai
nage
ne
twor
k •
Num
ber o
f on
-site
faci
lity
2.5
Stre
ngth
en in
tegr
ated
so
lid w
aste
m
anag
emen
t sys
tem
Impr
oved
sol
id
was
te
man
agem
ent
• A
mou
nt o
f so
lid w
aste
co
llect
ed a
nd
disp
osed
•
Am
ount
of
solid
was
te
reco
very
and
re
cycl
ed /
re-
use
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t,
Env
ironm
ent;
and
NE
MC
, P
rivat
e se
ctor
; Pub
lic,
NG
Os/
CB
Os
2.6
Pro
mot
e w
aste
wat
er
treat
men
t, re
cycl
ing
and
reus
e
Red
uced
en
viro
nmen
tal
pollu
tion
and
w
ater
dem
and
• P
ollu
tion
leve
l •
Am
ount
of
wat
er
cons
umed
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r W
ater
, Loc
al G
over
nmen
t E
nviro
nmen
t; an
d U
rban
W
ater
Sup
ply
and
Sew
erag
e A
utho
rity
Aut
horit
ies,
Priv
ate
sect
or; N
GO
s/C
BO
s 3.
Deg
rada
tion
of A
quat
ic
Res
ourc
es
3.1
Stre
ngth
en
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Stra
tegi
es a
nd
prog
ram
mes
rela
ted
to
Aqu
atic
reso
urce
s in
clud
ing
the
Nat
iona
l S
trate
gy fo
r Urg
ent
Act
ion
to C
onse
rve
Coa
stal
and
Mar
ine
Env
ironm
ent,
Lake
s,
Riv
ers
and
Dam
s.
The
Stra
tegi
es
and
prog
ram
mes
im
plem
ente
d
Rat
e of
de
grad
atio
n of
aq
uatic
re
sour
ces
Long
term
Min
istri
es
Res
pons
ible
fo
r: E
nviro
nmen
t, Tr
ansp
ort,
La
nds,
A
gric
ultu
re,
Min
eral
s,
Fore
st,
Fish
erie
s,
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t sa
nd
Oth
er
rele
vant
se
ctor
s;
NG
Os/
C
BO
s
3.2
Pro
mot
e co
nser
vatio
n U
tiliz
atio
n of
A
rea
of
Long
term
M
inis
tries
R
espo
nsib
le
for:
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
36 37
(NEAP)(NEAP)
34
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of
man
grov
es a
nd
coas
tal f
ores
t
man
grov
es a
nd
coas
tal f
ores
ts
sust
aine
d
man
grov
es
and
coas
tal
fore
sts
sust
aina
bly
man
aged
Fore
st,
Fish
erie
s,
Env
ironm
ent,
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t, La
nds,
Min
eral
s;
NE
MC
, NG
Os/
CB
Os
3.3
Pro
mot
e su
stai
nabl
e ut
iliza
tion
of a
quat
ic
reso
urce
s.
Aqu
atic
reso
urce
s ut
ilize
d su
stai
nabl
y.
Rat
e of
ut
iliza
tion
of
aqua
tic
reso
urce
s
Long
term
Min
istri
es R
espo
nsib
le fo
r: Fi
sher
ies,
For
estry
, A
gric
ultu
re, E
nviro
nmen
t, Lo
cal A
utho
ritie
s; a
nd N
EM
C,
NG
Os/
CB
Os
3.4
Pre
vent
and
Con
trol
pollu
tion
in a
quat
ic
syst
ems
Qua
lity
of a
quat
ic
syst
ems
impr
oved
Qua
lity
of
aqua
tic
syst
ems
Lo
ng te
rm
Min
istri
es R
espo
nsib
le fo
r: W
ater
Lan
ds, A
gric
ultu
re,
Env
ironm
ent,
Fish
erie
s,
Tran
spor
t, In
dust
ries,
Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent,
Ene
rgy,
and
N
EM
C; P
rivat
e se
ctor
and
N
GO
s
3.5
Stre
ngth
en
Enf
orce
men
t of
legi
slat
ion
rela
ted
to
inve
stm
ent a
nd
utili
zatio
n of
aqu
atic
re
sour
ces
Com
plia
nce
to
legi
slat
ion
rela
ted
to in
vest
men
t and
ut
iliza
tion
of
aqua
tic re
sour
ces
• In
cide
nces
of
viol
atio
n of
le
gisl
atio
n
• N
umbe
r of
inve
stm
ents
w
ith
envi
ronm
enta
l cle
aran
ce
Long
term
Min
istri
es R
espo
nsib
le fo
r E
nviro
nmen
t , F
ishe
ries,
Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent,
Hom
e A
ffairs
, D
efen
ce; a
nd N
EM
C, B
MU
s,
NG
Os,
CB
Os
3.6
Pro
mot
e ec
osys
tem
ap
proa
ch in
aqu
atic
pr
otec
ted
area
s
Eco
syst
em
appr
oach
in
aqua
tic p
rote
cted
ar
eas
adop
ted
and
impl
emen
ted
Num
ber o
f P
rote
cted
A
reas
pr
actic
ing
Eco
syst
em
App
roac
h
Long
term
Min
istri
es R
espo
nsib
le fo
r: Fi
sher
ies,
For
estry
, Wild
life,
E
nviro
nmen
t, Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent,
and
Mar
ine
Par
ks, N
GO
S, C
BO
s
35
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
3.7
Pro
mot
e pa
rtici
pato
ry
fishe
ry m
anag
emen
t an
d ra
ise
aw
aren
ess
on s
usta
inab
le
fishe
ries
• In
crea
sed
Par
ticip
atio
n in
fis
hery
m
anag
emen
t •
Aw
aren
ess
rais
ed
• N
umbe
r of
BM
Us
and
CB
Os
invo
lved
•
Leve
l of
awar
enes
s
Long
term
Min
istri
es R
espo
nsib
le fo
r Fi
sher
ies,
Env
ironm
ent,
Edu
catio
n, C
omm
unity
D
evel
opm
ent,
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t ;an
d N
GO
s,
CB
Os
3.
8 P
rom
ote
regi
onal
co
oper
atio
n on
m
anag
emen
t of t
rans
-bo
unda
ry w
ater
re
sour
ces
Reg
iona
l ag
reem
ents
, pl
ans,
pr
ogra
mm
es,
proj
ects
in p
lace
Num
ber o
f ag
reem
ents
, pr
ogra
mm
es,
plan
s an
d pr
ojec
ts
Long
term
Min
istri
es R
espo
nsib
le fo
r: E
nviro
nmen
t, Fo
reig
n A
ffairs
, W
ater
, Loc
al G
over
nmen
t and
Fi
sher
ies
3.9
Stre
ngth
en
inst
itutio
nal a
nd
hum
an c
apac
ity in
m
anag
emen
t of
aqua
tic re
sour
ces
Inst
itutio
nal a
nd
hum
an c
apac
ity
impr
oved
/enh
anc
ed
Num
ber o
f fa
cilit
ies
and
train
ed
pers
onne
l Lo
ng te
rm
Min
istri
es R
espo
nsib
le fo
r: Fi
sher
ies,
Env
ironm
ent,
Wat
er, L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Fore
st; a
nd A
cade
mic
and
R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; C
BO
s an
d N
GO
s
3.
10 I
mpr
ove
data
co
llect
ion
and
info
rmat
ion
man
agem
ent
on
aqua
tic re
sour
ces/
en
viro
nmen
t
Up-
to-d
ate
data
an
d in
form
atio
n in
pl
ace
Dat
a an
d in
form
atio
n
Long
term
Min
istri
es R
espo
nsib
le fo
r Fi
sher
ies,
Wat
er,
Env
ironm
ent,
Pla
nnin
g, L
ocal
G
over
nmen
t a
nd ,
Met
eoro
logy
, NE
MC
, A
cade
mic
and
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tes
3.11
Pro
mot
e re
sear
ch a
nd
diss
emin
atio
n of
fin
ding
s on
aqu
atic
re
sour
ces
man
agem
ent
Iden
tific
atio
n of
be
st m
anag
emen
t pr
actic
es a
nd
prio
rity
area
s
• N
umbe
r re
sear
ch
repo
rts
• N
umbe
r of
best
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Fi
sher
ies,
Wat
er, S
cien
ce a
nd
Tech
nolo
gy, L
ocal
G
over
nmen
t, E
nviro
nmen
t ,A
gric
ultu
re, F
ores
try,
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
38 39
(NEAP)(NEAP)
36
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
prac
tices
and
pr
iorit
y ar
eas
Live
stoc
k, a
nd A
cade
mic
and
R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns,
CO
STE
CH
, NE
MC
, Priv
ate
sect
or, N
GO
s/C
BO
s 4.
Los
s of
W
ildlif
e H
abita
ts a
nd
Bio
dive
rsity
4.1
Rev
iew
and
impl
emen
t th
e N
atio
nal
Bio
dive
rsity
Stra
tegy
an
d A
ctio
n P
lan
Nat
iona
l B
iodi
vers
ity
Stra
tegy
and
A
ctio
n P
lan
revi
ewed
and
im
plem
ente
d
• N
umbe
r of
bi
odiv
ersi
ty
Long
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Env
ironm
ent,
Wild
life,
Lan
ds,
Fore
st,
Wat
er,
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t; an
d ac
adem
ic
and
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
4.2
Stre
ngth
en
impl
emen
tatio
n of
N
atio
nal S
trate
gy o
n W
etla
nds
Nat
iona
l Stra
tegy
on
Wet
land
s im
plem
ente
d
Rat
e of
w
etla
nds
degr
adat
ion
Lo
ng te
rm
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Env
ironm
ent,
Agr
icul
ture
, Li
vest
ock,
Fo
rest
, W
ater
, La
nds,
Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent;
and
acad
emic
and
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; NG
Os/
CB
Os
4.3
Re-
exam
ine
the
entir
e pr
otec
ted
area
ne
twor
k in
Tan
zani
a fo
r lon
g te
rm
sust
aina
bilit
y
Pro
tect
ed a
reas
ne
twor
k re
port
in
plac
e
Num
ber
of
repo
rts
Med
ium
te
rm
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Env
ironm
ent,
Fore
st,
Wat
er,
Land
s,
Wild
life,
Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent;
and
acad
emic
an
d R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns;
NG
Os/
CB
Os
4.4
Pro
mot
e in
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion
to e
nsur
e th
at T
anza
nia
bene
fits
from
tran
sfer
of i
ts
gene
tic re
sour
ces
Agr
eem
ents
and
pr
otoc
ols
in p
lace
N
umbe
r of
bene
fits
from
tra
nsfe
r of
gene
tic
reso
urce
s
Long
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Env
ironm
ent,
Agr
icul
ture
, Fo
rest
, Wat
er, F
orei
gn A
ffairs
, E
AC
, W
ildlif
e,
Land
s,
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t; an
d ac
adem
ic
and
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
4.5
Stre
ngth
en C
apac
ity
Cap
acity
Bui
ldin
g N
umbe
r of
Long
term
M
inis
tries
re
spon
sibl
e fo
r
37
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
Bui
ldin
g an
d aw
aren
ess
on th
e m
anag
emen
t of
terr
estri
al a
nd a
quat
ic
ecos
yste
ms.
and
awar
enes
s en
hanc
ed
awar
enes
s pr
ogra
mm
es
and
sta
ff tra
ined
Env
ironm
ent,
Fore
st,
Wat
er,
Wild
life,
Fi
sher
ies,
La
nds,
Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent;
and
acad
emic
an
d R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
4.6
Impl
emen
t mea
sure
s to
con
trol
defo
rest
atio
n,
over
graz
ing
and
pollu
tion
Def
ores
tatio
n,
over
graz
ing
and
pollu
tion
cont
rolle
d
• R
ate
of
defo
rest
atio
n,
degr
adat
ion
and
pollu
tion
• N
umbe
r of
lives
tock
uni
t s
per a
rea
Long
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Env
ironm
ent,
Live
stoc
k,
Agr
icul
ture
, Fo
rest
, W
ater
, W
ildlif
e,
Land
s,
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t; an
d ac
adem
ic
and
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
4.7
Pro
mot
e an
d st
reng
then
Wild
life
Man
agem
ent A
reas
Pro
gram
mes
on
Wild
life
Man
agem
ent
Are
a im
plem
ente
d
Num
ber o
f w
ildlif
e m
anag
emen
t ar
eas
Long
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Env
ironm
ent,
Fore
st,
Wat
er,
Wild
life,
La
nds,
Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent;
and
acad
emic
an
d R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns;
NG
Os/
CB
Os
4.8
Pro
mot
e an
d S
treng
then
Reg
iona
l C
oope
ratio
n on
pr
otec
tion
and
Con
serv
atio
n of
w
ildlif
e ha
bita
ts
Agr
eem
ents
and
pr
otoc
ols
rela
ted
to W
ildlif
e in
pl
ace
Num
ber o
f A
gree
men
ts
Long
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Wild
life,
Env
ironm
ent,
Fore
ign
Affa
irs,
EA
C,
Fore
stry
, W
ater
, La
nds,
an
d Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent.
4.9
Stre
ngth
en
impl
emen
tatio
n of
m
easu
res
to c
ontro
l w
ildlif
e po
achi
ng a
nd
illeg
al h
arve
stin
g of
fo
rest
ry p
rodu
cts
illeg
al h
arve
st o
f W
ildlif
e an
d fo
rest
pr
oduc
ts
cont
rolle
d
Inci
denc
e of
ill
egal
taki
ng o
f w
ildlif
e an
d fo
rest
pro
duct
s fro
m p
rote
cted
ar
eas
redu
ced.
Long
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Wild
life,
E
nviro
nmen
t, Fo
rest
ry,
Wat
er,
Land
s, L
ocal
G
over
nmen
t; an
d ac
adem
ic
and
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
40 41
(NEAP)(NEAP)
38
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
4.10
Pro
mot
e m
onito
ring
and
cons
erva
tion
of
enda
nger
ed a
nd
thre
aten
ed s
peci
es
End
ange
red
and
thre
aten
ed
spec
ies
cons
erve
d
Num
ber o
f en
dang
ered
an
d th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s Lo
ng T
erm
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Wild
life,
E
nviro
nmen
t, Fo
rest
ry,
Wat
er,
Land
s,
Fish
erie
s,
Tour
ism
, Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent;
and
Aca
dem
ic
and
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
; N
EM
C, N
GO
s/C
BO
s, M
edia
4.11
Pro
mot
e re
sear
ch a
nd
diss
emin
atio
n of
fin
ding
s on
wild
life
and
biod
iver
sity
Iden
tific
atio
n of
pr
iorit
y ar
eas
and
best
pra
ctic
ed fo
r co
nser
vatio
n
Num
ber o
f re
sear
ch
repo
rts a
nd
best
pra
ctic
es
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r W
ildlif
e, S
cien
ce a
nd
Tech
nolo
gy, L
ocal
G
over
nmen
t, E
nviro
nmen
t ,
Fore
stry
, Liv
esto
ck, a
nd
Aca
dem
ic a
nd R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns, C
OS
TEC
H,
NE
MC
, Priv
ate
sect
or,
NG
Os/
CB
Os
5.
Def
ores
tatio
n
5.1
Stre
ngth
en
enfo
rcem
ent o
f for
est
rela
ted
legi
slat
ion
• Im
prov
ed fo
rest
pa
trol a
nd
surv
eilla
nce
• Fo
rest
le
gisl
atio
n co
mpl
ianc
e
• N
umbe
r of
fore
sts
co
nser
ved
•
Leve
l of
com
plia
nce
Lon
g te
rm
Min
istry
resp
onsi
ble
for
Fore
stry
, Wild
life,
Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent a
nd
Env
ironm
ent;
Priv
ate
sect
or,
NG
Os/
CB
Os
5.2
Pro
mot
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f woo
d lo
ts
Woo
dlot
s es
tabl
ishe
d A
rea
of
woo
dlot
s Lo
ng te
rm
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Fo
rest
, Loc
al G
over
nmen
t: an
d P
rivat
e se
ctor
, N
GO
s/C
BO
s 5.
3 C
ontro
l and
pro
mot
e su
stai
nabl
e pr
oduc
tion
of c
harc
oal
Cha
rcoa
l bu
sine
ss
man
aged
• To
nnes
/ ba
gs o
f ch
arco
al
• P
erce
ntag
e pr
oduc
ed
from
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Fo
rest
, Ene
rgy,
Env
ironm
ent,
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent,
and
NE
MC
, Priv
ate
sect
or,
NG
Os/
CB
Os,
Med
ia
39
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
sust
aina
ble
man
aged
fo
rest
/ w
oodl
ands
.
5.4
Stre
ngth
en e
nerg
y co
nser
vatio
n pr
ogra
mm
es
Ene
rgy
effic
ienc
y pr
ogra
mm
es
impl
emen
ted
Num
ber o
f en
ergy
effi
cien
t te
chno
logi
es
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Fo
rest
, Ene
rgy,
Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent;
and
Priv
ate
sect
or, N
GO
s/C
BO
s 5.
5 P
rom
ote
use
of
alte
rnat
ive
ener
gy
sour
ces
such
as
sola
r, na
tura
l gas
and
win
d
alte
rnat
ive
sour
ces
of e
nerg
y us
ed
Num
ber o
f al
tern
ativ
e so
urce
s an
d us
ers
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Fo
rest
, Ene
rgy,
Env
ironm
ent,
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent:
and
Priv
ate
sect
or, N
GO
s/C
BO
s
5.6
Pro
mot
e us
e of
Tr
aditi
onal
Kno
wle
dge
that
enh
ance
en
viro
nmen
tal
cons
erva
tion
Trad
ition
al
know
ledg
e pr
actic
ed
Num
ber o
f tra
ditio
nal
know
ledg
e pr
actic
ed
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Fo
rest
, Ene
rgy,
Env
ironm
ent,
Agr
icul
ture
, Liv
esto
ck, L
ocal
G
over
nmen
t, C
omm
unity
D
evel
opm
ent,
and
Priv
ate
sect
or, N
GO
s/C
BO
s 5.
7 S
treng
then
tre
e pl
antin
g an
d co
nser
vatio
n ca
mpa
ign
Tree
pla
ntin
g an
d co
nser
vatio
n ca
mpa
igns
st
reng
then
ed
Num
ber o
f tre
es p
lant
ed
and
surv
ived
Lo
ng te
rm
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Fo
rest
, Env
ironm
ent,
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t; an
d P
rivat
e se
ctor
; NG
Os/
CB
Os
5.8
Pre
pare
and
di
ssem
inat
e aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
me
on
sust
aina
ble
fore
st
man
agem
ent
Aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
mes
pr
epar
ed a
nd
impl
emen
ted
• N
umbe
r of
prog
ram
mes
on
su
stai
nabl
e fo
rest
m
anag
emen
t •
Leve
l of
awar
enes
s
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Fo
rest
, Env
ironm
ent,
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t: an
d P
rivat
e se
ctor
, NG
Os/
CB
Os
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
42 43
(NEAP)(NEAP)
40
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
6.
Urb
an
Pollu
tion
6.1
Stre
ngth
en
enfo
rcem
ent o
f le
gisl
atio
n re
late
d to
U
rban
pol
lutio
n pr
even
tion
and
cont
rol
Enf
orce
men
t of
legi
slat
ion
impl
emen
ted
Leve
l of
com
plia
nce
L
ong
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t, E
nviro
nmen
t ,W
ater
, Tr
ansp
ort,
Indu
stry
, NE
MC
, P
rivat
e se
ctor
, NG
Os/
CB
Os
6.2
Est
ablis
hmen
t /
stre
ngth
en i
nteg
rate
d w
aste
man
agem
ent
syst
em
Inte
grat
ed w
aste
m
anag
emen
t in
maj
or c
ities
, m
unic
ipal
ity a
nd
tow
ns e
stab
lishe
d
Are
a an
d po
pula
tion
se
rvic
ed
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t, W
ater
, E
nviro
nmen
t; an
d N
EM
C,
Priv
ate
sect
or; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
6.3
Stre
ngth
en d
ata-
base
an
d re
porti
ng s
yste
m
on m
unic
ipal
was
te
man
agem
ent
Dat
a-ba
se in
pl
ace
Ava
ilabi
lity
of
Up-
date
d da
ta
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t; E
nviro
nmen
t; an
d P
rivat
e se
ctor
; NG
Os/
CB
Os
6.
4 D
evel
op a
nd
impl
emen
t Nat
iona
l W
aste
Man
agem
ent
Stra
tegy
and
Act
ion
Pla
n
Nat
iona
l Was
te
Man
agem
ent
Stra
tegy
and
A
ctio
n P
lan
in p
lace
and
im
plem
ente
d
• A
mou
nt o
f w
aste
co
llect
ed,
treat
ed a
nd
disp
osed
•
Am
ount
of
was
te
reco
vere
d/
recy
cled
and
re
-use
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t ;E
nviro
nmen
t; an
d P
rivat
e se
ctor
; NG
Os/
CB
Os
6.5
Pro
mot
e us
e of
ex
cret
a an
d ot
her
orga
nic
was
te a
s
sour
ces
of e
nerg
y
Exc
reta
and
oth
er
orga
nic
was
te
used
as
sour
ces
of e
nerg
y
Num
ber o
f te
chno
logi
es
and
user
s
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r E
nerg
y, H
ealth
, Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent;
Indu
stry
E
nviro
nmen
t; an
d
41
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
C
AM
AR
TEC
; RE
A; P
rivat
e se
ctor
; NG
Os/
CB
Os
6.6
Stre
ngth
en
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
pr
ogra
mm
es o
n up
grad
ing
of
infra
stru
ctur
e fo
r un
plan
ned
settl
emen
ts
Pro
gram
mes
on
upgr
adin
g of
in
frast
ruct
ure
for
unpl
anne
d se
ttlem
ents
im
plem
ente
d
Are
a up
grad
ed
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t, La
nds,
W
orks
, Env
ironm
ent;
and
Priv
ate
sect
or; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
7. C
limat
e C
hang
e
7.1
Und
erta
ke
com
preh
ensi
ve
vuln
erab
ility
as
sess
men
t on
clim
ate
chan
ge
impa
cts
Vul
nera
bilit
y as
sess
men
t re
ports
in p
lace
Num
ber o
f R
epor
ts
Med
ium
te
rm
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r E
nviro
nmen
t, Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent;
and
Sec
tor
Min
istri
es; p
rivat
e se
ctor
; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
7.2
Impl
emen
t the
N
atio
nal C
limat
e C
hang
e S
trate
gy a
nd
Act
ion
Pla
n of
200
9
Impl
emen
tatio
n re
ports
on
the
stra
tegy
and
A
ctio
n P
lan
incl
udin
g N
atio
nal
Act
ion
Pla
ns(
NA
Ps)
and
N
atio
nally
A
ppro
pria
te
Miti
gatio
n A
ctio
ns
(NA
MA
s)
Num
ber o
f re
ports
Long
term
Sec
tor M
inis
tries
, Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent,
and
priv
ate
sect
or; R
esea
rch
and
Aca
dem
ic In
stitu
tions
, N
GO
s/C
BO
s
7.3
Mai
nstre
am c
limat
e ch
ange
Ada
ptat
ion
into
sec
tora
l Pol
icie
s,
stra
tegi
es,
prog
ram
mes
, pla
ns
and
budg
ets
• C
limat
e ch
ange
ad
apta
tion
issu
es
mai
nstre
am
ed
Num
ber o
f po
licie
s,
stra
tegi
es a
nd
prog
ram
mes
Med
ium
te
rm
Sec
tor M
inis
tries
, Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent,
and
priv
ate
sect
or; R
esea
rch
and
Aca
dem
ic In
stitu
tions
, N
GO
s/C
BO
s
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
44 45
(NEAP)(NEAP)
42
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
• M
itiga
tion
prog
ram
mes
and
pr
ojec
ts
prep
ared
an
d im
plem
ent
ed.
7.
4 E
nhan
ce p
ublic
aw
aren
ess
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g on
cl
imat
e ch
ange
ad
apta
tion
and
miti
gatio
n
Aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
mes
im
plem
ente
d
• N
umbe
r of
awar
enes
s pr
ogra
mm
es
• Le
vel o
f aw
aren
ess
and
unde
rsta
ndi
ng
Long
term
Sec
tor M
inis
tries
, Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent,
and
priv
ate
sect
or; R
esea
rch
and
Aca
dem
ic In
stitu
tions
, N
GO
s/C
BO
s
7.5
Des
ign
and
impl
emen
t pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd
proj
ects
at L
GA
s le
vel
to a
ddre
ss a
dapt
atio
n
Pro
gram
mes
and
pr
ojec
ts p
repa
red
and
impl
emen
ted
Num
ber o
f pr
ogra
mm
es
and
proj
ects
Lo
ng te
rm
Sec
tor M
inis
tries
, Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent A
utho
ritie
s,
priv
ate
sect
or; R
esea
rch
and
Aca
dem
ic In
stitu
tions
, N
GO
s/C
BO
s
7.6
Pro
mot
e/S
treng
then
m
oder
n an
d tra
ditio
nal
early
war
ning
sys
tem
s
Func
tiona
l ear
ly
war
ning
sys
tem
s in
pla
ce
• U
p to
dat
e in
form
atio
n •
Num
ber o
f In
dige
nous
kn
owle
dge
used
Long
term
Sec
tor M
inis
tries
, Loc
al
Gov
ernm
ent A
utho
ritie
s,
priv
ate
sect
or; R
esea
rch
and
Aca
dem
ic In
stitu
tions
, N
GO
s/C
BO
s
8.
Mod
ern
biot
echn
olog
y 8.
1 S
treng
then
en
forc
emen
t of
legi
slat
ion
rela
ted
to
safe
use
of M
oder
n bi
otec
hnol
ogy
Com
plia
nce
to
legi
slat
ion
rela
ted
to s
afe
use
of
Mod
ern
biot
echn
olog
y
Leve
l of
com
plia
nce
L
ong
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r, S
cien
ce a
nd T
echn
olog
y,
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent,
Env
ironm
ent ,
Agr
icul
ture
, Fo
rest
ry, L
ives
tock
, and
43
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
CO
STE
CH
, NE
MC
, Priv
ate
sect
or, N
GO
s/C
BO
s, M
edia
8.
2 S
treng
then
Cap
acity
of
Reg
ulat
ory
Aut
horit
ies
in h
andl
ing
Gen
etic
ally
Mod
ified
O
rgan
ism
s (G
MO
s)
Cap
acity
of
Reg
ulat
ory
Aut
horit
ies
Enh
ance
d
• Le
vel o
f ca
paci
ty in
ha
ndlin
g G
MO
s •
Num
ber o
f G
MO
s ca
ses
deal
t w
ith
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r E
nviro
nmen
t, S
cien
ce a
nd
Tech
nolo
gy, F
ishe
ries,
H
ealth
, Agr
icul
ture
, For
estry
, Li
vest
ock;
LG
As,
and
C
OS
TEC
H, N
EM
C, A
cade
mic
an
d R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns,
NG
Os/
CB
Os,
8.3
Pro
mot
e re
sear
ch a
nd
Info
rmat
ion
diss
emin
atio
n on
ap
plic
atio
n of
Mod
ern
biot
echn
olog
y
Res
earc
h fin
ding
s re
ports
N
umbe
r of
repo
rts
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r, S
cien
ce a
nd T
echn
olog
y,
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent,
Env
ironm
ent ,
Agr
icul
ture
, Fo
rest
ry, L
ives
tock
, and
C
OS
TEC
H, N
EM
C, P
rivat
e se
ctor
, NG
Os/
CB
Os
8.4
Stre
ngth
en p
ublic
aw
aren
ess
cam
paig
ns
on s
afe
use
of M
oder
n bi
otec
hnol
ogy
Pub
lic a
war
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
co
nduc
ted
Num
ber o
f ca
mpa
igns
and
Le
vel o
f aw
aren
ess
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r E
nviro
nmen
t, S
cien
ce a
nd
Tech
nolo
gy, F
ishe
ries,
H
ealth
, Agr
icul
ture
, Liv
esto
ck;
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent,
and
Aca
dem
ic a
nd R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns, M
edia
9. E
lect
rical
and
El
ectr
onic
Eq
uipm
ent
(EEE
) was
te
9.1
Stre
ngth
en
enfo
rcem
ent o
f le
gisl
atio
n re
late
d to
m
anag
emen
t of E
EE
an
d th
eir w
aste
Com
plia
nce
to
legi
slat
ion
rela
ted
to E
EE
and
thei
r w
aste
Leve
l of
com
plia
nce
L
ong
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r, In
dust
ry, L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Env
ironm
ent,
TRA
, TB
S,
TCR
A, N
EM
C, P
rivat
e se
ctor
,
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
46 47
(NEAP)(NEAP)
44
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
9.2
Dev
elop
and
im
plem
ent n
atio
nal
stan
dard
s fo
r im
porte
d an
d lo
cally
pro
duce
d
EE
E
Sta
ndar
ds
deve
lope
d an
d im
plem
ente
d
Num
ber o
f st
anda
rds
Sho
rt te
rm
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Indu
stry
, S
cien
ce
and
Tech
nolo
gy,
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t
Env
ironm
ent;
and
TBS
, P
rivat
e se
ctor
; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
9.3
Dev
elop
and
im
plem
ent
insp
ectio
n gu
idel
ines
and
pr
oced
ure
for
cont
rolli
ng q
ualit
y of
E
EE
Gui
delin
es a
nd
proc
edur
es
deve
lope
d an
d im
plem
ente
d
Num
ber o
f gu
idel
ines
Sho
rt te
rm
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Indu
stry
, S
cien
ce
and
Tech
nolo
gy
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t E
nviro
nmen
t; an
d TR
A, T
CR
A, T
BS
, Priv
ate
sect
or; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
9.4
Inst
all s
cree
ning
fa
cilit
ies
for E
EE
at
entry
poi
nts
Scr
eeni
ng
equi
pmen
t in
plac
e
Num
ber o
f op
erat
iona
l sc
reen
ing
faci
litie
s M
ediu
m
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t, S
cien
ce
and
Tech
nolo
gy;
Env
ironm
ent;
and
Priv
ate
sect
or; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
9.5
Dev
elop
and
im
plem
ent g
uide
lines
fo
r man
agem
ent o
f E
EE
was
te
Gui
delin
es
deve
lope
d an
d im
plem
ente
d
Num
ber o
f gu
idel
ines
S
hort
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Indu
stry
, Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent
Env
ironm
ent;
and
Priv
ate
sect
or; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
9.6
Con
duct
inve
ntor
y an
d de
velo
p da
taba
se o
f E
EE
and
thei
r was
te
Inve
ntor
y re
port
and
data
base
in
plac
e
Up
to d
ate
data
base
on
EE
E a
nd th
eir
was
te
Sho
rt te
rm
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Loca
l G
over
nmen
t; E
nviro
nmen
t, In
dust
ry,
and
Priv
ate
sect
or; N
GO
s/C
BO
s
45
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
10. I
nvas
ive
Alie
n Sp
ecie
s (IA
S)
11.1
Rev
iew
and
impl
emen
t re
leva
nt n
atio
nal
polic
ies
and
legi
slat
ion
to a
ddre
ss is
sues
of
inva
sive
alie
n sp
ecie
s
Rel
evan
t nat
iona
l po
licie
s an
d le
gisl
atio
n re
view
ed a
nd
impl
emen
ted
Num
ber o
f po
licie
s an
d le
gisl
atio
n Lo
ng te
rm
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Env
ironm
ent,
Wat
er,
Fish
erie
s, A
gric
ultu
re, J
ustic
e,
Fore
stry
, Liv
esto
ck; a
nd L
ocal
G
over
nmen
t,
11.2
Stre
ngth
en
phyt
osan
itary
in
spec
tion
at e
ntry
po
ints
Insp
ectio
ns a
t en
try p
oint
s im
plem
ente
d
Num
ber o
f en
try p
oint
s co
nduc
ting
insp
ectio
n
Long
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Agr
icul
ture
, L
ives
tock
, Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent
and
Env
ironm
ent,
11.3
Pro
mot
e ap
plic
atio
n of
In
tegr
ated
Pes
t M
anag
emen
t (IP
M) t
o co
ntro
l IA
S
Inte
grat
ed p
est
man
agem
ent
impl
emen
ted
Leve
l (n
umbe
r/are
a)of
IAS
co
ntro
lled
Long
term
Min
istry
re
spon
sibl
e fo
r E
nviro
nmen
t, Fi
sher
ies,
A
gric
ultu
re,
Wat
er,
Fore
stry
, Li
vest
ock;
an
d Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent
11
.4 P
rom
ote
rese
arch
and
di
ssem
inat
e in
form
atio
n on
IAS
Res
earc
h fin
ding
s re
ports
N
umbe
r of
repo
rts
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r, S
cien
ce a
nd T
echn
olog
y,
Loca
l Gov
ernm
ent,
Env
ironm
ent ,
Agr
icul
ture
, Fi
sher
ies,
For
estry
, Liv
esto
ck,
and
CO
STE
CH
, NE
MC
, R
esea
rch
and
Aca
dem
ic
inst
itutio
ns, P
rivat
e se
ctor
, N
GO
s/C
BO
s 11
. Bio
fuel
s 11
.1
Dev
elop
and
im
plem
ent n
atio
nal
polic
y an
d le
gisl
atio
n re
late
d to
de
velo
pmen
t of
biof
uels
Rel
evan
t nat
iona
l po
licie
s an
d le
gisl
atio
n in
pl
ace
and
impl
emen
ted
Num
ber o
f po
licie
s an
d le
gisl
atio
n
Long
term
Min
istri
es
resp
onsi
ble
for
Ene
rgy,
Sci
ence
an
d Te
chno
logy
, Lo
cal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Env
ironm
ent
,Agr
icul
ture
, Fo
rest
ry,
Live
stoc
k,
and
CO
STE
CH
, N
EM
C,
Priv
ate
sect
or,
NG
Os/
CB
Os
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
48 49
(NEAP)(NEAP)
46
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
halle
nge/
Issu
e Pr
iorit
y A
ctio
ns
Expe
cted
out
put
Indi
cato
r Ti
me
fram
e
Impl
emen
ters
11.2
P
rom
ote
rese
arch
an
d di
ssem
inat
e in
form
atio
n on
B
iofu
els
deve
lopm
ent
Rep
ort o
n re
sear
ch fi
ndin
gs
Num
ber o
f re
ports
Long
term
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r, E
nerg
y, S
cien
ce a
nd
Tech
nolo
gy, L
ocal
G
over
nmen
t, E
nviro
nmen
t ,A
gric
ultu
re, F
ores
try,
Live
stoc
k, a
nd C
OS
TEC
H,
NE
MC
, Priv
ate
sect
or,
NG
Os/
CB
Os
11.3
S
treng
then
pub
lic
awar
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
on
biof
uels
dev
elop
men
t
Pub
lic a
war
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
co
nduc
ted
Leve
l of
awar
enes
s Lo
ng te
rm
Min
istri
es re
spon
sibl
e fo
r E
nerg
y, E
nviro
nmen
t,
Edu
catio
n, A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k; L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent
s, a
nd In
stitu
tions
, Med
ia
CHAPTER FIVE IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP) NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
50 51
(NEAP)(NEAP)
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
5.1 Stakeholder Involvement
Environmental concerns are cross cutting in nature and their impacts are obviously felt at various levels. Integration of environmental plans in development process at all levels is an important tool in ensuring Sustainable Development. Stakeholders involvement in environmental action planning is a legal requirement. Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004 provides for environmental planning in the country and obliges each Sector Ministry and Local Government Authorities to develop their Environmental Action Plans based on the NEAP. The existing environmental strategies, programmes and projects set the framework for stakeholders’ involvement in environmental protection and management in the country.
The implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NEAP will involve local communities, civil societies, private sector, academic and research institutions, Local Government Authorities, Central Government, and Policy makers. The key stakeholders in the implementation of the NEAP are presented in the Implementation Plan (Chapter 4) and will be under the coordination of the Vice President’s Office. Stakeholders are obliged to prepare and submit annual progress report to the Vice President’s Office by March of each year.
5.2 Resource Requirements
Effective environmental protection and management through appropriate implementation of the Environmental Action Plans requires a deliberate allocation of both financial and human resources. The benefits from various interventions in integration of environmental concerns depend on planning processes. Therefore, there is a need for prioritization of environmental issues in the budget allocation process.
Potential sources of funding include:
i) National Environmental Trust Fund; ii) Constituency Development Fund; iii) Central and Local Government Budgetary allocations; iv) Global Environment Facility; v) Bilateral arrangements; andvi) Support from NGOs; CBOs; FBOs; and vii) Statutory funds from the implementation of MEAs such as Climate Change EAs viii) Contributions from private sector and individuals.
In addition there is a need for carrying out a needs assessment to identify resource requirements for effective implementation of the NEAP. This will enable formulation of a mini-strategy for resource mobilization both locally and internationally and devise means to facilitate accessibility of these resources by stakeholders.
6.1 Monitoring and Evaluation
The purpose of monitoring and evaluation of the NEAP is to ensure effective and efficient implementation of various priority actions in addressing environmental challenges. The monitoring and evaluation of the Environmental Action Plan will be carried out using participatory approaches.
Monitoring will be undertaken on continuous basis. Evaluation of the implementation of the NEAP will be done annually and at the end of the duration of the NEAP. Annual evaluations are meant to assess performance and provide opportunity to reflect on the gaps and devise remedial measures. The terminal evaluation will provide inputs in reviewing the NEAP.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP)
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(NEAP)