Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 14
Stress and HealthSmoking and Obesity
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Smoking statistics
4 million per year killed worldwidePredicted to grow to 10 million annuallyTeen to grave smokers has a 50% chance of it
killing them, often agonizingly and prematurelySmokers loose approximately 12 minutes of
his/her life per cigaretteSmokers have higher rates of depression,
divorce and chronic disabilities
The Physiological Effects of Nicotine
When and Why do People Start Smoking??
Most begin in early adolescenceMost that do have low grades or are school
dropoutsOr they feel less competent and not in
controlMost have one or more significant others
who smokeTeens who smoke are more likely to have
sex, drink, and use marijuanaExposure to smokers went down in the 70s
and 80s then back up in the 90s (movies)
Why do People not Stop Smoking?
¾ have tried to quit 1/3 of those who try get addicted Nicotine causes
Boost in epinephrine and norepinephrine Diminished appetite Boost in alertness and mental effectiveness Calms anxiety Reduces pain sensitivity Increases dopamine production
People may be genetically predisposed to become addicted
Smoking Prevention
U.S. teen smoking
How Effective are Programs to Stop Smoking?
Most are effective in the short run4/5 of those that try start again½ who have ever smoked have quit90% of those on their ownOverall rates went down and then
back up; currently we are at an all time high
Smoking is now world-wide
Smoking Prevention
Results of a smoking inoculation program
Percentageof studentswho smoke
20
15
10
5
0 0 4 9 12 16 21 33
Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade
Months of study
Control school
School with smokingPrevention program
Fewer teens took upsmoking when “inoculated” against it
How Can We Prevent Smoking?
Information about the effectsInformation about peer, parent, and
media influenceTraining in refusal skills through
modeling and role playingUpping the costhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Sm5UyrEqGhQ
survey
Eating habits?
Obesity and Weight Control
Obesity and body mass index
General Nutrition Information Carbohydrates
Increase tryptophan which leads to serotonin causing relaxation, sleep and lower sensitivity to pain
Protein Concentration and alertness
High sugar Tooth decay Osteoporosis Cancer Diabetes High blood pressure Heart disease Mainly because high sugar items are eaten
instead of healthy ones! Too much salt + low calcium = high blood
pressure Breakfast = more alert and less fatigue “good fat” aka omega-3 fatty acid (fish)
Enhanced brain function Less depression
Obesity and Weight Control Obesity and mortality
18.5 18.5- 20.5- 22.0- 23.5- 25.0- 26.5- 28.0- 30.0- 32.0- 35.0- 40 20.4 21.9 23.4 24.9 26.4 27.9 29.9 31.9 34.9 39.9
Body-mass index (BM I)Men Women
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
Relativerisk ofdeath
Obesity and Weight Control Fat is a way to store energy for famine Cultures where famine happen do not have thin as the
“ideal” = few eating disorders Health Risks from obesity
Diabetes High blood pressure Heart disease Gall stones Arthritis Sleep disorders Some cancers
Risks are worse for those that carry weight in abdomen Weight discrimination is greater than any other, socially
and in the workplace
Weight Discrimination
When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire
Willingnessto hire scale
(from1:definitely
not hire to7: definitely
hire)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Women Men
Normal Overweight
The Physiology of Fat
Fat cells Shrink, but never go away Take less energy to maintain
Set points and metabolism Body fights to keep itself at the same weight People can loose at first, then the body lowers
metabolism to keep weight onThe genetic factor
Studies show biology affects weight Genes show why one person is heavier than
another
Weight Control Effects of a severe diet
Caloric intake
in caloriesper day
Body weight
in kilograms
Metabolism:Oxygen
consumptionin liters
per hour
3000
2000
1000
0 8 16 24 32
Days
165
160
155
150
145
140
Days Days
26
25
24
23
22
218 16 24 32 8 16 24 32
Weight Control Trading risks
Environmental Impact on Weight
Most models have ½ the percentage of body fat of average women
Mannequins have become thinnerBeauty contest winners and centerfolds are
thinner
Thinning of Miss America
DietingLosing weight
Rarely does it stay gone Repeated diet and exercise does work for
somePeople need to realize our vulnerability to
health problems
Weight Control
Most lost weight is regained
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
1 2 3 4 5
Weightchange
in pounds
Posttreatment
Years of follow-up
Startingpoint
Normal trend for untreated obesepeople: Gradually rising weight
After participation in behavioralProgram: Much of initial weight
loss regained
Weight Control
Obesity was more common among those who watched the most television
<2 2-3 >4Hours of television watched per day
in 1990s study
Boys Girls
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Skinfold fatmeasure (mm)