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Muscle Anatomy
Muscle Attachment
All muscles are attached to at least two points: The origin is an
attachment to a immoveable bone.
The insertion is an attachment to an movable bone.
Types of Muscle Movement
Flexion Most often found in hinge joints. Brings two bones closer together.
Extension Opposite movement of flexion. Pulls two bones farther apart.
Hyperflexion or hyperextension Flexion beyond the normal position.
Types of Muscle Movement
Types of Muscle Movement
Abduction Pulls a limb away from the midline of the
body. Adduction
Pulls a limb toward the midline of the body. Elevation
Movement upwards, toward the head. Depression
Movement downwards, towards the feet.
Types of Muscle Movement
Types of Muscle Movement
Rotation Movement of a bone in a circular direction
around a central axis. Medial rotation is toward the midline. Lateral rotation is away from the midline.
Types of Muscle Movement
How Are Muscles Named?
Direction of muscle Rectus abdominis – Muscle fibers travel in a
straight direction. Relative size of the muscle
Gluteus maximus – Largest muscle in the gluteus group.
Location of the muscle Temporalis – Covers the temporal bone of the
cranium.
How Are Muscles Named?
Number of origins Biceps brachii – Two origin attachment sites.
Location of the muscle’s origin and/or insertion. Sternocleidomastoid – Origin is the sternum.
Shape of the muscle Deltoid – Triangular
Action of the muscle Flexor carpi ulnaris – Flexes the wrist.
Orbicularis Oris
Orbicularis Oculi
Sternocleidomastoid
TemporalisFrontalisZygomatic Bone
BuccinatorMasseter
Trapezius
Zygomaticus
Head and Neck Muscles The frontalis raises the eyebrows. The masseter and temporalis both elevate the mandible.
Chewing muscles The buccinator flattens the cheeks during chewing, holding
them against the teeth. The orbicularis oculi performs all eyelid movements,
including opening, closing, blinking, etc. The orbicularis oris closes the mouth with the lips. The zygomaticus raises the corners of the mouth when
smiling. The sternocleidomastoid rotates the head and flexes the
neck.
Sternocleidomastoid
Internal Abdominal Oblique
Sternum
Deltoid
Serratus Anterior
Clavicle
External Abdominal Oblique
Rectus Abdominis
Pectoralis Major
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Muscles of the Trunk
The pectoralis major adducts the humerus. The rectus abdominis flexes the vertebral
column and compresses the contents of the abdomen. The “pushing” muscle of defecation, childbirth, and
forced breathing. The transversus abdominis also performs this
action. The external and internal obliques rotate the
trunk.
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Deltoid
Teres MajorInfraspinatus
External Oblique
Latissimus Dorsi
Muscles of the Dorsal Trunk
The trapezius elevates and depresses the scapula.
The latissimus dorsi adducts the humerus. The deltoid abducts the arm. The triceps brachii extends the arm.
Deltoid
Bracioradialis
Biceps
Extensor Digitorum
Triceps
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Carpi Radialis
Anterior Muscles of the Arm
The biceps brachii flexes the arm.
Posterior Muscles of the Leg
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
SemitendinosusBiceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Anterior Muscles of the Leg
Gluteus medius
Tensor Fascia Latae
Sartorius
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Fibularis
Tibialis Anterior
Vastus Lateralis
Soleus
Gracilis
Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, and Leg
The gluteus maximus adducts and extends the leg.
The gluteus medius abducts the leg. The hamstring group flexes the knee.
Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus
The gastrocnemius extends the foot, the soleus flexes it.
Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, and Leg
The sartorius flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh. Look at the bottom of your foot while standing
to demonstrate these actions. The quadriceps group extends the knee.
Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedialis (a deep muscle)
Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, and Leg
The tibialis anterior and fibularis muscles flex the foot.
Frontalis
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid
External Oblique
Gluteus MediusTensor Fascia Latae
Rectus FemorisVastus LateralisVastus Medialis
Fibularis Longus
Soleus
Tibialis Anterior
TemporalisOrbicularis Oculi
ZygomaticusOrbicularis Oris
Pectoralis Major
Biceps Brachii
Deltoid
Rectus Abdominis
Internal Oblique
Adductor Longus Gracilis
Sartorius
Trapezius
Deltoid
Triceps Brachii
Latissimus Dorsi
External Oblique
Gluteus Medius
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
SemitendinosusBiceps Femoris
Adductor Magnus
Gluteus Maximus