Nationalism, Thinkers, & Change
Unit 7, SSWH 17 a & d
Indian Nationalism - 2 Parties
•Congress Party—mostly Hindus•Muslim League—Muslims •Both want South Asia to be independent of Britain
World War I Increases Nationalism • British promise steps to self-government
in return for war service • After war, no changes; resentment
grows across India • Some radicals carry out acts of violence• Amritsar Massacre - Troops fire on
unarmed crowd; 400 killed & 1,200 wounded
Gandhi’s Tactics: Nonviolence, Boycotts, and Strikes
• Mohandas K. Gandhi—leader of independence movement • Gandhi urges civil disobedience—
noncooperation with British rule • Gandhi urges boycott of British
goods, schools, taxes, elections • Civil disobedience takes an economic
toll on the British
Protest of Salt Acts• Laws force Indians to buy salt from the
government • Salt March—240-mile walk led by Gandhi to
collect seawater for salt• British police brutalize walkers; Indians gain
worldwide support • In 1935, Parliament passes the Government
of India Act, gives India local self-government and some election reforms
Turkey Becomes a Republic• Mustafa Kemal—Turkish general who
overthrows Ottoman sultan • In 1923, Kemal becomes president of the
Republic of Turkey • Splits government from religion, modernizes
Turkey, Kemal dies in 1938; given name Ataturk (“father of the Turks”)
Art, Music, and Social Change• Artists depict inner world of the mind• Composers move away from traditional
styles, (Jazz: musical style that captures age’s new freedom)• Society Challenged: women take on new
roles during World War I (this work helps many win the right to vote, & gain access to better jobs)
New Thinking after The Great War
• Albert Einstein—offered radically new ideas in field of physics (Theory of relativity: idea that space & time are not constant)• Sigmund Freud—Austrian doctor with
new ideas about the mind (Claims that human behavior is not based on reason)
Revolutions in Russia Totalitarianism
Unit 7, SSWH 17 b
Czars & Autocratic Rule • Government censors written
criticism; secret police monitor schools • Non-Russians living in Russia are
treated harshly • Jews become target of gov. -
backed pogroms (mob violence)
Revolutionary Movement Grows • Industrialization breeds discontent
over working conditions, wages • Growing popularity of Marxist idea
that the proletariat (workers) will rule • Bolsheviks—Marxists who favor
revolution by a small committed group: Lenin—Bolshevik leader
Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905 - workers demand reforms
•Army fires into the crowd, killing many •Massacre leads to widespread unrest; Czar Nicholas forced to make reforms
WWI: The Final Blow •Heavy losses in WWI reveal
govt’s weakness •Nicholas goes to war front;
Czarina Alexandra runs govt •Army losing effectiveness;
people hungry & unhappy
Czar Steps Down •March (Bolshevik) Revolution— Nicholas abdicates throne • In November 1917, workers take control of the govt.
Bolsheviks in Power • Lenin gives land to peasants, puts
workers in control of factories • Bolsheviks sign treaty with
Germany; Russia out of WWI • Civil War between Bolsheviks’
Red Army & loosely allied White Army
New Economic Policy Political Reforms - country renamed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(U.S.S.R.) • NEP & peace restore economy
shattered by war & revolution • Lenin creates self-governing republics
under national government • Communist Party—new name taken
by Bolsheviks from writings of Marx
New Leader • Joseph Stalin—cold, hard
Communist Party general secretary in 1922 • Lenin dies in 1924, Stalin gains
complete control in 1928 • Totalitarianism—govt that
dominates every aspect of life
Police Terror, Indoctrination, Censorship, Religious Persecution• Govt uses police to spy on &
intimidate • Govt shapes people’s minds through
slanted education • Govt controls all mass media, crushes
opposing views• Govt attacks Russian Orthodox
Church, loss of rights
Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State Police State – Great Purge
•Terror campaign against Stalin’s perceived enemies •By the end of 1938, Stalin in complete control; 8–13 million dead
New Economic System, Industrial & Agricultural Revolution
• Command economy—government makes all economic decisions Five-Year Plans—Stalin’s plans for developing the economy • Result: large growth in industrial
power; shortage of consumer goods
• In 1928, government creates collective farms—large, owned by state •Peasants resist this change;
5–10 million die in crackdown •By 1938, agricultural
production rising
Total Control Achieved – Stalin transformed Soviet Union by mid-1930s• Totalitarian regime: industrial &
political power, controls all aspects of Soviet life:
-unopposed dictator-rules by terror instead of
constitutional government -demands conformity, obedience
Fascism & Nazism
Unit 7, SSWH 17 c
Fascism’s Rise in Italy
•Fascism is new, militant political movement•Emphasizes nationalism and loyalty to authoritarian leader
Mussolini Takes Control - Il Duce• Italians want a leader who will take
action• Fascist Party leader, Benito Mussolini,
promises to rescue Italy• • Italian king puts Mussolini in charge of
government• •Mussolini takes firm control of politics
and economy in Italy
Hitler Rises to Power in Germany
• Adolf Hitler—obscure political figure in 1920s Germany• Nazism—German brand of
fascism (racist)• Hitler becomes Nazi leader, plots �
to seize national power
•Mein Kampf “My Struggle”—Hitler‘s book detailing beliefs, goals•Hitler believes that Germany
needs lebensraum, or living space•Germans turn to Hitler when
economy collapses
Hitler Becomes Chancellor• Turns Germany into
totalitarian state•Uses brutal tactics to
eliminate enemies•Nazis take command of
economy
der Führer & Jews•Hitler takes control over every
aspect of German life•Hitler makes war on the Jews –
Anti-Semitism•Nazis deprive Jews of rights, �
promote violence against them
Aggressors Invade
Unit 7, SSWH 17 f
Militarists Take Control of Japan
•Want to solve economic problems through expansion •(invading)• •1931, Japanese army seizes Manchuria• • League of Nations protests action; Japan withdraws from League
Japan Invades China•1937, Japan launches war on China•“Asia for the Asians”, trying to kick out foreigners
Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia• 1935, Italy attacks Ethiopia• Ethiopia’s leader, Halie Selassie, asks League for help• League of Nations does not �stop aggression, gives Italy a fine.
Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty
• •1935, Hitler rebuilds German army• •1936, Germany occupies Rhineland• • Britain urges appeasement, a policy of giving into aggression• • Germany, Italy, and Japan = the Axis Powers (alliance)
Civil War Erupts in Spain• 1936, General Francisco
Franco leads rebellion• �Hitler & Mussolini help Franco (sent weapons)• 1939, � Franco wins Civil War• Franco becomes Spain’s �Fascist dictator
U.S.A. = Isolationist Policy
�Isolationism—avoidance of political ties with other countries
1935, Congress �passes Neutrality Acts
German Reich (Empire) Expands
• Hitler plans to expand Third Reich—German Empire• 1938, Hitler � annexes (adds) Austria• � Hitler demands the Sudeten-land from Czechoslovakia• Czechs refuse, ask France �for help
Brit. & France Choose Appeasement
• Leaders meet at Munich Conf. to settle Czech crisis• Britain & France agree to let Hitler take Sudetenland• 1939, Hitler takes rest of Czechoslovakia• •Mussolini takes Albania; Hitler demands part of Poland
Nazis & Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact
•1939, Stalin (soviet leader) & Hitler pledge never to attack one another (divide up Poland)
Timeline of Events Leading Up to WWII
Unit 7, SSWH 17 f
JAPAN•1920s – Japan’s govt became democratic•1922 – Japan signed inter-national treaty: respecting China’s borders
• 1928 – Kellogg-Briand Pact: renounces war• 1929 – Civilians in Japan blamed govt.
for Great Depression (Militarists – extreme nationalists – take control of govt., kept Emperor Hirohito as figure head)• 1931 – militarists want to solve
economic problems by foreign expansion, army seized Manchuria
• 1933 – League of Nations protested Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, Japan withdraws from League of Nations• Nov. 1936 – Japan joined alliance
with Germany & Italy: Axis Powers• 1937 – Japan invades China and
starts a war
ITALY• 1935 - Benito Mussolini, Italy’s leader,
wants to create colonial empire in Africa & invades Ethiopia (to seek revenge from previous defeat), Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia asks League for help, they fine Italy• 1936 – 1939: Mussolini supports
other fascist leaders to take over gov.,
General Francisco Franco (fascist leader) fights in Spanish Civil War & Mussolini sends weapons to Franco (Franco becomes Spain’s dictator)• Oct. 1936 – Mussolini creates an alliance
with Germany: Rome-Berlin Axis (Germany was becoming powerful), • Nov. 1936 - Axis Powers created with
Japan joining the alliance• 1938 - Mussolini proposed a meeting
(Munich Conf.) bet. Britain, France
(who were preparing for war), Germany, & Italy – Brit. & France choose appeasement (gave into an aggressor to prevent war) & allowed Germany to have Sudetenland• 1939 – Italy seized Albania
U.S.A.•1935 – U.S. supported isolationism (avoid political ties to other countries), Congress passed Neutrality Acts (laws banning loans & the sale of arms to nations at war)
GERMANY• 1935 – Hitler (German leader)
announced Germany wouldn’t obey restrictions of Versailles Treaty & rebuilds army (League did nothing)• Mar. 1936 – Hitler moves army into
Rhineland, Brit. & France allowed it to keep peace
• July 1936 – Hitler sends weapons to Fascist leader Franco in Spain• Oct. 1936 – Hitler & Mussolini create
an alliance: Rome-Berlin Axis• Nov. 1936 – Japan joins alliance: Axis
Powers• 1937 – Hitler announced his desire to
expand German Empire: Third Reich• Mar. 1938 – Germany annexed (adds)
Austria, Brit & France did nothing• Sept. 1939 – Hitler demands Sudetenland
from Czechoslovakia, attended Munich Conf. & gained Sudetenland• Mar. 1939 – Hitler invades Czech &
demands German port of Danzig in Poland• Aug. 1939 – Non-Aggression Pact: Signed
by USSR & Germany, agreed to not fight & divide up Poland