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Native American History
European Treatment
Spanish Policy
-millions of Native Americans died as a result of warfare, enslavement, and diseases
-Spaniards intermarried with natives and Africans
-rigid class system developed and dominated by pure-blooded Spaniards
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English Policy-In New England, settlers coexisted and traded with Native
Americans-peaceful relations turned to open warfare as the English
desired more land-Natives were not respected and their culture was viewed as
primitive and “savage”French Policy-Maintained relatively good relations with natives in the Great
Lakes region-Desired to control the fur trade and established trading
partnerships with the natives-French were viewed as less of a threat by the natives because
they had few settlers, farms, and large towns
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Iroquois Confederacy-lived in permanent settlements called “longhouses”-alliance of tribes in Northeast to confront colonial
expansion, allies of the British defeated in American Revolution
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)-tribes defeated in northwestern Ohio, Treaty of
Greenville (1795) surrendered land and promised to open it up to settlement
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)-William Henry Harrison defeated tribes of Indiana
territory, Americans blamed the British for instigating the rebellion
-war hawks desired to destroy Native American resistance on the frontier in War of 1812
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Migration-tribes were persuaded or driven westward as white settlers
moved into their homeland-forced to move west by treaty or military action-Great Plains tribes who lived a nomadic hunters could
more easily resistIndian Removal Act (1830)-forced the resettlement of tribes west of the Mississippi-“Trail of Tears” (1838) forced Cherokee out of Georgia-more than 4,000 died = 1/4 of the people removedAssimilationists-Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor (1881) =
created sympathy for the struggle-reformers focused on education, Christianity, teaching
white culture, farming, and industrial skills
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Reservation Policy-western expansion and growth of the railroad lead to the
establishment of reservations in 1851-the government assigned tribes large tracts of land with
defined boundaries-most tribes continued to follow the migrating buffalo herds -buffalo hunting in the early 1880s greatly impacted the
nomadic life of the tribesRemoval after the Civil War-tribes lost their land and the freedom to live according to
their traditions-conflicts with the U.S. government were the result of white
Americans having little understanding of the Plains people’s loose tribal organization and nomadic lifestyle
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Bison skulls collected in order to be ground into fertilizer, late 1800s
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Dawes Severalty Act (1887)-designed to break up tribal organizations-tribal land divided into smaller plots depending on family
size-U.S. citizenship granted to those who stayed on the land for
25 years-policy was a failure as the best land was sold to speculators,
white settlers, or Native Americans-disease and poverty continued to plague native communitiesGhost Dance Movement (1890)-religious movement that focused on a peaceful end to white
expansion through cooperation by tribes-Lakota Sioux interpreted the movement to call for a removal
of all whites from their land
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Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
-Sioux men, women, and children were gunned down by U.S. army
-tragedy marked a bloody end to the Indian Wars
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
-New Deal program to promote the reestablishment of tribal organizations and culture
-large tracts of land were returned to various tribes for the next twenty years