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MUSIC APPRECIATIONCLASS #2The Baroque, part 1CD #1, tracks 5-8
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DEFINITION1600-1750
Extravagant, complex, or bizarre, especially in ornamentation
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DEFINITION, CONTINUED
Spacious, dynamic, brilliant, colorful, theatrical, passionate, sensual, ecstatic,opulent, extravagant,versatile and virtuoso.
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CULTURETurbulent change in politics, science, artsReligious wars Exploration of the New WorldRise of middle-class cultureMusic making centered in the home, church, and universitiesCollegium musicum
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WHAT IS THE BAROQUE* AESTHETIC?Intense;
Complex;
Dense;
Opulent;
Extravagant.
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THE SISTINE CHAPEL (MICHELANGELO)
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ST. PETERS
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ADORATION BY SIR PETER PAUL RUBEN
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MAIN MUSICAL IDEAS FROM BAROQUE:
Contrapuntal*
Grandeur
Complexity
Virtuosity*
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IMPROVISATION*Improvisation*
First musical starsIntense competition.
William Goldstein master class
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BAROQUE MUSICAL RHYTHMBaroque rhythm*SpecificUnrelenting
DanceFormal Royal Court occasions
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THE RISE OF THE VIRTUOSO* MUSICIAN
Technical improvements in instrument making
Composers challenging the performers
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THE DOCTRINE OF THE AFFECTIONS*
One mood, or affection, per movement or piece
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WOMEN IN BAROQUE MUSIC More professional women were singers & instrumentalists
Francesca CacciniBarbara StrozziFaustina BordoniFrancesca CuzzoniElisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre
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CONCERTO* & RITORNELLO*
Definition
Concerto*: to fight, to argue; a contest
Ritornello*: to return over and again
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THE BAROQUE DANCE SUITE*Suite: each movement is A-A-B-B
Allemande
Courante
Sarabande
Gigue (jig)
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OTHER OPTIONAL DANCES
MinuetGavotte Bourre Passepied
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CONTRAPUNTAL DEVICESAugmentation: longer time values
Diminution: shorter time values
Retrograde: backwards (starting from the last and going to the first)
Inversion: turning the melodic intervals upside down
Retrograde inversion: original melody is played upside down and backwards
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CD #1, TRACK 5Johann Pachelbel: Canon & Gigue
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JOHANN PACHELBEL*1653-1706ComposerTeacherOrganist
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DEFINITIONSCanon*Contrapuntal*Leader melody*Follower imitation*
Gigue*Movement of a dance suite*
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BASS LINE (28 REPEATS!)
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VOICES
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LISTEN FORRepeating bass line*
Leader voice*
Follower voice*
Entrances of new voices
Harpsichord* accompaniment
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CD #1, TRACK 6Arcangelo Corelli: Christmas ConcertoVivace -- Grave
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ARCANGELO CORELLI
1653-1713Crucial influence on violin music & techniqueAccepted in aristocratic societyExtreme wealth
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DEFINITIONSVivace*Lively, energetic
Grave*Slow, mournful
Concerto da chiesa*3-part composition for the church
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LISTEN FORSignificant tempo* changes
Dynamic* changesCrescendo*Decrescendo*
Contrapuntal* writing
Harpsichord* accompaniment
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CD #1, TRACK 7Franois Couperin: Premier Concert, Prlude
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FRANOIS COUPERIN1668-1733
Couperin le GrandFamous musical family
Organiste du Roi
Ordinaire de la musique de la chambre du Roi
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DEFINITIONSPrlude*
An introductory piece, able to be performed out of context.
French Baroque*
Identified by unusually specific rhythm* and a decorated melodic line.
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LISTEN FORTrill*Mordent*Contrapuntal* and melodic writingConsistent rhythm*
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CD #1, TRACK 8Antonio Vivaldi: The Four Seasons Spring Allegro
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ANTONIO VIVALDI*1678 (Venice) 1741 (Vienna)
Father/Son violinists
Innovative composerForm (Sonata* or Sonata Allegro*)Woodwind*Virtuoso* violin technique
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VIRTUOSO!*"Vivaldi played a solo so splendid! -- to which he appended a cadenza* which really frightened me, for such playing has never been nor can be: he brought his fingers up to only a straw's distance from the bridge, leaving no room for the bow-- and that on all four strings with imitations and incredible speed."
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VENICECity/stateSocial and cultural capital of Italy
TourismFestivals required musicChristmasCarnival
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VIVALDI THE TRAVELER...Work as performerAmassed great wealthpoorly invested
International successParis, Amsterdam^, Vienna, Rome and Dresden
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1ST PROFESSIONAL* MUSICIAN
Appointment (Patronage*)Church and/or state
Music PublishingDedications*
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VIVALDI THE PRIEST...The Red PriestAsthma?
Weekly musical opportunities
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THE OSPEDELE DELLA PIETA*Hospital of Pity (Compassion)...as it looked then...
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AND TODAY...
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THEATER....
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JOB DUTIESTeacher
Violin, viola, flute, oboe, harpsichord and voice
Composer
Two concerti* every month for public performances
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PERFORMANCESMost famous & admired orchestra in all of Venice!
Highly competitive marketPopularity, fame and fortune
Large, heavy curtains.Why?
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WHO ARE THE GIRLS?
Orphans?
Illegitimate?
Physically challenged?
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DEPARTURE...Why?
PopularityTravelDuties included MassLove?
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VIVALDI THE LOVER...Anna Giro
30+ years differenceAccomplished singerScandal!
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VIVALDIS MUSICProlific
500 concerti*, 40 cantatas*, 52+ operas*, 60+ sacred works
Where is all the rest?
Who claims ownership?
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VIVALDI AND OPERA*Six opera houses in VeniceIntense competition
Diversion from sacred* music
ProfitOwnership
FameSocial aspect
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INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
Attention to individual, unique timbre* of each instrument
Unusual and new instruments
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SONATA* (OR, SONATA ALLEGRO)* Three parts
Allegro* (Fast)
Adagio* or Andante* (Slow)
Allegro* (Fast)
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THE FOUR SEASONS* 1718-1720
"The Contest of Harmony and Invention*
Program music*
Four violin concerti*
Three movements each
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PROGRAM MUSIC*Non-vocal (instrumental only)
Musical depiction of a non-musical event, person or thing.
Todentanz (The Dance of Death)Franz Liszt
Don QuixoteRichard Strauss
The War of 1812 (The 1812 Overture)Peter Tchaikovsky
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SPRING (1ST MOVEMENT)Springtime is upon us.
The birds celebrate her return with festive song, and murmuring streams are softly caressed by the breezes.
Thunderstorms, those heralds of Spring, roar, casting their dark mantle over heaven,
Then they die away to silence, and the birds take up their charming songs once more.
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SPRINGTIME IS UPON US...Ritornello*
Part APart B
CompletePartialVariations
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...THE BIRDS CELEBRATE HER RETURN WITH FESTIVE SONG...
Flutes
High Violin
Ritornello
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...MURMURING STREAMS...BREEZES
Low stringsEbb/flow motion
Ritornello
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...THUNDERSTORMS... ROAR...ThunderOrchestra
LighteningViolinistVirtuoso displays
Question and Answer
Ritornello
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...THE BIRDS TAKE UP THEIR CHARMING SONGS ONCE MORE...FlutesHigh strings
Ritornello
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LEGACY....Died penniless in 1741
Musically obsolete
Forgotten by the musical world for almost two hundred years
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20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES1926Monastery in Piedmont (region), Italy14 folios
1930300 concertos for various instruments nd 18 operas 100+ vocal-instrumental piece
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RV NUMBERSPeter Ryom
Ryom VerzeichnisRyoms Numbers
Rpertoire des oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi
Completed in 1977
*19. The Baroque SpiritThe Baroque Era (16001750)Time of turbulent change in politics, science, artsTime of religious wars and exploration of the New WorldRise of middle-class cultureMusic making centered in the home, church, and universitiesUniversity group called collegium musicum *New Harmonic StructuresFigured bass: shorthand notation for harmonyChords created through improvisationBasso continuo: bass part, performed by 2 instrumentsChordal instrument and bass instrument
*Baroque Musical StyleEarly Baroque rhythm is freerLate Baroque rhythm is regular and vigorousEmotions expressed with subtle dynamic changes *The Rise of the Virtuoso MusicianTechnical improvements in instrument makingComposers challenging the performersDomenico ScarlattiAntonio Vivaldi *The Doctrine of the AffectionsUnion of text and musicOne mood or affection per movement or piece *Women in Baroque MusicMore professional women were singers and instrumentalistsFrancesca Caccini: Italian composer and singerBarbara Strozzi: singer, composerFaustina Bordoni: Italian sopranoFrancesca Cuzzoni: Italian sopranoElisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre: French harpsichordist and composer (pictured)*26 (Chr), 65 (Std). The Baroque Suite and Other Instrumental FormsSuite: a group of dances, usually in the same key, in binary form (A-A-B-B)Standard dances in a suite: Allemande: German dance, quadruple meter, moderate tempoCourante: French dance in triple meter at moderate tempoSarabande: stately Spanish dance in triple meterGigue (jig): English dance in a lively 6/8 or 6/4Other optional dances: minuet, gavotte, bourre, passepiedRepeated sections in binary form were ornamented when played for second timeNoted composers of suites: Arcangelo Corelli, J. S. Bach, Georg Philipp Telemann, Franois Couperin, Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre, George Frideric Handel