Nadeem R. Abu-Rustum, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
Sunil J. Advani, MDUniversity of California, San Diego, USA
Ali Akdemir, MDEge Üniversity School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
Levent Akman, MDEge University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
Bahriye Aktas, MDUniversity of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Sercan Aksoy, MDHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Senem Alanyali, MDEge University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
Giovanni D. Aletti, MDEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy
Fiori Alite, MDStritch School of Medicine Loyola University Chicago Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, USA
Maribel Almonte, PhDInternational Agency for Cancer Research, Lyon,France
Sonsoles Alonso, MDMD Anderson Cancer Center, Madrid, Spain
Aytekin Altintas, MDCukurovaUniversity,FacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey
Mustafa Kadri Altundag, MDHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Ozden Altundag, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Giulia Amadio, MDGynecologic Oncology Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
Frederic Amant, MD, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Antonios Anagnostopoulos MDLiverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Stefano Angioni, MD, PhDUniversity of Cagliari, Italy
Marc Arbyn, MD, MSc, DrTMHScientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Brussels, Belgium
Deborah K. Armstrong, MDJohn Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
Banu Arun, MDUniveristy of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, USA
Macit Arvas, MDIstanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty,Istanbul,Turkey
Banu Atalar, MDAcibadem University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
Elisabeth Åvall-Lundqvist, MD, PhDLinköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Ali Ayhan, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Ayse Ayhan, MD, PhDSeirei Mikatahara Hospital, JapanJohn Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USAHamamatsu and Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan
Evandro de Azambuja, MD, PhDInstitut Jules Bordet and Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Claire Bailey, MRCOGSandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, UK
Jamie N. Bakkum-Gamez, MDMayo Clinic, Minnesota, USA
Marie Bannier, MDInstitutPaoliCalmettes,Marseille,France
Marc Barahona, MDUniversity Hospital of Bellvitge IDIDELL Barcelona, Spain
Tara D. Barwick, MBChB, MSc, MRCP, FRCRImperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UKHonoraryClinicalSeniorLecturer,FacultyofMedicine, Imperial College London, UK
Anne-Sophie Bats, MD, PhDGeorges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP, Paris,FranceRené Descartes, Paris V University, Paris, France
Uziel Beller, MDShaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
Chérazade Bensaïd, MDHôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Chirurgie Cancérologique GynécologiqueetduSein,Paris,France
Enrica Bentivegna, MDInstitutGustaveRoussy,Villejuif,France
Jonathan S. Berek, MDStanford Women’s Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
Christine Bergeron, MD, PhDLaboratoireCerba,France
Kjell Bergfeldt, MD, PhDRegional Cancer Center Stockholm/Gotland Karolinska Institutet, Dept MEB, Sweden
Johannes Berkhof, PhDKlinikum der Stadt Wolfsburg, Germany
Adriana Bermudez, MD, PhDBuenos Aires University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Penny Blomfield, MDRoyal Hospital for Women University ofTasmania, Tasmania, Australia
Andreas du Bois, MD, PhDKliniken Essen Mitte (KEM) Evang, Huyssens-Stift ung/Knappschaft GmbH Henricistr, Essen, Germany
Pierre-Adrien Bolze, MDLyon Sud University Hospital
Lorenzo Bono, MD, BscUniversity of Turin, Italy
Dustin L. Boothe, MDHuntsman Cancer Hospital, University of Utah, USA
Mostafa A. Borahay, MDUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, Texas, USA
F. Xavier Bosch, MDInstitut Català d’Oncologia, IDIBELL, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Spain
Tjalling Bosse, MD, PhDLeiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
Peter Bösze, MDEditors in Chief of EJGO and Chairman of EAGC, Budapest, Hungary
Revaz Botchorishvili, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France
Loic Boulanger, MDCentreOscarLambret,Lille,France
Nicolas Bourdel, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France
vii
Authors
viii Authors
Robert E. Bristow, MD, MBAUniversity of California, USA
Jubilee Brown, MDUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Sjoerd H. van der Burg, PhDLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
Isabelle Cadron, MDUniversitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Kristel Van Calsteren, MD, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Sandrine Campagne, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France
Adriana Bittencourt Campaner, MD, PhDSanta Casa de Sao Paulo Hospital,Brazil
Michel Canis, MD, PhDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France
Evelyn Cantillo, MD, MPHWomen and Infants’ Hospital, USA
Silvia Cardinale, MD University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Joseph W. Carlson, MD, PhDKarolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Antonio Casado, MD, PhDHospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Jvan Casarin, MDUniversity of Insubria, Varese
Assunta Casorelli, MDUmberto I, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University, Rome, Italy
Husnu Celik, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey
Cyrus Chargari, MD, PhDInstitutGustaveRoussy,France
Cariad Chester, MDStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Dennis S. Chi, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
Luis M. Chiva, MD, PhDMD Anderson International Spain,Madrid, Spain
Jennifer E. Cho, MD, FACOGHackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ & Englewood Hospital, Englewood, NJ
Youn Jin Choi, MDSeoul St. Mary’s Hospital, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
David Cibula, MD, PhDGeneralUniversityHospital,FirstMedicalSchool, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
William A. Cliby, MDMayo Clinic Arizona, USA
Lieve Coenegrachts, MDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Robert L. Coleman, MDThe University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
Nicoletta Colombo, MDEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
An Coosemans, MD, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Valentina Corda, MDUniversity of Cagliari, Italy
Allan Covens, MDSunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Canada
Carien L. Creutzberg, MD PhDLeiden University Medical Center Leiden, The Netherlands
Antonella Cromi, MD, PhDUniversity of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Emma J. Crosbie, MRCOG, PhDUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Sandra Curiner, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France
Jack Cuzick, PhDQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse Square, London, UK
Centre for Cancer PreventionWolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine Queen Mary University of London
Emanuela D’Angelo, MDHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Pernilla Dahm-Kähler, MD, PhDSahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Nagindra Das, MRCOGRoyal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK
Marjolein DeCuypere, MDCHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Murat Dede, MDGulhane Military University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Suha Deen, FRCPathNottingham Univestiry Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
Katty Delbecque, MDCHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Fuat Demirkiran, MDIstanbul University Cerrahpasa School of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey
Lynette Denny, MD, PhDUniversity of Cape Town, Cape Down, South Africa
Nandita deSouza, M. MD, FRCRThe Institute of Cancer Research and Honorary Consultant at The Royal Marsden HospitalNHSFoundationTrust,UK
Mireia Diaz, PhDInstitut Català d’Oncologia, IDIBELL Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Spain
Violante Di Donato, MD, PhDUmberto I, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University, Rome, Italy
Cristina Donfrancesco, MDUmberto I, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University, Rome, Italy
Oliver Dorigo, MDStanford Women’s Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
Jean Doyen, MDCHU de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Polat Dursun, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Patricia Eifel J., MDUT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
Jens Einenkel, MDCentre for Women’s and Children’s Health Leipzig University, Germany
Scott M. Eisenkop, MDWomen’s Cancer Center of Southern California, CA, USA
Ram Eitan, MDObstetrics and Gynecology, Rabin Medical Center, Israel
Giovanni Elia, MDPalliative Care Service University of CaliforniaSanFrancisco,USA
Karim S. ElSahwi, MD, FACOGMeridian HealthRutgers-RWJMS, Neptune, USA
Ingeborg B. Engelsen, MD, PhDHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Ane Gerda Zahl Eriksson, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
Pedro F. Escobar, MDClevelandClinicFoundation,Cleveland,OH, US
Amanda N. Fader, MDClevelandClinicFoundation,Cleveland,OH, US
Giovanni Favero, MDAsklepios Hospital Hamburg, Germany
Jacques Ferlay, MEInformatics Officer, Section of Cancer Surveillance International Agency for ResearchonCancer,Lyon,France
ixAuthors
Andreia Fernandes, RN, MScRoyal Marsden Hospital, UK
Gustavo Leme Fernandes, MDSanta Casa de Sao Paulo Hospital, Brazil
Luz M. Fernandez, MDUniversity of Louisville, USA
Gabriella Ferrandina, MDCatholic University, Rome, Italy
Annamaria Ferrero, MD, PhDMauriziano Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
Frank D. Ferris, MD, FAAHPM, FAACEPalliative Medicine, Research & EducationOhioHealth, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Gwenael Ferron, MD, PhDInstitut Claudius Regaud, University of Toulouse,France
Anna Festi, MDAOUI - University Hospital of Verona, Italy
Ulas Fidan, MDGulhane Military University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Daniela Fischerova, MD, PhDFirstFacultyofMedicineandGeneralUniversity Hospital, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
Rosalie Fisher, MBChB, FRACPUniversity of Auckland,Auckland, New Zealand
Paul A. Foster, MD, PhDInstitute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Stelios Fotiou, MD, PhDUniversity of Athens, Aretaieion Hospital,Athens, Greece
Christina Fotopoulou, MD, PhDImperial College London Department of Gynaecology, London, UK
Gianluca Franceschini, PhDCatholic University of Rome, Italy
Michael Friedlander, MD, PhDAustralia and New Zealand Gynecologic Oncology Group ANZGOG Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
Fieke EM Froeling, MDImperial College London, London, UK
Shingo Fujii, MDThe Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
Keiichi Fujiwara, MD, PhDSaitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
Angiolo Gadducci, MDUniversity of Pisa, Italy.
David K. Gaffney, MD, PhDUniversity of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, Utah, USA
Khadra Galaal, FRCOGRoyal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK
Alberto Gallardo, MDHospital de la Santa Creui Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain and“LaSapienza”UniversityFacultyofMedicine, Rome, Italy
Carmen Gan, MRCOGRoyal London Hospital, London, UK
Amparo Garcia-Tejedor, MDUniversity Hospital of Bellvitge IDIDELL Barcelona, Spain
Ginger J. Gardner, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
Hugo Gaspar, MDHospital Dr Nélio Mendonça University, Madeira, Portugal
Fabio Ghezzi, MDUniversity of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Lilian T. Gien, MD, MSc, FRCSCOdette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Canada
Isabelle Gingras, MDHopital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal,Montreal, Québec, Canada
Rosalind Glasspool, MBBS, PhD, FRCPWest of Scotland Cancer Centre and University of Glasgow, Road, Glasgow
Barbara A Goff. MDUniversity of Washington, Cancer Care Alliance SeattleWashington, USA
Frédéric Goffin, MD, PhDHopital De La Citadelle, Belgium, Liège, Belgium
Gary L. Goldberg, MDAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA
François Golfier, MDLyonSudUniversityHospital,Lyon,France
Eva Gómez-García, MDOncology Center ISSEMYM, Toluca, México
Preethi Gopinath, MRCS, FRCPathThe Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow, UK
Martin E. Gore, PhD, FRCPThe Royal Marsden HospitalLondon, UK
Toon Van Gorp, MDSchool for Oncology and Developmental Biology, AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
Walter H. Gotlieb, MD, PhDMcGill University Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Charlie Gourley, MD, PhD University of Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC IGMM, Edinburgh, UK
Sébastien Gouy, MD, PhDInstitutGustaveRoussy,Villejuif,France
Jacek P. Grabowski, MD, PhDEuropean Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer, Charite-University Medicine of Berlin, Germany
Heidi J. Gray, MDUniversity of Washington, Cancer Care Alliance Seattle Washington, USA
Stefano Greggi, MD, PhDNational Cancer Institute “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
Anne Sophie Grémeau, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France
John A. Green, MD, FRCPInstitute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology, Bebington, UK
Alexandru Calin Grigorescu, MD, PhD, RDIESMO Palliative and Supportive Care Working Group, Institute of Oncology Bucharest, Romania
Perry W. Grigsby, MDWashington University School of Medicine, USA
Liidia Gristsenko, MDThe North Estonian Medical Center, Woman’s Disease Department, Estonia
Maria Elena Guerrieri, MDUniversity of Pisa, Italy
Umran Kucukgoz Gulec, MD,CukurovaUniversity,FacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey
Murat Gultekin, MDTurkish Ministry of Health, CancerControl Department, Ankara, TurkeyHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Haldun Guner, MDGaziUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara,Turkey
Mete Gungor, MDAcibademUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Istanbul, Turkey
Tayfun Gungor, MDHititUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Corum,Turkey
Frédéric Guyon, MDInstitut Bergonie Comprehensive Cancer Center,Bordeaux,France
Ahmet Baris Guzel, MDCukurovaUniversity,FacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey
Ali Haberal, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
x Authors
Neville F. Hacker, MDRoyal Hospital for Women, University, Sydney, Australia
Christine Haie-Meder, MDInstitutGustaveRoussy,France
Michael J. Halaska, MD, PhD2ndMedicalFaculty,CharlesUniversity,Prague, Czech Republic
Sileny N. Han, MD, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Matthew M. Harkenrider, MDLoyola University Chicago Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, USA
Diane M. Harper, MD, MPH, MSUniversity of Louisville, USA
Philipp Harter, MDKliniken Essen-Mitte; Huyssen-Stiftung/ Knappschaft GmbH, Essen, Germany
Kosei Hasegawa, MD, PhDSaitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
Annette Hasenburg, MDLeiterin Gynäkologische Onkologie LeitendeOberärztin,Freiburg,Germany
A. Peter M. Heintz, MD, PhDUniversity of Utrecht and The Dutch School of Gynecologic Oncology and Pelvic Surgery, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Florian Heitz, MDKliniken Essen-Mitte; Huyssen-Stiftung/ Knappschaft GmbH, Essen, Germany
Taran P. Hellebust, PhDOslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
C. William Helm, MB.BChir, FRCSNorthern Gynaecological Oncology Centre,Queen Elizabeth Hospital, UK
Martee Hensley, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
María de la Luz Hernández, PhDInternational Agency for Cancer Research, Lyon,France
Thomas J. Herzog, MDUniversity of Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, USA
Martin Heubner, MDWest-German Tumor Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Michael Höckel, MDUniversity of Lipzig, Lipzig, Germany
Johanna Hök, MSc Pharm, PhDRegional Cancer Center Stockholm/Gotland Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
Gilles Houvenaeghel, MDInstitutPaoliCalmettes,Marseille,France
Warner K. Huh, MDUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Pervin Hurmuz, MDHacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
Alexia Iasonos, PhDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,New York, NY, USA
Okechukwu A. Ibeanu, MD, MPHJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Ermina Iljazović, MD, PhDUniversity Clinical Center Tula, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sara Isani, MDAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, New York, USA
Joanne Jang, MDBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Israel
Danijela Jelovac, MDThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Elizabeth Jewell, MD, MHScMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
Mario M. Leitao Jr, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
William Small Jr, MD, FACRO FACR, FASTROLoyola University Medical Center
Matias Jurado, MD, PhDClinica Universidad de Navarra,Pamplona, Spain
Ilker Kahramanoglu, MDCerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Soon-Beom Kang, MD, PhDKonkuk University College of Mediceine, Seoul, Korea
Mujdegul Karaca, MD, PhDTurkish Ministry of Health, CancerControl Department, Ankara, TurkeyZekai Tahir Burak Women’s HealthResearch and Training Hospital,Ankara, Turkey
Ates Karateke, MDZeynep Kamil Women Health Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
John Kavanagh, MDFacultyofMedicine,ChulalongkornUniversity, Bangkok, Thailand
Vesna Kesić, MD, PhDFacultyofMedicine,UniversityofBelgrade,Serbia; Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Sami G. Kilic, MDUniversity of Texas Medical Branch, Texas, USA
Rainer Kimmig, MDUniversity Hospital, Essen, Germany
Henry C. Kitchener, MD, FRCS, FRCOGUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Eda Kocaman, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Christhardt Köhler, MDAsklepios Hospital Hamburg, Germany
Holbrook Kohrt, MDStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Maja Konrad-Čustović, MDUniversity Clinical Center Tula, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Faruk M. Kose, MDAcibadem University Atakent Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Gudrun Kreye, MDUniversity Hospital Krems, Austria
Frédéric Kridelka, MDCHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Venkatesh Krishnan, MDStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Cor de Kroon, MD, PhDLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Neterlands
Irem Kucukyildiz, MDTurkish Ministry of Health, CancerControl Department, Ankara, TurkeyEtlik Zubeyde Hanim Women’s Health, Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Elisabetta Kuhn, MDArcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy UniversityofFerrara,Ferrara,Italy
Kersti Kukk, MDTheNorthEstonianMedicalFoundation,Estonia
Pardeep Kumar, MB, FRCS, PhDRoyal Marsden Hospital, UK
Charles A. Kunos, MD, PhDNortheast Ohio Medical University, Ohio, USA
Akira Kurosaki, MD, PhDSaitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
Esra Kuscu, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Christina L. Kushnir, MDWomen’s Cancer Center of Southern California, CA, USA
xiAuthors
A. Scott LaJoie, MSPH, PhDUniversity of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, USA
Erik Lajtman, MD, PhDFacultyHospitalNitra,Slovakia
Rene Laky, MDMedical University Graz, Austria
Fabio Landoni, MDEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
Maria Clelia Larussa, MDNorfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich
Eric Pujade Lauraine, MD, PhDHotelDieu,Paris&HopitalEuropéen,France
Eric Leblanc, MDCentreOscarLambret,Lille,France
Fabrice Lécuru, MD, PhDUniversité Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité,FacultédeMédecine,Paris,FranceAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, ChirurgieCancérologique Gynécologique et du Sein, Paris,FranceINSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes,Paris,France
Jonathan A. Ledermann, BSc, MD, FRCP Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
Ahwon Lee, MD, PhDSchool of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
Sung Jong Lee, MD, PhDSt. Vincent Hospital Korea
Taek-Sang Lee, MD, PhDSMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
Alba Di Leone, MDMultidisciplinary Breast Center, Catholic University of Rome, Italy
Karin Leunen, MDUniversity Hospitals Leuven,Leuven, Belgium
Werner Lichtenegger, MD, PhDCharite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin UniversitätsFrauenklinik,Berlin,Germany
Kristina Lindemann, MD, PhDThe Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayNHMRC Clinical Trials Center, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, AustraliaCrown Princess Mary Cancer Center; Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
Megan Llewelyn, MBBSRoyal Marsden Hospital, UK
Sanjay Logani, MDIncyte Diagnostics, WA, USA
Teresa C. Longoria, MDUniversity of California, Irvine Medical Center, USA
Alberto de Barros Lopes, FRCOGRoyal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK Retired
Domenica Lorusso, MDFondazioneIRCCSIstitutoNazionaledeiTumori, Milan, Italy
David Luesley, MA, MD, FRCOGSandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, UK
Helle Lund, MDAalborg University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
Chiara Macchi, MDUniversity of Turin, Italy
Javier F. Magrina, MDMayo Clinic Arizona, USA
Bhagirath Majmudar, MDGrady Memorial Hospital Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Ranjit Manchanda, MD, MRCOG, PhDBarts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London Royal London Hospital Whitechapel Road, London, UK
Aránzazu Manzano, MDHospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Maria Marchetti, MDUniverstiy of Pauda, Pauda, Italy
Nicola Marconi, MDUniversity of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Andrea Mariani, MDMayo Clinic, Minnesota, USA
Maurie Markman, MDCancer Treatment Centers of America, Philadelphia, PADrexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
Janina Markowska, MD, PhDPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Simone Marnitz, MDUniversity of Cologne, Germany
Christian Marth, MD, PhDInnsbruck Medical University, Austria
Lola Martí, MDUniversity Hospital of Bellvitge IDIDELL Barcelona, Spain
Alejandra Martinez, MDChirurgie Institut Universitaire Toulouse, France
Eva –Katharina Masel, MDDepartment for Internal Medicine, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
Riccardo Masetti, MDMultidisciplinary Breast Center, Catholic University of Rome, Italy
Jérôme Massardier, MDLyonUniversityHospital,Lyon,France
Leon Massuger, MDRadboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
Patrice Mathevet, MD, PhDUniversity of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Amandine Maulard, MDInstitutGustaveRoussy,Villejuif,France
Marie-Hélène Mayrand, MD, PhDUniversité de Montréal, Montreal, Canada)
Renaud Mazeron, MD, PhDInstitutGustaveRoussy,France
Chris J.L.M. Meijer, MD, PhDKlinikum der Stadt Wolfsburg, Germany
Gulden Menderes, MDYale University School of Medicine, Yale, USA
Usha Menon, MD, FRCOGInstitute for Women’s Health University College, London, UK
Rachel Michaelson-Cohen, MDShaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
Rowan Miller, MA, PhD, MRCPUniversity College London Hospitals, London, UK
Lucas Minig, MDValencian Institute of Oncology, Valencia, Spain
Mansoor R. Mirza, MDCopenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
Selim Misirlioglu, MDVKFKocUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Istanbul, Turkey
Marco Mitidieri, MD
University of Turin, Italy
Milos Mlyncek, MD, PhDFacultyHospitalNitra,Slovakia
Miziana Mokbel, MDHôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Chirurgie Cancérologique GynécologiqueetduSein,Paris,France
Bradley, J. Monk, MD, FACOG, FACSCreighton University School of Medicine at St. Joseph Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Mitsuru Mori, MDSapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
xii Authors
Philippe Morice, MD, PhDInstitutGustaveRoussy,Villejuif,France
John W. Moroney, MDThe University, Chicago, USA
Penelope Moyle, MD, MBChB, FRCRCambridge University Hospital, UK
Anna Mozos, MDHospital de la Santa Creui Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Asima Mukhopadhyay, MD, MRCOG, PhD, MScTata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
Ann Muls, RN, MscRoyal Marsden Hospital, UK
Francesco Multinu, MDResearchFellow,DivisionofGynecologicSurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
George L. Mutter, MDBrigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, USA
Fabrice Narducci, MDCentreOscarLambret,Lille,France
Patrick Neven, MD, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Farr Nezhat, MD, FACOG, FACSCornell University, New York, USAStony Brook University, New York,USAWinthrop Univerity Hospital, New York
Charlotte Ngo, MD, PhDHôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Chirurgie Cancérologique GynécologiqueetduSein,Paris,France
Isa Niemann, MDAarhus University Hospital, Denmark
Claude Nos, MDHôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Chirurgie Cancérologique GynécologiqueetduSein,Paris,France
Remi A. Nout, MD PhDLeiden University Medical Center Leiden, The Netherlands
Andreas Obermair, MDRoyal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Qld, Austria
Aikou Okamoto, MDThe Jikei University School of Medicine,Tokyo, Japan
Esther Oliva, MDMassachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
Anil Onan, MDGaziUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara,Turkey
Antonio Onnis, MDFounderofEJGOanESGO,AlwaysAmongUs With His Great Achievements In Gynaecologic Oncology
Firat Ortac, MDAnkaraUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Andrew W. Orton, MDUniversity of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, Utah, USA
Murat Oz, MDZekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Emre Ozgu, MDZekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Nejat Ozgul, MDHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Ahmet Aydin Ozsaran, MDEge University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
Zeynep Ozsaran, MDEge University, School of Medicine Izmir, Turkey
Enis Ozyar, MDAcibadem University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
Nesrin Bozdogan Ozyilkan, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey
Niraj H. Pahlajani, MDBaylor Scott and White Health-Memorial Hospital Texas A&M College of Medicine, Texas, USA
László Pálfalvi, MD, PhDSaint Stephen Hospital Budapest
Pierluigi Benedetti Panici, MDUmberto I, ‘‘Sapienza’’ University, Rome, Italy
Ioanna Papadopoulou, FRCRRadiology Registrar, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London
Jong Sup Park, MD, PhDSeoul St. Mary’s Hospital, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
Patricia Pautier, MDGustaveRoussyVillejuif,France
Michele Peiretti, MD, PhDUniversity of Cagliari, Italy
Valeria A. Peñalver, MDHospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
M. Eli Pendleton, MDUniversity of Louisville School of Medicine, USA
Ivy A. Petersen, MDMayo Clinic, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Karl-Ulrich Petry, MD, PhDKlinikum der Stadt Wolfsburg, Germany
Krista S. Pfaendler, MDClinical Instructor, University of California, USA
Jacobus Pfisterer, MD, PhDGynecologic Oncology Center, Germany
Martine Piccart-Gebhart, MD, PhDInstitut Jules Bordet and Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B), Brussels, Belgium
Jurgen M.J. Piek, MD, PhDCatharina Cancer Institute, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Elisa Piovano, MDDepartement Surgical Sciences University of Turin, Italy
M. Jesús Pla, MD, PhDUniversity Hospital of Bellvitge IDIDELL Barcelona, Spain
Karl C. Podratz, MD, PhDDivision of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, USA
Alexandra de Pokomandy, MDCM, MScMcGill University, Montreal, Canada
Cinzia Baima Poma, MDDepartement Surgical Sciences University of Turin, Italy
Christophe Pomel, MD, PhDJean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center, ClermondFerrand,France
Jordi Ponce, MD, PhDUniversity Hospital of Bellvitge IDIDELL Barcelona, Spain
Richard Pötter, MDMedical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Jaime Prat, MD, FRCPathHospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Eleonora P. Preti, MDPreventive Gynaecologic Unit – European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
Katinka Prince, MD, PhDVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherands
Denis Querleu, MDInstitut Bergonie Comprehensive Cancer Center,Bordeaux,France
Benoît Rabischong, MDCHU-HospitalEstaing,France
Pedro T. Ramirez, MDThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Thomas Randall, MDGlobal Oncology Initiative, Dana-FarberHarvardCancerCenter,Boston,Massachusetts, USA
Paula Ravasco, Nutricionist, MSc, MD, PhDLaboratoryofNutritionoftheFacultyofMedicine of the University of Lisbon and University Hospital of Santa Maria, Portugal
xiiiAuthors
Isabelle Ray-Coquard, MDCentre Léon Bérard, & University Claude BernardLyon,France
Nicholas Reed, MDBeatson Oncology Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
Nick Reed, MDConsultant Clinical Oncologist Beatson Oncology Centre Gartnavel General Hospital, Scotland, UK
Dan Reisel, MBBS, PhDSenior Research Associate, EGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
Anthony Richards, MDGynaecology Oncology; St. Lukes hospital, Potts Point, NSW, Australia
Dominique Berton Rigaud, MDICO Centre René Gauducheau, Saint HERBLAIN,France
Dorien C. Rijkaart, PhDKlinikum der Stadt Wolfsburg, Germany
Lukas Rob, MD, PhD2ndMedicalFaculty,FacultyHospitalMotol,Prague, Czech Republic
Claudia Robles, PhDInstitut Català d’Oncologia, IDIBELL Unit of Infections and Cancer (UNIC), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Spain
Helena Robova, MD, PhD3rdMedicalFaculty,CharlesUniversity,Prague, Czech Republic
Andrea G. Rockall, BSc, MBBS, MRCP, FRCRTheRoyalMarsdenNHSFoundationTrustVisiting Professor of Radiology, Imperial College London, UK
Alexandros Rodolakis, MD, PhDUniversity of Athens, “Alexandra” Hospital, Athens, Greece
Ignacio Romero, MDValencian Institute of Oncology, Valencia, Spain
Peter G. Rose, MDClevelandClinicFoundation,Cleveland,Ohio, USA
Adam N. Rosenthal, PhD, FRCOGEGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London Hospital, London, UK
José Roberto Rossari, MD, MScHospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Gordon J.S. Rustin, MD, Msc, FRCPMount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
Daniele De Ruvo, MDUniversity of Turin, Italy
Azra Sadiković, MDUniversity Clinical Center Tula, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hanifi Sahin, MDBaskentUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Satoru Sagae, MDSapporo West Kojinkai Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
Helga Salvesen, MD, PhDAlways Among Us With Her GreatAchievements In Gynaecologic Oncology
Vanessa Samouelian, MDCentreOscarLambret,Lille,France
Alejandro Martin Sanchez, MDCatholic University of Rome, Italy
Octavio Arencibia Sanchez, MD, PhDComplejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
Silvia de Sanjosé, MDInstitut Català d’Oncologia, IDIBELL, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme (CERP), Spain
Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan, MDSpecial Advisor (CCO) and Head Screening Group Section of Early Detection and Prevention International Agency for Research onCancer,Lyon,France
Alessandro D. Santin, MDYale University School of Medicine, New Haven,USA
Sezin Yuce Sari, MDAtaturk Chest Disease and Chest Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Toyomi Satoh, MD, PhDUniversity of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-City, Japan
Ugur Saygili, MD9 Eylul University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
Cono Scaffa, MD, PhDNational Cancer Institute “G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
Giovanni Scambia, MDCatholic University, Rome, Italy
Daniel J. Scanderbeg, PhDMoores Cancer CenterUniversity of California, San Diego, USA
Maximilian Schmid, MDMedical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Achim Schneider, MD, MPHInstitute for Cytology and Dysplasia, Fürstenberg-Karree,Berlin,Germany
Sophie Schur, MDMedical University, Vienna, Austria
Peter E. Schwartz, MDYale University School of Medicine, Yale, USA
Michael Scott, MD, FRCPathUniversity Hospital of South Manchester, UK
Michael J. Seckl, MDImperial College London, London, UK
Jalid Sehouli, MD, PhDCharite University, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
Kentaro Sekiyama, MDThe Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
Mehmet Ali Nahit Sendur, MDHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Taylan Senol, MDZeynep Kamil Women Health Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
Lucy Side, MD, MRCPEGA Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UK
Naveena Singh, MD, FRCPathBarts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
Vasileios D. Sioulas, MD, PhDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
Brentley Smith, MDUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Robert A. Smith, PhDAmerican Cancer Society, Atlanta GA, USA
Peter J.F. Snijders, PhDKlinikum der Stadt Wolfsburg, Germany
Lavinia Spain, MBBS, FRACPThe Royal Marsden HospitalLondon, UK
Nick M. Spirtos, MDUniversity of Nevada School of Medicine and Th e Women’s Cancer Center of Nevada, USA
Ashley Stuckey, MD, FACOG, FACSWomen & Infants Hospital, USA
Alina Sturdza, MD, FRCPCMedical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Paul H. Sugarbaker, MD, FACS, FRCSProgram in Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Washington Cancer Institute Washington, USA
Lone Sunde, MDAarhus University Hospital, Denmark
Gita Suneja, MD, MSHPUniversity of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, Utah, USA
Nobuyuki Susumu, MDKeio University, Tokyo, Japan
xiv Authors
Nicole B. Swarte, MD, PhDUniversity of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Laszlo Tabar, MDUniversity of Uppsala, Sweden
Amy Tang, MDQueensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, Australia
Siriwan Tangjitgamol, MDUniversity of Bangkok Metropolis, Bangkok, Thailand
Cagatay Taskiran, MDVKFKocUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey
Alexandra Taylor, MBBS, MDRoyal Marsden Hospital, UK
Eleonora Teplinsky, MDHofstra-Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Cancer Institute, Lake Success, New York, USA
Mustafa Cosan Terek, MDEge University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
Pim Teunissen, MD, PhDSchool of Health Professions Education, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Krishnansu S. Tewari, MD, FACOG, FACSIrvine Medical Center, California, USA
Nikolaos Thomakos, MD, PhDUniversity of Athens, “Alexandra” Hospital, Athens, Greec
Eric D. Thomas, MDUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Elisa Tripodi, MDUniversity of Torino, Torino, Italy
Nienke van Trommel, MDCenter for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, location Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Jone Trovik, MD, PhDHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Jeremie de Troyer, MDInstitutPaoliCalmettes,Marseille,France
Jill H. Tseng, MDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
Gokhan Tulunay, MDEtlik Zubeyde Hanim Women’s Health, Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Taner A. Turan, MDEtlik Zubeyde Hanim Women’s Health,Teaching and Research Hospital,Ankara, Turkey
Ilknur Cetinaslan Turkmen, MDIstanbulMedipolUniversity,FacultyofMedicine, Istanbul Turkey
Sandra Tuyaerts, PhDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Stefano Uccella, MD, PhDUniversity of Insubria, Varese, Italy
László Ungár, MD, PhD, MHCOGSzeged University, Hungary
Alp Usubutun, MDHacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
Giovanni Di Vagno, MDUmberto I Hospital - ASL Bari, Corato (BA), Italy
Zvi Vaknin, MDAssafHarofeMedicalCenter,SacklerFacultyof Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
Ingrid Vandenput, MDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Anke Vanderstraeten, MDUniversity Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Mehmet Ali Vardar, MDCukurovaUniversity,FacultyofMedicine,Adana, Turkey
Roberto J. Vargas, MDClevelandClinicFoundation,Cleveland,Ohio, USA
Ignace Vergote, MD, PhDUniversitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Ailyn Vidal, MDEuropean Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
Cecilia Escayola Vilanova, MDInternational Advanced Surgery, Barcelona, Spain
Akila N. Viswanathan, MD, MPHJohns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, USA
Ivan Richter Vogelius, PhDCopenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
George Vorgias, MD, PhDMetaxa Memorial Cancer Hospital, Greece
Boris Vraneš, MDClinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade Medical School, Serbia
Lori E. Weinberg, MDIllinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, USA
Joachim Weis, MDUniversityClinicCentreFreiburg,Germany
Theresa L. Werner, MDUniversity of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Hospital, Utah, USA
Pauline Wimberger, MD, PhDUniversity Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
Benjamin Wolf, MDWomen’s and Children’s Health Leipzig University, Germany
R. Brent Wright, MD, MMMUniversityofLouisville,DepartmentofFamilyand Geriatric Medicine, USA
Catheryn M. Yashar, MD, FACROMoores Cancer Center University of California, San Diego, USA
Mufit C. Yenen, MDGulhane Military University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Ferah Yildiz, MDHacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
Kunter Yuce, MDHacettepeUniversityFacultyofMedicine,Ankara, Turkey
Ignacio Zapardiel, MD, PhDLa Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
Alain G. Zeimet, MD, PhDInnsbruck Medical University, Austria
Michal Zikan, MDGynecological Oncology Center Charles UniversityinPrague-FirstFacultyofMedicine and General University HospitalPrague, Czech Republic
Oliver Zivanovic, MD, PhDMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
Paolo Zola, MD, PhDUniversity of Turin, Italy
Contents
SECTION I: BASICS OF GYNAECOLOGICAL CANCERS
1. History of Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Krishnansu S. Tewari, MD, FACOG, FACSAntonio Onnis, MD, Maria Marchetti, MD, Peter Bösze, MDPolat Dursun, MD, Murat Gultekin, MD, Ali Ayhan, MD
2. Molecular Basis of Gynaecologic Cancers: What Should we Know? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Zvi Vaknin, MD, Walter H. Gotlieb, MD, PhD
3. Genetics in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Rachel Michaelson-Cohen, MD, Uziel Beller, MD
4. Hereditary Women’s Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Dan Reisel, MBBS, PhD, Lucy Side, MD, MRCPAdam N. Rosenthal, PhD, FRCOG
5. The Future of Cancer Stem Cells in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Karim S. ElSahwi, MD, FACOG, Alessandro D. Santin, MD
6. Global Burden of Gynaecological Cancer . . . . . . . .62Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan, MD, Jacques Ferlay, ME
7. Prevention of Gynaecologic Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . .75Satoru Sagae, MD, Nobuyuki Susumu, MDAikou Okamoto, MD, Mitsuru Mori, MD
8. Prognostic Factors for Gynaecologic Cancers . . . .78Krista S. Pfaendler, MD, Okechukwu A. Ibeanu, MD, MPHRobert E. Bristow, MD, MBA
9. Screening in Gynaecological Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . .85Carmen Gan, MRCOG, Usha Menon, MD, FRCOGRanjit Manchanda, MD, MRCOG, PhD
10. Circulating Tumor Markers in Gynaecological Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Kunter Yuce, MD, Husnu Celik, MD
11. Proteomics in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . 109Toon Van Gorp, MD, Isabelle Cadron, MDIgnace Vergote, MD, PhD
12. Ultrasonography in Gynaecological Cancers . . . 113Daniela Fischerova, MD, PhD
13. Conventional CT and MRI in Gynaecological Malignancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Nandita M. deSouza MD, FRCR
14. PET CT in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Perry W. Grigsby, MD
15. Functional Imaging for Measuring The Response to Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Ioanna Papadopoulou, FRCRAndrea G. Rockall, BSc, MBBS, MRCP, FRCRAlexandra Taylor, MBBS, MDTara D. Barwick, MBChB, MSc, MRCP, FRCR
16. Imaging-Guided Interventions in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Michal Zikan, MD, PhD
17. Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry in Gyne-Oncologic Pathology: A Βrief Appraisal of Common Applications. . . . . 163Elisabetta Kuhn, MD, Ayse Ayhan, MD, PhD
18. Pathology for Gynaecologic Oncologists . . . . . . 171Suha Deen, FRCPath
19. How to Report Pathology Specimens in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Ayse Ayhan, MD, PhD
20. Role of Frozen Section in Gynaecological Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Emanuela D’Angelo, MD, Anna Mozos, MDAlberto Gallardo, MD, Jaime Prat, MD, FRCPath
21. Statistics for the Beginners in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Alexia Iasonos, PhD
SECTION II: CERVICAL DISEASES AND HPV
22. HPV Infection Epidemiology and Prevention. . . 195Alexandra de Pokomandy, MDCM, MScMarie-Hélène Mayrand, MD, PhD
23. HPV and Cervical Carcinogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Antonios Anagnostopoulos, MD, John A. Green, MD, FRCP
24. Human Papillomavirus Associated Cancers Other Than Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . 207Lynette Denny, MD, PhD
25. The Spectrum and Clinical Sequelae of Human Papillomavirus Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214Krishnansu S. Tewari, MD, FACOG, FACSBradley, J. Monk, MD, FACOG, FACS
26. Condylomas & Evidence-Based Review of Medical and Surgical Treatments of Genital Warts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Eleonora P. Preti, MD, Ailyn Vidal, MD, Fabio Landoni, MD
27. HPV-Based Cervical Cancer Screening . . . . . . . . . 229Karl-Ulrich Petry, MD, PhD, Chris J.L.M. Meijer, MD, PhDDorien C. Rijkaart, PhD, Johannes Berkhof, PhD,Peter J.F. Snijders, PhD, Marc Arbyn, MD, MSc, DrTMH
28. New Technologies for Cervical Cancer Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Maribel Almonte, PhD, María de la Luz Hernández, PhDJack Cuzick, PhD
29. Bivalent HPV Vaccine Approved for Cervical Cancer Prevention in Females . . . . . . . . 247Luz M. Fernandez, MD, M. Eli Pendleton MDR. Brent Wright, MD, MMM, Diane M. Harper, MD, MPH, MS
30. Quadrivalent and Nonavalent HPV Vaccine Approved for Males and Females for HPV Associated Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279A. Scott LaJoie, MSPH, PhD, Luz M. Fernandez, MDM. Eli Pendleton, MD, Diane M. Harper, MD, MPH, MS
xv
xvi Contents
31. Cost-Eff ectiveness of HPV Vaccination . . . . . . . . 309Mireia Diaz, PhD, Claudia Robles, PhDSilvia de Sanjosé, MD and F. Xavier Bosch, MD
32. Immune Therapies for Human Papillomavirus-Induced Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Sjoerd H. van der Burg, PhD
33. Cervical Pre-Invasive Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Vesna Kesić, MD, PhD
34. Cervicovaginal Cytology: Normal and Abnormal Cells and Adequacy of Specimens . . . 336Christine Bergeron, MD, PhD
35. The Basic Principles of Colposcopy . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Claire Bailey, MRCOG, David Luesley, MA, MD, FRCOG
36. Picture Gallery for Abnormal Cytology and Colposcopic Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348Ermina Iljazović, MD, PhD, Azra Sadiković, MDMaja Konrad-Čustović, MD
37. How to Manage Pre-Invasive Cervical Diseases? An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Mufit C. Yenen, MD, Ulas Fidan MD, Firat Ortac, MD Murat Dede, MD, Mete Gungor MD.
38. Destructive Techniques for Cervical Preinvasive Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Liidia Gristsenko, MD, Kersti Kukk, MD
39. Excisional Techniques for Cervical Preinvasive Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366Gokhan Tulunay, MD, Nejat Ozgul, MD
40. Management of Positive Resection Margin After Treatment for Cervical Precancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372Fuat Demirkiran, MD
41. The Pathology of Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376Michael Scott, MD, FRCPath
42. Management of Small Volume Cervical Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Akira Kurosaki, MD, PhD, Kosei Hasegawa, MD, PhDKeiichi Fujiwara, MD, PhD
43. Radical Vaginal Trachelectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Christhardt Köhler, MD, Giovanni Favero, MDAchim Schneider, MD, MPH
44. Chemo-Conization for Early Staged Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Anna Festi, MD, Fabio Landoni, MD
45. Surgery in Bulky Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406Christhardt Köhler, MD, Giovanni Favero, MDAchim Schneider, MD, MPH, Simone Marnitz, MD
46. Management of Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422Christine Haie-Meder, MD, Cyrus Chargari, MD, PhDRenaud Mazeron, MD, PhD, Philippe Morice, MD, PhD
47. The Role of Lymph Node Dissection in Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432Cecilia Escayola Vilanova, MD, Denis Querleu, MD
48. Management of Incompletely Operated Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436Gustavo Leme Fernandes, MDAdriana Bittencourt Campaner, MD, PhD
49. Sentinel Lymph Node in Cervical Cancer. . . . . . . 440Cagatay Taskiran, MD, Selim Misirlioglu, MD, Anil Onan, MD Haldun Guner, MD, Ali Ayhan, MD
50. Compartment Resection in Gynaecologic Oncology: TMMR and LEER. . . . . . 450Michael Höckel, MD, Rainer Kimmig, MD
51. Nerve-Sparing Surgery in Cervical Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Shingo Fujii, MD, Kentaro Sekiyama, MD
52. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Cervical Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463Roberto J. Vargas, MD, Peter G. Rose, MD
53. Concomitant Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Giovanni Scambia MD, Giulia Amadio MDGabriella Ferrandina MD
54. Systemic Therapy for Recurrent and Metastatic Cervical Cancer 1st Line Anti-Angiogenesis Therapy and Translational Rationale for Emerging 2nd Line Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476Krishnansu S. Tewari, MD, FACOG, FACSBradley, J. Monk, MD, FACOG, FACS
55. Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487Mansoor R. Mirza, MD, Ivan Richter Vogelius, PhDTaran P. Hellebust, PhD
56. Local Management of Relapse in Cervical Cancer With Radiotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . 495Megan Llewelyn, MBBS, Alexandra Taylor, MBBS, MD
SECTION III: DISEASES OF UTERINE CORPUS
57. Endometrial Hyperplasia Without Atypia and Endometrioid Intraepithelial Neoplasia (EIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509George L. Mutter, MD
58. Treatment of Endometrial Hyperplasia . . . . . . . . 516George Vorgias, MD, PhD, Stelios Fotiou, MD, PhD
59. Hysteroscopy in Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . . . 522Milos Mlyncek, MD, PhD, Erik Lajtman, MD, PhD
60. Endometrial Cancer: Epidemiology and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Stefano Uccella, MD, PhD, Fabio Ghezzi, MDJvan Casarin, MD, Francesco Multinu, MDJamie N. Bakkum-Gamez, MD, Andrea Mariani, MD
61. Histopathology of Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539Tjalling Bosse, MD, PhD
62. Uterine Sarcomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543Esther Oliva, MD
63. Treatment of Advanced and Recurrent Endometrial Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550Ingrid Vandenput, MD, Lieve Coenegrachts, MDFrederic Amant, MD, PhD
64. Compartment Resection in Endometrial Cancer: Peritoneal Mesometrial Resection (PMMR) and Therapeutic Lymphadenectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558Rainer Kimmig, MD, Bahriye Aktas, MD Martin Heubner, MD
xviiContents
65. Uterine Serous Carcinomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565Peter E. Schwartz, MD, Gulden Menderes, MDAlessandro D. Santin, MD
66. Uterine Clear Cell Carcinomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Christina Fotopoulou, MD, PhDWerner Lichtenegger, MD, PhD
67. Conservative Treatment of Early Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586Boris Vraneš MD, Vesna Kesić MD, PhD,
68. Management of Incompletely Operated Endometrial Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594Heidi J. Gray MD, Barbara A. Goff MD
69. The Management of Uterine Sarcomas . . . . . . . . 600Nicholas Reed, MD
70. Chemotherapy, Hormonal Therapy and Targeted Therapies for Endometrial Cancer . . . 608Ozden Altundag, MD, Husnu Celik, MDEsra Kuscu, MD
71. Other Therapies for Endometrial Cancer. . . . . . . 618Lucas Minig, MD, Ignacio Romero, MD
72. Immunotherapy in Uterine Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . 628An Coosemans, MD, PhD, Sandra Tuyaerts, PhDAnke Vanderstraeten, MD Frederic Amant, MD, PhD
73. Radiation Therapy in Early Endometrial Cancers; Pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638Remi A. Nout, MD PhD, Carien L. Creutzberg, MD PhD
74. Radiation Therapy in Early Staged Endometrial Cancers: Con . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644Jamie N. Bakkum-Gamez, MD, Ivy A. Petersen, MD Stefano Uccella, MD, PhD Andrea Mariani, MD Karl C. Podratz, MD, PhD
75. Use of Preoperative Biomarkers to Identify High Risk Endometrial Carcinoma Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653Helga Salvesen, MD, PhD, Ingeborg B. Engelsen, MD, PhDJone Trovik, MD, PhD
76. Lymphadenectomy for Endometrial Cancer: Pro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660Elizabeth Jewell, MD, MHSc
77. Lymph Node Resection in Endometrial Cancer: Con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Emma J. Crosbie, MRCOG, PhDHenry C. Kitchener, MD, FRCS, FRCOG
SECTION IV: OVARIAN AND TUBAL DISEASES
78. Adnexal Mass: Evaluation and Treatment. . . . . . 671Jennifer E. Cho MD, FACOG Farr Nezhat, MD, FACOG, FACS
79. The Non-Ovarian Origin and Pathogenesis of Ovarian Carcinomas: Update on the Pathological and Molecular Clues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679Elisabetta Kuhn, MD, Ayse Ayhan, MD, PhD
80. Pathology of Malignant and Borderline Ovarian Tumours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689Naveena Singh, MD, FRCPathPreethi Gopinath, MRCS, FRCPath
81. Borderline Tumors of The Ovary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698Janina Markowska, MD, PhD, Jacek P. Grabowski, MD, PhDIgnacio Zapardiel, MD, PhD
82. Early Stage Epithelial Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . 703Nicoletta Colombo, MD, Lucas Minig, MD
83. Surgical Management of Advanced Stage Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708Ali Ayhan, MD, Macit Arvas, MD, Eda Kocaman, MD, Irem Kucukyildiz, MD, Hanifi Sahin, MD
84. Metastatic Ovarian Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731Sung Jong Lee, MD, PhD, Youn Jin Choi, MDAhwon Lee MD, PhD, Jong Sup Park, MD, PhD
85. Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumours . . . . . . . . 737Michael J Seckl, BSc, MD, PhD FRCPGordon J.S. Rustin, MD, Msc, FRCP
86. Ovarian Carcinosarcomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747Nicholas Reed, MD
87. Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors of The Ovary. . . . . . . . 754Michele Peiretti, MD, PhD, Stefano Angioni, MD, PhDValentina Corda, MD, Nicoletta Colombo, MD
88. Role of Lymphadenectomy in Ovarian Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760Pierluigi Benedetti Panici, MD, Cristina Donfrancesco, MDAssunta Casorelli, MD, Violante Di Donato, MD, PhD
89. Management of Incompletely Operated Ovarian Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766Emre Ozgu, MD, Murat Oz, MD, Tayfun Gungor, MD
90. Krukenberg Tumors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771Soon-Beom Kang, MD, PhD, Taek-Sang Lee, MD, PhD
91. Pseudomyxoma Peritonei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774Ahmet Aydin Ozsaran, MD, Levent Akman, MDUgur Saygili, MD, Mustafa Cosan Terek, MD
92. Primary Peritoneal Carcinomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777Giovanni Di Vagno, MD, Stefano Greggi, MD, PhDCono Scaffa, MD, PhD
93. Primary Cytoreduction: Factors Impacting Operability and The Extent of Surgery. . . . . . . . . 782Giovanni D. Aletti, MD, William A. Cliby, MD
94. Debulking Surgery in Advanced Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791Jalid Sehouli, MD, PhD, Christina Fotopoulou, MD, PhDJacobus Pfisterer, MD, PhD, Philipp Harter, MDAndreas du Bois, MD, PhD
95. Upper Abdominal Cytoreduction for Advanced Ovarian Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795Scott M. Eisenkop, MD, Christina L. Kushnir, MDNick M. Spirtos, MD
96. Technique of Liver Resection in Cytoreductive Surgery for Advanced Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . 801Teresa C. Longoria, MD, Robert E. Bristow, MD, MBA
97. Techniques of Diaphragmatic Surgery. . . . . . . . . 809Benjamin Wolf, MD, Jens Einenkel, MD
98. Splenectomy and Distal Pancreatectomy . . . . . . 821Faruk M. Kose, MD, Taner A. Turan, MD, Ali Haberal, MD
99. Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825Ram Eitan, MD, Dennis S. Chi, MD
100. Metastatic Gynaecologic Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828Joseph W. Carlson, MD, PhD, Pernilla Dahm-Kähler, MD, PhDElisabeth Åvall-Lundqvist, MD, PhD
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101. Neuro-Endocrine Tumours of Gynaecological Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834Nicholas Reed, MD
102. Secondary Cytoreduction in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840Philipp Harter, MD, Florian Heitz, MDChristina Fotopoulou, MD, PhD, Jalid Sehouli, MD, PhD
103. Tertiary Cytoreduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845Jill H. Tseng, MD, Mario M. Leitao, Jr., MD
104. Fallopian Tube Neoplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854Helena Robova, MD, PhD
105. Choosing Treatments for Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: The Platinum-Free Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859Evelyn Cantillo, MD, MPH, Ashley Stuckey, MD, FACOG, FACS
106. Debulking Surgery in Advanced Ovarian Cancer – Pro Primary Surgery . . . . . . . . . 867Jacobus Pfisterer, MD, PhD, Philipp Harter, MDJalid Sehouli, MD, PhD, Andreas du Bois, MD, PhD
107. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy or Primary Debulking Surgery in Advanced Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872Ignace Vergote, MD, PhD, Leen Verleye, MDToon Van Gorp, MD, Karin Leunen, MDPatrick Neven, MD, PhD, Frederic Amant, MD, PhD
108. The Role of Interval Debulking Surgery in The Management of Advanced Stage Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875Philippe Morice, MD, PhD, Enrica Bentivegna, MDAmandine Maulard, MD, Sébastien Gouy, MD, PhD
109. Systemic Chemotherapy in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Pro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879Angiolo Gadducci, MD, Maria Elena Guerrieri, MD
110. Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Pros and Cons . . . . . . 885Danijela Jelovac, MD, Deborah K. Armstrong, MD
111. Secondary Cytoreduction in the Treatment of Recurrent Ovarian Cancer . . . . . . . 890Ram Eitan, MD, Dennis S. Chi, MD
SECTION V: DISEASES OF VULVA
112. Pre - Invasive Diseases of Vulva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897Marjolein DeCuypere, MD, Frédéric Kridelka, MDKatty Delbecque, MD, Frédéric Goffin, MD, PhD
113. Pathology of Vulvar Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905Sanjay Logani, MD, Bhagirath Majmudar, MD
114. Vulval Cancers; Epidemiology and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911Khadra Galaal, FRCOG, Nagindra Das, MRCOGAlberto de Barros Lopes, FRCOG
115. Surgical Techniques for Vulvar Cancer . . . . . . . . 917Neville F. Hacker, MD, Penny Blomfield, MD
116. Flap Reconstruction Following Gynaecologic Tumor Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924Sara Isani, MD, Gary L. Goldberg, MD
117. Other Diseases of Vulva (Paget’s, Melanoma and Sarcoma) . . . . . . . . . . . . 931Violante Di Donato, MD, PhD, Cristina Donfrancesco, MDAssunta Casorelli, MD, Pierluigi Benedetti Panici, MD
118. Chemotherapy for Carcinoma of The Vulva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940Nicholas Reed, MD
119. Radiotherapy for Vulvar Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944David K. Gaffney, MD, PhD, Theresa L. Werner, MDDustin L. Boothe, MD
SECTION VI: DISEASES OF VAGINA
120. Pre Invasive Diseases of The Vagina . . . . . . . . . . . 955Jean Doyen, MD, Katty Delbecque, MDFrédéric Goffin, MD, PhD, Frédéric Kridelka, MD
121. Pathology of Vaginal Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964Ilknur Cetinaslan Turkmen, MD, Alp Usubutun, MD
122. Vaginal Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970Neville F. Hacker, MD
123. Rare Vaginal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975Eric D. Thomas, MD, Brentley Smith, MD, Warner K. Huh, MD
124. Cancers of The Vagina: The Role of Chemotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983Nicholas Reed, MD
125. Radiotherapy for Vaginal Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985Andrew W. Orton, MD, Gita Suneja, MD, MSHPDavid K. Gaffney, MD, PhD
SECTION VII: GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASES
126. Epidemiology, Genetics, and Pathology of GTD/GTN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995Isa Niemann, MD, Lone Sunde, MD, Helle Lund, MD
127. Hydatidiform Mole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003Nienke van Trommel, MD, Leon Massuger, MD
128. Treatment of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010François Golfier, MD, Frédéric Goffin, MD, PhDJérôme Massardier, MD, Pierre-Adrien Bolze, MD
129. Ultra High Risk Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016Fieke EM Froeling, MD, Michael J. Seckl, MD
130. Rationale for Centralization and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021Frédéric Goffin, MD, PhD, Leon Massuger, MDFrédéric Kridelka, MD, François Golfier, MD
SECTION VIII: SURGERY IN GYNAECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY
131. Surgical Anatomy in Pelvic Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031Hugo Gaspar MD, Octavio Arencibia Sanchez, MD PhDJordi Ponce, MD PhD
132. Perioperative Patient Care in Gynaeoncological Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043Ates Karateke, MD, Taylan Senol, MDIlker Kahramanoglu, MD
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133. Fertility Preservation for Gynaecologic Cancer Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051Alexandros Rodolakis, MD, PhD, Nikolaos Thomakos, MD, PhD
134. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Cervical Cancer: An Update Review Article. . . . 1063Anne-Sophie Bats, MD, PhD, Miziana Mokbel, MDCharlotte Ngo, MD, PhD, Chérazade Bensaïd, MDClaude Nos, MD, Patrice Mathevet, MD, PhDFabrice Lécuru, MD, PhD
135. Minimally Invasive Surgery in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073Stefano Uccella, MD, PhD, Nicola Marconi, MD Antonella Cromi, MD, PhD, Silvia Cardinale, MD Andrea Mariani, MD, Fabio Ghezzi, MD, ”
136. Principles of Laparoscopic Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . 1107Lilian T. Gien, MD, MSc, FRCSC, Allan Covens, MD
137. Laparoscopic Surgery in Gynaecological Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114Eric Leblanc, MD, Denis Querleu, MDFabrice Narducci, MD, Vanessa Samouelian, MDLoic Boulanger, MD, Gwenael Ferron, MD, PhD
138. Single-Port Surgery for Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125Lori E. Weinberg, MD, Amanda N. Fader, MDPedro F. Escobar, MD
139. Laparoscopic Hysterectomy A Standardized Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131Michel Canis, MD, PhD, Revaz Botchorishvili, MDBenoît Rabischong, MD, Anne Sophie Grémeau, MDSandra Curiner, MD, Sandrine Campagne, MD Nicolas Bourdel, MD
140. Classification System of Radical Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137David Cibula, MD, PhD
141. Technique for Abdominal Radical Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141Alejandra Martinez, MD, PhD, Gwénaël Ferron, MD, PhDDenis Querleu, MD, Pedro T. Ramirez, MD
142. Introduction of a Robotic Surgery Program . . . 1147Ali Akdemir, MD, Mostafa A. Borahay, MDSami G. Kilic, MD
143. Step by Step Robotic Lymphadenectomy . . . . . 1154Jordi Ponce, MD, PhD Marc Barahona, MDAmparo Garcia-Tejedor, MD, PhD M. Jesús Pla, MD, PhDLola Martí, MD, PhD
144. Robotic Radical Hysterectomy: Surgical Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160Javier F. Magrina, MD
145. Technique on Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy and Comparison of Three Techniques: Laparotomy, Laparoscopy and Robotics . . . . . . 1165Amy Tang, MD, Andreas Obermair, MD
146. Laparoscopic Extraperitoneal Aortic Dissection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168Denis Querleu, MD, Alejandra Martinez, MDFrédéric Guyon, MD, Eric Leblanc, MD
147. Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Guided Compartmental Surgery in Uterine Cancer by Robotic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . 1172Rainer Kimmig, MD, Bahriye Aktas, MD, Martin Heubner, MD
148. Type D Radical Hysterectomy: The Laterally Extended Parametrectomy (LEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179László Pálfalvi, MD, PhD, László Ungár, MD, PhD, MHCOG
149. Pelvic Exenteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183László Pálfalvi, MD, PhD, László Ungár, MD, PhD, MHCOG
150. Technique of Laparoscopic Exenteration . . . . . 1188Alejandra Martinez, MD, PhD, Gwenael Ferron, MD, PhDChristophe Pomel, MD, PhD
151. Colorectal Surgery in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191Luis M. Chiva, MD, PhD, Matias Jurado, MD, PhD
152. The Role of Neobladder Reconstruction in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197Sonsoles Alonso, MD, Matías Jurado, MD, PhDLuis M. Chiva, MD, PhD
153. Types of Urinary Diversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205Jeremie de Troyer, MD, Marie Bannier, MDGilles Houvenaeghel, MD
154. Classification of Complications in Gynaecological Malignancies Treatments . . . . 1209Paolo Zola, MD, PhD, Elisa Piovano, MDAnnamaria Ferrero, MD, PhD, Lorenzo Bono MD, BscMarco Mitidieri MD, Chiara Macchi MDDaniele De Ruvo MD, Cinzia Baima Poma MD
SECTION IX: CANCER AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION
155. Pregnancy and Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219Michael J. Halaska, MD, PhD, Vesna Kesić, MD, PhDLukas Rob, MD, PhD
156. Management of CIN in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . 1226Vesna Kesić, MD, PhD
157. Cervical Cancer in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1231Michael J. Halaska, MD, PhD, Helena Robova, MD, PhDLukas Rob, MD, PhD
158. Fertility-Sparing Radical Abdominal Trachelectomy for Cervical Carcinoma . . . . . . . 1239Nadeem R. Abu-Rustum, MD
159. Ovarian Malignancies in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . 1243Alain G. Zeimet, MD, PhD, Christian Marth, MD, PhD
SECTION X: MEDICAL ONCOLOGY
160. Basic Principles of Chemotherapy and Drugs Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251Lavinia Spain, MBBS, FRACP, Rosalie Fisher, MBChB, FRACPMartin E. Gore, PhD, FRCP
161. Surgical Oncological Care of Elderly Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258Pauline Wimberger, MD, PhD, Annamaria Ferrero, MD, PhDElisa Tripodi, MD
162. Medical Oncological Care of Elderly Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1264Annamaria Ferrero, MD, PhD, Pauline Wimberger, MD, PhDElisa Tripodi, MD
163. The Role of Chemotherapy in Gynaecologic Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271Aránzazu Manzano, MD, Valeria A. Peñalver, MDAntonio Casado, MD, PhD
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164. Targeted Therapy in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281Maurie Markman, MD
165. Cytoreductive Surgery and Perioperative Hyperthermic Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Metastases. . . . . 1286Paul H. Sugarbaker, MD, FACS, FRCS
166. Technique of Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Normothermic and Hyperthermic . . . . . . . . . . . . 1293Asima Mukhopadhyay, MD, MRCOG, PhD, MScC. William Helm, MB.BChir, FRCS
167. Cytotoxic Trials by the Gynaecologic Oncology Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308Siriwan Tangjitgamol, MD, John Kavanagh, MD
168. Novel Biologic Therapies in The Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. . . . . . . 1323John W. Moroney, MDRobert L. Coleman, MD
169. PARP Inhibitors and Homologous Recombination Deficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335Rowan Miller, MA, PhD, MRCP Jonathan Ledermann, BSc, MD, FRCP
170. Current Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Ovarian Cancer Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343Venkatesh Krishnan, MD, Cariad Chester, MDHolbrook Kohrt, MD, Jonathan S. Berek, MDOliver Dorigo, MD
171. Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Adverse Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1354Eleonora Teplinsky, MD, Thomas J. Herzog, MD
172. Management of Chemotherapy Complications in Gynaecological Malignancy Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1366Alexandru Calin Grigorescu, MD, PhD, RDI
SECTION XI: RADIATION ONCOLOGY
173. Principles of Radiation Therapy in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375Catheryn M. Yashar, MD, FACRO, Daniel J. Scanderbeg, PhDSunil J. Advani, MD
174. Current Radiotherapy Protocols in Gynaecologic Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383Joanne Jang, MD, Akila N. Viswanathan, MD, MPH
175. Cyberknife Stereotactic Body Radiosurgery in Gynaecologic Carcinomas . . . 1389Charles A. Kunos, MD, PhD
176. Image Guided vs. Conventional Radiation Therapy in Gynaecologic Cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . 1396Alina Sturdza, MD, FRCPC, Maximilian Schmid, MDRichard Pötter, MD
177. Chemoradiotherapy: Neoadjuvant, Concomitant, Sequential, or Monomodality Treatment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1405Patricia J. Eifel, MD
178. Gynaecological Brachytherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413Niraj H. Pahlajani, MD, Matthew M. Harkenrider, MD Fiori Alite, MD, William Small Jr., MD, FACRO FACR, FASTRO
179. Pelvic Irradiation: Acute and Late Toxicity . . . . 1425Alexandra Taylor, MBBS, MD, Andreia Fernandes, RN, MScPardeep Kumar, MB, FRCS, PhD, Ann Muls, RN, Msc
180. Management of Radiotherapy Complications in Gynaecological Malignancies Treatments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1437Banu Atalar, MD, Senem Alanyali, MDZeynep Ozsaran, MD, Enis Ozyar, MD
SECTION XII: PALLIATIVE CARE IN GYNAECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY
181. Challenges and Opportunities in Palliative Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1449Giovanni Elia, MD, Frank D. Ferris, MD, FAAHPM, FAACE
182. Management of Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV) . . . . . . . . 1459Gudrun Kreye, MD, Eva –Katharina Masel, MDSophie Schur, MD
183. Pain Palliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1470Nesrin Bozdogan Ozyilkan, MD
184. Nutrition: The Relevance in Gynaecological Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1482Paula Ravasco, Nutricionist, MSc, MD, PhD
185. Complementary, Alternative and Integrative Medicine Use Among Patients With Gynaecological Cancers. . . . . . . . 1489Kjell Bergfeldt, MD, PhD, Johanna Hök, MSc Pharm, PhD
186. Psychological Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1495Joachim Weis, MD, Annette Hasenburg, MD
187. Euthanasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500A. Peter M. Heintz, MD, PhD, Nicole B. Swarte, MD, PhD
188. Quality of Life (QoL) in Oncologic Patients . . . . 1505Adriana Bermudez, MD, PhD
189. Lymphocele, Lymphorrhea After Lymphadenectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1507Ahmet Baris Guzel, MD, Umran Kucukgoz Gulec, MD,Mehmet Ali Vardar, MD, Aytekin Altintas, MD
SECTION XIII: RARE GYNAECOLOGICAL CANCERS
190. Rare Gynaecological Cancers: An Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515Nicholas Reed, MD
191. GCIG Rare Tumor Consensus Review & Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1520Isabelle Ray-Coquard, MD, PhD, Jonathan A. Ledermann, MD Philipp Harter, MD, Michael Friedlander, MD, PhD Frederic Amant, MD, PhD Aikou Okamoto, MD, PhD Eva Gómez-García, MD, Charlie Gourley, MD, PhD Martee Hensley, MD, Patricia Pautier, MD Keiichi Fujiwara, MD, PhD Domenica Lorusso, MD, Satoru Sagae, MD Akila N. Viswanathan, MD, MPH, Mario M. Leitao Jr, MD Toyomi Satoh, MD, PhD, Nick Reed, MD, Jubilee Brown, MD, Dominique Berton Rigaud, MD Rosalind Glasspool, MBBS, PhD, FRCP Eric Pujade Lauraine, MD, PhD
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SECTION XIV: BREAST CANCER
192. How Eff ective Are Breast Cancer Screening Programmes? . ................................ 1531Laszlo Tabar, MD, Robert A. Smith, PhD
193. Investigation of Suspected Breast Cancer. ...... 1540Penelope Moyle, MD, MBChB, FRCR
194. Hereditary Breast Cancer Risk and Genetic Counseling . ......................................... 1547Banu Arun, MD
195. Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer . ............. 1554Riccardo Masetti, MD, Alba Di Leone, MDAlejandro Martin Sanchez, MD, Gianluca Franceschini, PhD
196. Medical Treatments in Breast Cancer . ............. 1563Isabelle Gingras, MD, José Roberto Rossari, MD, MScEvandro de Azambuja, MD, PhDMartine Piccart-Gebhart, MD, PhD
197. New Approaches to Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer. .................................................... 1577Sezin Yuce Sari MD, Pervin Hurmuz, MD, Ferah Yildiz, MD
198 A Review of New Therapeutic Modalities in Breast Cancer . ............................. 1587Mehmet Ali Nahit Sendur, MD, Sercan Aksoy, MDPaul A. Foster, MD, PhD, Mustafa Kadri Altundag, MD
199. Unanswered Questions in Gynaecologic Oncology . .................................. 1596Lucas Minig, MD, Thomas Randall, MD
200. Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer . ............. 1600Sileny N. Han, MD, PhD, Kristel Van Calsteren, MD, PhDFrederic Amant, MD, PhD
SECTION XV: TRAINING IN GYNAECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY
201. Gynaecologic Training in Europe. .................... 1607Michael J. Halaska, MD, PhD
202. Gynaecologic Oncology Fellowship Training in the USA . ......................................... 1615Vasileios D. Sioulas, MD, PhD, Ane Gerda Zahl Eriksson, MDGinger J. Gardner, MD, Oliver Zivanovic, MD, PhD
203. Fellowship Training in Australia and New Zealand . ............................. 1617Kristina Lindemann, MD, PhD, Anthony Richards, MD
204. ESGO Training Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1621Rene Laky, MD, Maria Clelia Larussa, MD
205. Teaching and Learning Skills in the 21st Century: From Authority Based to Evidence Based Learning and Teaching Techniques. ........................................ 1626Katinka Prince, MD, PhD, Cor de Kroon, MD, PhDPim Teunissen, MD, PhD, Jurgen M.J. Piek, MD, PhD
Index 1633