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NAN: NEAR ME AREA NETWORK
Seminar Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Submitted by
NISHANT NAIR (72868)
Under the guidance of
Mrs. DIVYA S.B.
(Asst. Professor, Dept. of Information Technology)
October 2011
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
MANGALAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ETTUMANOOR
Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University
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1.INTRODUCTIONA computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection
of hardware components and computers interconnected by communications channels that
allow sharing of resources and information.
Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics
such as the medium used to transport the data, communications used, scale, topology, and
organizational scope.
The rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer
network are defined by communications protocols. Well-known communications protocolsare Ethernet, a hardware and Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks,
and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for
data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and
application-specific data transmission formats.
Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline
of electrical engineering , telecommunications , computer science , information
technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical
application of these disciplines.
The Internet employs many different types of communication networks.
A local area network (LAN) covers a small geographic area, such as a school or company; a
metropolitan area network (MAN) usually spans a larger area, such as a city or state, whereas
a wide area network (WAN) provides communication in a broad geographic area covering
national and international locations. Personal area networks (PANs) are wireless LANs with a
very short range (up to a few meters), enabling computer devices (such as PDAs and printers)
to communicate with other nearby devices and computers. Due to the increasing popularity of
location-enabled mobile devices, a new type of communication network is emerging the
near-me area network (NAN).
A NAN is a logical communication network built on top of existing
physical network infrastructures that focuses on communication among wireless devices in
close proximity. Unlike LANs, in which the devices are in the same network segment and
share the same broadcast domain, the devices in a NAN can belong to different proprietarynetwork infrastructures (for example, different mobile carriers). So, even though two devices
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are geographically close, the communication path between them might, in fact, traverse a
long distance, going from a LAN, through the Internet, and to another LAN.
A local area network (LAN) is a computer networkthat interconnects
computers in a limited area such as home, school, computer laboratory or office building. The
defining characteristics of LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANs), include their
usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for leased
telecommunication lines. ARCNET, Token Ring and other technology standards have been
used in the past, but Ethernet over twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common
technologies currently used to build LANs.
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer networkthat usually
spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number oflocal area
networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber -optical links, and
provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet. The IEEE 802-
2002 standard describes a MAN as being: ``A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical
area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also
depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned
and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be used by many individuals and
organizations. MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will oftenprovide means for internetworking oflocal networks. Authors Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane
P. Laudon (2001) ofManagement Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm 10th
ed. define a metropolitan area network as: ``A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large
computer network that spans a metropolitan area or campus. Its geographic scope falls
between a WAN and LAN. MANs provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan
region, and connect them to wider area networks like the Internet.. It can also be used in
cable television.
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunication network that
covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national
boundaries). Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among employees,
clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence this mode of
telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of
location.
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer networkused
for communication among computer devices, including telephones and personal digital
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCNEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network -
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assistants, in proximity to an individual's body. The devices may or may not belong to the
person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters. PANs can be used for
communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for
connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink). Personal area networks may
be wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire. A wireless personal area
network (WPAN) can also be made possible with wireless networktechnologies such
as IrDA, Bluetooth, Wireless USB, Z-Wave and ZigBee.
2.OTHER AREA NETWORKS
i. Storage Area Network- A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicatednetwork that provides access to consolidated, block level data storage. SANs
are primarily used to make storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape libraries,
and optical jukeboxes, accessible to servers so that the devices appear
like locally attached devices to the operating system. A SAN typically has its
own network of storage devices that are generally not accessible through the
local area network by other devices. The cost and complexity of SANs
dropped in the early 2000s to levels allowing wider adoption across both
enterprise and small to medium sized business environments. A SAN does not
provide file abstraction, only block-level operations. However, file
systems built on top of SANs do provide file-level access, and are known
as SAN file systems or shared disk file systems.
Sharing storage usually simplifies storage administration
and adds flexibility since cables and storage devices do not have to be
physically moved to shift storage from one server to another. Other benefits
include the ability to allow servers to boot from the SAN itself. This allows for
a quick and easy replacement of faulty servers since the SAN can be
reconfigured so that a replacement server can use the LUN of the faulty server.
While this area of technology is still new many view it as being the future ofthe enterprise data enter. SANs also tend to enable more effective disaster
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recovery processes. A SAN could span a distant location containing a
secondary storage array. This enables storage replication either implemented
by disk array controllers, by server software, or by specialized SAN devices.
Since IP WANs are often the least costly method of long-distance transport,
the Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP) and iSCSI protocols have been developed to
allow SAN extension over IP networks. The traditional physical SCSI layer
could only support a few meters of distance - not nearly enough to ensure
business continuance in a disaster. The economic consolidation of disk arrays
has accelerated the advancement of several features including I/O
caching, snapshotting, and volume cloning (Business Continuance Volumes or
BCVs).
ii. Controller Area Network- Controllerarea network (CAN or CAN-bus)is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to
communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer.CAN
is a message-based protocol, designed specifically for automotive applications
but now also used in other areas such as industrial automation and medical
equipment. Development of the CAN-bus started originally in 1983 at Robert
Bosch GmbH.[1] The protocol was officially released in 1986 at the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) congress in Detroit,Michigan. The first CAN
controller chips, produced by Intel and Philips, came on the market in 1987.
Bosch published the CAN 2.0 specification in 1991. CAN is one of five
protocols used in the OBD-II vehicle diagnostics standard. The OBD standard
has been mandatory for all cars and light trucks sold in the United States since
1996, and the EOBD standard has been mandatory for all petrol vehicles sold
in the European Union since 2001 and all diesel vehicles since 2004.
CAN is a multi-master broadcast serial bus standard
for connecting electronic control units (ECUs). Each node is able to send and
receive messages, but not simultaneously. A message consists primarily of an
id (identifier), which represents the priority of the message, and up to eight
data bytes. It is transmitted serially onto the bus. This signal pattern is encoded
in non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and is sensed by all nodes. The devices that are
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connected by a CAN network are typically sensors, actuators, and other
control devices. These devices are not connected directly to the bus, but
through a host processor and a CAN controller. If the bus is free, any node
may begin to transmit. If two or more nodes begin sending messages at the
same time, the message with the more dominant id (which has more dominant
bits, i.e., zeroes) will overwrite other nodes' less dominant id's, so that
eventually (after this arbitration on the id.) only the dominant message remains
and is received by all nodes. This mechanism is referred to as priority based
bus arbitration. Messages with numerically smaller values of id. have higher
priority and are transmitted first. Each node requires a
Host processor- The host processor decides what received messages mean and which
messages it wants to transmit itself.
Sensors, actuators and control devices can be connected to the hostprocessor.
CAN controller (hardware with a synchronous clock). Receiving: the CAN controller stores received bits serially from the
bus until an entire message is available, which can then be fetched by
the host processor (usually after the CAN controller has triggered an
interrupt).
Sending: the host processor stores its transmit messages to a CANcontroller, which transmits the bits serially onto the bus.
Transceiver Receiving: it adapts signal levels from the bus to levels that the CAN
controller expects and has protective circuitry that protects the CAN
controller.
Transmitting: it converts the transmit-bit signal received from the CANcontroller into a signal that is sent onto the bus.
Bit rates up to 1 Mbit/s are possible at network lengths below 40 m.
Decreasing the bit rate allows longer network distances (e.g., 500 m at
125 kbit/s). The CAN data link layer protocol is standardized in ISO 11898-1
(2003). This standard describes mainly the data link layer (composed of
the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the media access
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control (MAC) sub layer) and some aspects of the physical layer of the OSI
reference model. All the other protocol layers are the network designer's
choice.
iii. Desk Area Network- DAN (Desk Area Network) is an interconnection ofcomputer devices around the ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). This
exchange of information between various peripherals and CPU is based on the
transfer of ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) cells mainly. DAN (Desk
Area Network) enables the network to share resources over the network. It
also provides the access to foreign devices. This system enables to form A/V
connection. DAN (Desk Area Network) consists of A/V softwares. This
software has four main layers. This software is intelligent enough to guide and
support the A/V devices. It works on a simple process, when we on a VCR.
And put a cassette into it, it is automatically connected to the monitor. VCR
and other related devices are often connected to the network in order to built
DAN (Desk Area Network).
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3.BASICS TERMS
i. Computer Network- A computer network, often simply referred to as anetwork, is a collection of hardware components and computers
interconnected by communications channels that allow sharing of resources
and information. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of
characteristics such as the medium used to transport the data,
communications used, scale, topology, and organizational scope. The rules
and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network are
defined by communications protocols. Well-known communications protocols
are Ethernet, a hardware and Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local
area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols
for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks,
as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission
formats. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline
ofelectrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information
technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and
practical application of these disciplines.
ii. Cellular Network- A cellular network is a radio network distributed overland areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-
location transceiver known as a cell site orbase station. When joined together
these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a
large number of portable transceivers (e.g.,mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to
communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones
anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers
are moving through more than one cell during transmission. Cellular networks
offer a number of advantages over alternative solutions:
increased capacity reduced power use larger coverage area reduced interference from other signals
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An example of a simple non-telephone cellular system is an old taxi driver's
radio system where the taxi company has several transmitters based around a
city that can communicate directly with each taxi.
iii. Location Based Services- A Location-Based Service (LBS) is aninformation or entertainment service, accessible with mobile devices through
the mobile networkand utilizing the ability to make use of the geographical
position of the mobile device. LBS can be used in a variety of contexts, such
as health, indoor object search, entertainment, work, personal life, etc. LBS
include services to identify a location of a person or object, such as
discovering the nearest banking cash machine or the whereabouts of a friend
or employee. LBS include parcel tracking and vehicle services. LBS can
include mobile commerce when taking the form of coupons or advertising
directed at customers based on their current location. They include
personalized weather services and even location-based games. They are an
example oftelecommunication convergence. This concept of location based
systems is not compliant with the standardized concept ofreal-time locating
systems and related local services (RTLS), as noted in ISO/IEC 19762-5 and
ISO/IEC 24730-1
iv. IP- The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol usedfor relaying datagrams (packets) across an internetworkusing the Internet
Protocol Suite. Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it
is the primary protocol that establishes the Internet. IP is the primary protocol
in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of
delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host solely based
on their addresses. For this purpose, IP defines addressing methods and
structures for datagram encapsulation. Historically, IP was the connectionless
datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced
by Vint Cerfand Bob Kahn in 1974, the other being the connection-
oriented Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet Protocol Suite is
therefore often referred to as TCP/IP. The first major version of IP, now
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referred to as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the dominant protocol of
the Internet, although the successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is in
active, growing deployment worldwide.
v. Wireless Communication- Wireless telecommunications, is the transferof information between two or more points that are physically not connected.
Distances can be short, as a few meters as in television remote control; or long
ranging from thousands to millions of kilometers for deep-space radio
communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and
portable two-way radios , cellular telephones, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless
technology include GP Sunits, Garage door openers or garage doors,
wireless computer mice , keyboards and Headset (telephone/computer),
headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and
cordless telephones.
vi. Mobile Web-The Mobile Web refers to the use of Internet-connectedapplications, or browser-based access to the Internet from a mobile device,
such as a Smartphone or tablet computer, connected to a wireless network.
Traditionally, access to the Web has been via fixed-line services. However, the
Web is becoming more accessible by portable and wireless devices and in
2008 mobile access to the Internet exceeded desktop computer-based access
for the first time (source: International Telecommunications Union, Oct
2009).[1] The shift to mobile Web access has been accelerating with the rise
since 2007 of larger multitouch Smartphone, and of multitouch tablet
computers since 2010. Both platforms provide better Internet access and
browser- or application-based user Web experiences than previous generations
of mobile devices have done. The distinction between mobile Web
applications and native applications is anticipated to become increasingly
blurred, as mobile browsers gain direct access to the hardware of mobile
devices (including accelerometers and GPS chips), and the speed and abilities
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of browser-based applications improve. Persistent storage and access to
sophisticated user interface graphics functions may further reduce the need for
the development ofplatform-specific native applications. Mobile Web access
today still suffers from interoperability and usability problems.
Interoperability issues stem from the platform fragmentation of mobile
devices, mobile operating systems, and browsers. Usability problems are
centered around the small physical size of the mobile phone form
factors (limits on display resolution and user input/operating). Despite these
shortcomings, many mobile developers choose to create apps using Mobile
Web. A June 2011 research on mobile development found Mobile Web the
third most used platform, trailing Android and iOS.
4.NAN IN DETAIL
What Is a NAN?A NAN is a logical communication network built on top of existing
physical network infrastructures that focuses on communication among wireless devices in
close proximity. Unlike LANs, in which the devices are in the same network segment and
share the same broadcast domain, the devices in a NAN can belong to different proprietary
network infrastructures (for example, different mobile carriers). So, even though two devices
are geographically close, the communication path between them might, in fact, traverse a
long distance, going from a LAN, through the Internet, and to another LAN.
Although mobile devices have provided location-based services
(LBSs) for a long time, the concept of NANs and their applications have emerged only
recently. Wireless carriers (in partnership with content providers) typically offer conventional
LBSs to their own subscribers. By using mobile devices geographic position, LBSs provide
users with information specific to their location, such as the nearest ATM or gas station. Such
services focus on a users access to information, whereas NAN applications focus on two-
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way communications among people within a certain proximity to each other. On the other
hand, NAN applications arent always concerned with those peoples exact locations.
The Emergence of NANs
Some services are meaningful only to a group of people in
close proximity, which has generated the need for NANs. The following scenarios show
some example NAN applications:
Ben is going to the ABC supermarket to buy three bottles of red wine. Thesupermarket offers a 30 percent discount on the purchase of six bottles, so he sends
a message to other customers to see if they would like to buy the other three bottles
of wine.
Susan bought a movie ticket 15 minutes ago, but she now feels dizzy and cantwatch the film. She sends out messages to people around the cinema to see if
anyone will purchase her ticket at 50 percent off.
In a theme park, guests would like to know each rides queue status to reduce theirwaiting time. So, they take a photo of the queue theyre in and share it with other
guests through a NAN application.
Ann works in Causeway Bay and would like to find someone to have lunch with.She checks her friend list to see who is closest to her at this moment and invites
that friend to join her.
Carol just lost her son in the street, so she sends out his picture, which is stored inher mobile device, to passers-by to see if they can find him. Figure 1 illustrates this
example.
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Although other methods can achieve the tasks just listed, NAN
applications are by far the most efficient.
NAN FormationMobile devices within the same mobile carrier network can form a
closed NAN. The carrier can identify a mobile devices location in the network (without
GPS) using the triangulating process, which is based on the signal from cell towers (base
stations) serving the mobile phone. If the carrier maintains a database of locations for all
running mobile devices, various applications for user groups in close proximity are possible.
However, this type of closed environment doesnt let applications exchange informationamong mobile devices from different carriers. In other words, the users outside the carriers
proprietary infrastructure are undiscoverable, limiting the NANs advantages.
Fig. NAN formation
We can achieve a global NAN via mobile devices that possess both a
GPS locater and Internet connectivity. Several technologies provide wide area wireless
connectivity, such as Wi-Fi/WiMAX, Exchanged Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). After retrieving the current position returned
from the GPS module, applications running in mobile devices can exchange their locations
through an Internet server. In this case, the application can discover nearby users no matter
which carrier they use.
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5.MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM FOR NAN APPS
1) iOS- iOS (known as iPhone OS before June 2010) is Apple's mobileoperating system. Originally developed for the iPhone, it has since been
extended to support other Apple, Inc. devices such as the iPod
touch, iPad and Apple TV. Apple, Inc. does not license iOS for installation on
third-party hardware. As of May 31, 2011, Apple, Inc.'s App Store contains
more than 500,000 iOS applications,[1] which have collectively been
downloaded more than 15 billion times. In the last quarter of 2010, it had a
26% share of the Smartphone operating system market in terms of units sold,
behind Google's Android and Nokia's Symbian.[2] As of May 2010, it
accounted for 59% of mobile web consumptionincluding both the iPod
Touch and the iPadin North America. The user interface of iOS is based on
the concept ofdirect manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface
control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user
input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. Interaction with the OS
includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of which
have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its
multitouch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to
respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or
rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait
to landscape mode). iOS is derived from Mac OS X, with which it shares
the Darwin foundation, and is therefore a Unix-like operating system by
nature. In iOS, there are four abstraction layers: the Core OS layer, the Core
Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The current
version of the operating system (iOS 4.3.5) uses roughly 650 megabytes of the
device's storage, varying for each model.
2) Android- Android is an operating system for mobile devices suchas Smartphone and tablet computers. It is developed by the Open Handset
Alliance led by Google. Google purchased the initial developer of the
software, Android Inc., in 2005.[9] The unveiling of the Android distribution
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on November 5, 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset
Alliance, a consortium of 84 hardware, software,
and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for
mobile devices.[10][11][12][13] Google released most of the Android code
under the Apache License, a free software license.[14] The Android Open
Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further
development of Android. Android consists of a kernel based on the Linux
kernel, with middleware , libraries and APIs written in C and application
software running on an application frameworkwhich includes Java-
compatible libraries based on Apache Harmony. Android uses the Dalvik
virtual machine with just-in-time compilation to run compiled Java code.
Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps")
that extend the functionality of the devices. Developers write primarily in a
customized version of Java. There are currently more than 520,000 apps
available for Android. Apps can be downloaded from third-party sites or
through online stores such as Android Market, the app store run by Google.
Android was listed as the best-selling Smartphone platform worldwide in Q4
2010 by Canalys.
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6.PHONES SUPPORTING NAN
a. iPhone- The iPhone is a line of Internet and multimedia-enabled Smartphone marketed by Apple. The first iPhone was unveiled by Apple
CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007, and released on June 29, 2007. The 5th
generation iPhone, the iPhone 4S, was announced on October 4, 2011, to be
released on October 14, 2011, two days after the release of iOS 5.0, the Apple
operating system for handheld devices. Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011, the
day after the iPhone 4S was unveiled. An iPhone can function as a video
camera (video recording was not a standard feature until the iPhone 3GS wasreleased), a camera phone, a portable media player, and an Internet client with
email and web browsing capabilities, can send texts and receive visual voicemail,
and has both Wi-Fi and 3G connectivity. The user interface is built around the
device's multi-touchscreen, including a virtual keyboard rather than a physical
one. Third-party as well as Apple application software is available from the App
Store, which launched in mid-2008 and now has over 500,000 "apps" approved by
Apple. These apps have diverse functions, including games, reference, GPS
navigation, social networking, security and advertising for television shows, films,
and celebrities. There are five generations of iPhone models, each accompanied
by one of the five major releases ofiOS (formerly iPhone OS). The original
iPhone was a GSM phone that established design precedents like screen size and
button placement that have persisted through all models. The iPhone
3G added 3G cellular network capabilities and A-GPS location. The iPhone
3GS added a compass, faster processor, and higher resolution camera, including
video recording at 480p. The iPhone 4 has a rear facing camera (720pvideo) and a
front facing camera (at a lower resolution) for FaceTime video calling and for use
in other apps like Skype. In 2011 the iPhone 4 was voted the Best Mobile Phone
On Earth. The iPhone 4 featured a higher-resolution 960x640 display; it was
released on June 24, 2010. In the U.S., AT&T was the only authorized carrier
until February 10, 2011, when a CDMA version of the iPhone 4 launched
for Verizon. On October 4, 2011, Apple announced the iPhone 4S. The iPhone
4S added a higher resolution camera (8Megapixel) with 1080p video
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recording, face detection, and video stabilization, a faster, dual core
processor, world phone capability (allowing a single handset to operate on
networks based on both GSM/UMTS and CDMA technologies), and a natural
language voice control system called Siri. It will be available in 16 GB and 32 GB
as well as a new 64 GB capacity. It was also announced that in the
U.S. Sprint would begin carrying the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S.
b. Samsung Galaxy- The Samsung Galaxy S is an Android Smartphone that wasannounced by Samsung in March 2010. It features a 1 GHz ARM "Hummingbird"
processor , 816 GB internal Flash memory, a 4-inch 480800 pixel Super
AMOLED capacitive touch screen display, Wi-Fi connectivity, a 5-
megapixel camera with a maximum resolution of 2560x1920 and, on select
models, a front-facing 0.3MP VGA camera (640x480). The base version of the
phone, the GT-I9000, was quickly followed by variant models for the US carriers
such as the Epic 4G, Vibrant, Captivate, Fascinate, and Mesmerize. The Samsung
Galaxy S features a PowerVR graphics processor, yielding 20 million triangles per
second, making it the fastest graphics processing unit in any Smartphone at the
time of release. Also, upon release, the Galaxy S was both the first Android phone
to be certified for DivX HD, and at 9.9 mm was the thinnest Smartphone
available. As of January 2011, Samsung had sold 10 million Galaxy S phones
globally. The Galaxy S was named the European Smartphone of the Year at
the European Imaging and Sound Association (EISA) Awards 20102011.
Samsung Galaxy S was succeeded by Samsung Galaxy S II,3,4,5 .
c. Other Phones in market include phones from Motorola, HTC, Dell, SonyEricsson, Micromax, LG, Karbonn etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_detectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Hummingbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_AMOLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_AMOLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel#Megapixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Imaging_and_Sound_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Imaging_and_Sound_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerVRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel#Megapixelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_AMOLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_AMOLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Hummingbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_detection -
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7.NEW CONCEPTSi. 3G- 3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of
standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling
the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications
by the International Telecommunication Union.[1] Application services
include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video
calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. To meet the IMT-2000
standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s.
Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile
broadband access of several Mbit/s to Smartphones and mobile modems in
laptop computers.
The following standards are typically branded 3G:
the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily inEurope, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions
predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS
and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same
infrastructure:
The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA. The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialised in 2009 and is only
offered in China.
The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/sin the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the
uplink.
the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, usedespecially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with
the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95
hybrids. The latest release EVDORev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s
downstream.
The above systems and radio interfaces are based on
kindred spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3g#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate_units#Kilobit_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.75Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVDOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVDOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.75Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rate_units#Kilobit_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3g#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone -
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EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile
WiMAX standards formally also fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are
approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are
based on completely different technologies.
A new generation of cellular standards has appeared
approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in
1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher
data rates and non backwards compatible transmission technology. The first
release of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard does not completely
fulfill the ITU 4G requirements called IMT-Advanced. First release LTE is not
backwards compatible with 3G, but is a pre-4G or 3.9G technology, however
sometimes branded "4G" by the service providers. Its evolution LTE
Advanced is a 4G technology. WiMAX is another technology verging on or
marketed as 4G.
ii. GPS- The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based globalnavigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides location and time
information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by
the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS
receiver with some technical limitations which are only removed for military
users. The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of
previous navigation systems,[1] integrating ideas from several predecessors,
including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s.
GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD)
and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994.
In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The
Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was in use by only
the Russian military, until it was made fully available to civilians in 2007.
There are also the planned Chinese Compass navigation system and the
European Union's Galileo positioning system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.9Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.9Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution -
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iii. A-GPS- Assisted GPS, generally abbreviated as A-GPS or aGPS, is a systemwhich can, under certain conditions, improve the startup performance, or time-
to-first-fix (TTFF) of a GPS satellite-based positioning system. It is used
extensively with GPS-capable cellular phones as its development was
accelerated by the U.S. FCC's 911 mandate making the location of a cell
phone available to emergency call dispatchers. Standalone GPS provides first
position in approximately 30-40 seconds. A Standalone GPS system needs
orbital information of the satellites to calculate the current position. The data
rate of the satellite signal is only 50 b/s, so downloading orbital information
like ephemeris and almanac directly from satellites typically takes a long time.
In AGPS, the Network Operator deploys an AGPS server. These AGPS
servers download the orbital information from the satellite and store it in the
database. An AGPS capable device can connect to these servers and download
this information using Mobile Network radio bearers such
as GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, LTE or even using other wireless radio bearers
such as WIFI. Usually the data rate of these bearers is high, hence
downloading orbital information takes less time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_positioning_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIFIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIFIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_911http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_positioning_system -
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iv. HSDPA- High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is anenhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in
the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also dubbed 3.5G, 3G+ or
turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and
capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6,
7.2 and 14.0 Megabit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+,
which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with
Release 9 of the 3GPPstandards. For HSDPA, a new transport
layer channel, High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH), has been
added to UMTS release 5 and further specification. It is implemented byintroducing three new physical layer channels: HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH and
HS-PDSCH. The High Speed-Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) informs
the user that data will be sent on the HS-DSCH, 2 slots ahead. The Uplink
High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) carries
acknowledgment information and current channel quality indicator (CQI) of
the user. This value is then used by the base station to calculate how much
data to send to the user devices on the next transmission. The High Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) is the channel mapped to
the above HS-DSCH transport channel that carries actual user data.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Shared_Channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Shared_Channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G -
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v. Wi- Fi - Wi-Fi is a mechanism for wirelessly connecting electronic devices.A device enabled with Wi-Fi, such as a personal computer, video game
console, Smartphone, or digital audio player, can connect to the Internet via
a wireless networkaccess point. An access point (or hotspot) has a range ofabout 20 meters (65 ft) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Multiple
overlapping access points can cover large areas. "Wi-Fi" is a trademarkof
the Wi-Fi Alliance and the brand name for products using the IEEE 802.11
family of standards. Wi-Fi is used by over 700 million people. There are over
four million hotspots (places with Wi-Fi Internet connectivity) around the
world, and about 800 million new Wi-Fi devices are sold every year.[citation
needed] Wi-Fi products that complete Wi-Fi
Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully may use the "Wi-Fi
CERTIFIED" designation and trademark. The main issue with wireless
network security is its simplified access to the network compared to traditional
wired networks such as Ethernet. [citation needed]With wired networking one
must either gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal
network) or break through an external firewall. Most business networks
protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access.
Enabling wireless connectivity reduces security if the network uses inadequate
or no encryption. An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router
can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against any other user of the network by
forging a response before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone -
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vi. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)-WiMAX is a trademark for a family oftelecommunications protocols that
provide fixed and mobile Internet access. The 2005 WiMAX revision
provided bit rates up to 40 Mbit/s[1][2] with the 2011 update up to 1 Gbit/s forfixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum,
which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of
the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology
enabling the delivery oflast mile wireless broadband access as an alternative
to cable and DSL". WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of
the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the
WiMAX Forum. Similarly, Wi-Fi, refers to interoperable implementations of
the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standards certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance.
WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile products
as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other
certified products, as long as they fit the same profile. The original IEEE
802.16 standard (now called "Fixed WiMAX") was published in 2001.
WiMAX adopted some of its technology from WiBro, a service marketed in
Korea. Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802.16e-2005) is the revision that
was deployed in many countries, and basis of future revisions such as
802.16m-2011. WiMAX is sometimes referred to as "Wi-Fi on
steroids"[5] and can be used for a number of applications including broadband
connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It is similar to Wi-Fi but it can
also permit usage at much greater distances.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication -
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8.COMPARISON WITH WIRELESS LANs
Wireless networking in Wireless LANs(W-LANs) have same
properties as that of LANs. These enable the same capabilities and comparable speeds of a
wired 10BASE-T network without the difficulties associated with laying wire, drilling into
walls, or stringing Ethernet cables throughout an office building or home. Laptop users have
the freedom to roam anywhere in the office building or home without having to hunt down a
connector cable or available jack. Every room in a wireless home or office can be
connected to the network, so adding more users and growing a network can be as simple as
installing a new wireless network adapter.Reasons to choose wireless networking over traditional wired
networks include:
Running additional wires or drilling new holes in a home or office could be prohibited
(because of rental regulations), impractical (infrastructure limitations), or too expensive
Flexibility of location and data ports is required
Roaming capability is desired; e.g., maintaining connectivity from almost anywhere inside
a home or business
Network access is desired outdoors; e.g., outside a home or office building.
While Near-me Area Network (NAN) are implemented in cellular
phones. A NAN is a logical communication network built on top of existing physical network
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infrastructures that focuses on communication among wireless devices in close proximity.
Unlike LANs, in which the devices are in the same network segment and share the same
broadcast domain, the devices in a NAN can belong to different proprietary network
infrastructures (for example, different mobile carriers). So, even though two devices are
geographically close, the communication path between them might, in fact, traverse a long
distance, going from a LAN, through the Internet, and to another LAN.
Although mobile devices have provided location-based services
(LBSs) for a long time,1 the concept of NANs and their applications have emerged only
recently. Wireless carriers (in partnership with content providers) typically offer conventional
LBSs to their own subscribers. By using mobile devices geographic position, LBSs provide
users with information specific to their location, such as the nearest ATM or gas station. Such
services focus on a users access to information, whereas NAN applications focus on two-
way communications among people within a certain proximity to each other. On the other
hand, NAN applications arent always concerned with those peoples exact locations.
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9.EXISTING NAN PROTOTYPE AND APPLICATIONSAs I just described, if a mobile device possesses both a GPS receiver
and Internet connectivity, developing a NAN application to run in it isnt challenging. The
device platform typically provides the API that will return location coordinates for pro-
grammers. After obtaining the coordinates value, the programmer can use its own protocol
or an existing one (such as HTTP) to talk to a central server in the Internet that updates users
current locations. By using location information, the application can provide various services,
such as messaging nearby people and sharing photos with them. Figure 2 shows the system
architecture. Next, lets look at some existing NAN applications.
Because Apples iPhone (www.apple. com/iphone/) supports 3G dataspeed and Assisted GPS (A-GPS, which I describe in more detail later), it provides a
convenient platform for developers to create a variety of NAN applications.
Handshake.The Handshake application (http://gethandshake.com) lets users
easily pass their contact information to others nearby without typing. For example, one day,
Alice meets Bob, and they want to exchange contact information. They both launchHandshake, which identifies the fellow user nearby with the iPhones built-in location
service. After that, Alice can send her contact entry to Bob, and vice versa. This process
occurs without any typing and thus avoids introducing mistakes.
WhosHere.WhosHere (http://my Rete.com/WhosHere.html) helps users meet
people nearby with similar interests. First, users fill out their profile and indicate what types
of people they would like to meet. Then, WhosHere shows the user the closest people who
match this description. After that, users can text message each other within WhosHere itself.
Clearly, this NAN service eliminates the need to give out phone numbers or email or IP
addresses, providing a different form of communication. The free application was launched in
July 2007 on Apples iTunes App Store as a geosocial networking and discovery service that
allows iPhone and iPod touch users to see where they are in relation to each other.[2].
Features include being able to text message other users, see a list of nearby users, list of new
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users and a history list of users that have exchange messages. Now one can call via wi-fi with
the iPod touch or iPhone if you have a mic. (version 2.1)
On September 23, 2008, the ability to send pictures between users was added to the
application. WhosHere has a user base of 100,000 and is used globally (100 countries)
LooptLoopt (www.loopt.com) lets users better connect with friends on the
fly. Its operation is simple. It first requires users to create a friend list. If the location-sharing
option is turned on, Loopt will regularly
update its own location to the server. Thus, by consulting the server, users can see where and
how far away their friends are, as well as the last time they updated their locations.
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Consequently, Loopt lets users see their friends on a detailed map,
get alerts when friends are nearby, exchange photo and other information, and explore places
and events friends recommend.
Fire Eagle: the Central Server
Yahoos Fire Eagle (http://fireeagle. yaho.net) is a site (or central
service) that stores information about a users location, letting o