Introduction
• Increase in population levels, booming economy, rapid urbanization are major issues
• Rise in community living standards accelerated MSW in developing countriesaccelerated MSW in developing countries
• Factors affecting the environmental aspect
of solid waste management in developing
countries are the lack of environmental
control systems and evaluation of the real
impacts
Urbanization• India, the world’s second highest populated country of 1.21 billion (census
2011)
• The annual rate of growth of urban population in India is 3.35% (Census of
India, 2011).
• The proportion of population living in urban areas has increased from
17.35% in 1951 to 31.2% in 2011(Census, 2011).
• High rate of population growth, declining opportunities in the rural areas
and shift from stagnant and low paying agriculture sector to more paying
urban occupationsurban occupations
• India has achieved multifaceted socio-economic progress during last 64
years of its independence.
• However, in spite of heavy expenditure by Civic bodies, Management of
Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) continues to remain one of the most
neglected areas of urban development in India.
• Piles of garbage and wastes of all kinds littered everywhere have become
common sight in urban life.
• For most of urban local bodies in India, solid waste is a major concern that
has reached alarming proportions requiring management initiatives on a
war-footing.
Accelerating Development?
• Many Indian Cities/ States are targeting new
generation development
– IT/ ITES, BioTech
– SEZs, Financial Hubs– SEZs, Financial Hubs
– Rocketry, Supercomputers, Nuclear Power...
• But - not a single designed and well operated
MSW collection/ disposal facility in the Country
Level of Urbanizations (1901-2011); Source- Various census Reports
• It is interesting to note that for the first time since independence absolute increase in population is more in urban areas than in rural areas.
• Out of total increase of 181.4 million people during the last decade i.e. 2001-2011 90.4 million increase is in rural areas while 91.0 million is in urban areas.
Garbage Out...
• Waste generation of 0.2 to 0.45 kg/ capita/ day
• On an average, urban India generates
– 285,000,000 x 0.3 = 85,500 MT of waste in a day
– a mere trifle...– a mere trifle...
Urban Waste Scenario
• Garbage being dumped
* Polluting underground water
* Breeding flies and rats* Breeding flies and rats
* Emitting GHGs (CH4 and CO2)
* Shifting of Dumping sites away
from cities leading to higher costs
besides requirement of land
Urban Waste Scenario
• A manual and rules for disposal of
wastes have been prepared –
enforcement yet to begin enforcement yet to begin
• India ratifies Kyoto Protocol
Waste Generation & Disposal
Status in India…
• 36 % (8 out of 22) cities generate more than 1000 TPD of
waste (Ahmedabad, Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Jaipur,
Kanpur, Lucknow, Pune and Surat)
• 13.6 % (3 out of 22) cities generate waste between 500-• 13.6 % (3 out of 22) cities generate waste between 500-
1000 TPD (Indore, Ludhiana and Vadodara)
• 50 % (11 out of 22) cities generate less than 500 TPD of
waste (Agartala, Asansol, Chandigarh, Faridabad,
Guwahati, Jamshedpur, Kochi, Kozhikode, Mangalore,
Mysore and Shimla)
Facts Regarding MSW Management in India
• Judicial Intervention - Supreme court of India
directed the Government (s) to set in place
appropriate frameworks for dealing with MSW
• Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) • Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
formulated MSW rules in the year 2000, making
it mandatory for every Municipal Authority to
implement scientific solid waste management
systems.
How far Cities Fair in Compliance with
MSW rules?
Criteria Cities with
100% compliance
Cities above
50% compliance
Cities below
50% compliance
Storage at Source 8 50 78
Segregation of recyclables at at Source 2 44 84
Doorstep primary collection of waste 8 42 86
Daily Street Sweeping 35 101 37
Provision of closed containers 5 38 90
Covered waste transportation 27 69 59
Processing of Waste 4 10 118
Disposal at Engineered landfill 0 1 127
Authorization from State Pollution
Control Boards
Approved – 33 Applied – 41
Not moved - 39
Not Applied – 15
Waste Generation & Disposal Status
in India…
• 63.6 % (14 out of 22) cities supply more than 75% of
their waste to dumpsites (Ahmedabad, Asansol,
Chandigarh, Delhi, Faridabad, Greater Mumbai,
Jaipur, amshedpur, Kanpur, Lucknow, Ludhiana,
Mangalore, Pune and Vadodara)Mangalore, Pune and Vadodara)
• Out of the 17 class I cities, 47.05 % (8) have a single
dumpsite, 29.4 % (5) have 2 dumpsites, 5.88 % (1) has
3 dumpsites and 11.76 % (2) have 4 dumpsites.
Lucknow does not have a designated dumpsite for
waste disposal
• Greater Mumbai and Ludhiana supply 100% of the
waste collected to the dumpsite
Status of Sanitary Landfills
• 45.45 % (10 out of 22) of cities do not have sanitary
landfills which includes major generators such as
Greater Mumbai, Delhi and Kanpur
• 27.27 % (6 out of 22) of cities have a sanitary landfill
(Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Jamshedpur, Mangalore,
Surat and Vadodara)Surat and Vadodara)
• Guwahati, Indore and Jaipur are in the process of
constructing a SLF and Agartala and Lucknow are
considering construction of SLF
• Gujarat emerges as one of the most active States with
respect to initiatives on solid waste management as 3
cities of the State have already constructed sanitary
landfills.
Problems of Waste Managements
• Inadequacies of existing systems
- Pollution of land, water and air
- emission of GHGs
• Increasing concerns for safe disposal• Increasing concerns for safe disposal
• Non-availability of land for landfills
• Increasing cost of transportation
• Threat to ‘Status – Quo’, fortunately!
Waste Management Program
• Hierarchy for efficiency
– Reduce
– Recycle
– Reuse– Reuse
– Treat and Dispose
• Requirements for the balance
– Management
– Technology
– Financing
MUNICIPALITY
RESPONSIBILITYCITIZENS RESPONSIBILITY
Storage in
Bins
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Local
Waste
Generation
Storage & processing at
Transfer stations
Final
Disposal
Level recycling
Household
Level recycling
Centralized
recycling
Segregation
• Community’s responsibility
– ULB to facilitate
• A long road ahead
– Would ‘full segregation’ ever be achieved?
• Organic waste neatly packed in plastic bags for
segregation?
Collection & Transportation
• The civic, social and political aspects of MSW
(NIMBY) have ensured that the collection and
transportation system has attempted to be
reasonably efficient
– This has been by way of capacity improvement to the
Urban Local Body (such as Thiruvananthapuram)
– Or by service contracts (Chennai)
• On this side, the account is reasonably positive
Disposal
• Disposal continues to be the weakest link
– Out of sight, out of mind
• Dump and forget
– Unclear objectives
• Dispose at minimum cost, choose technically superior but
possibly more expensive options, or make money in disposal?
– Unclear technology
• Dump, landfill, compost, or SWERF?
– & finally, NIMBY again!
Disposal Options
• Dumping
• Incineration
• Designed Landfills
• Composting• Composting
• Solid Waste-to-energy Recycling
– Bio-methanation, Pyrolisis
EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT
MANAGED WISELY
• Affects our health
• Affects our socio-economic conditions• Affects our socio-economic conditions
• Affects our coastal and marine environment
• Affects our climate
EFFECTS OF WASTE…
• GHGs are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise.
• Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local climate conditions.
• Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water • Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies.
• This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.
• Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks might be permanently altered.
- Some countries are expected to become warmer, although
sulfates might limit warming in some areas.
- Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries
will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend
toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense
EFFECTS OF WASTE…
toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense
rainstorms, and drier soils.
- Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably
projected for specific areas.
Effects of waste….
• Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the
atmosphere:
- Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N20).
- C02 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood
and wood products, and solid waste.
- CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills,
the raising of livestock, and the production and transport of coal,
natural gas, and oil.
- N02 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as
during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US
emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.
Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2000, US EPA, Office of Atmospheric
Programs, April 2002 EPA 236-R-02-003.
Health Effects of Open Dumping of Waste
� The health risks associated with illegal dumping are
significant for ragpickers and residents living nearby
� Areas used for illegal dumping may be easily accessible to
people, especially children, who are vulnerable to the
physical (protruding nails or sharp edges) and chemical
(harmful fluids or dust) hazards posed by wastes.(harmful fluids or dust) hazards posed by wastes.
� Rodents, insects, and other vermin attracted to open
dumpsites may also pose health risks
� Dumpsites with scrap tires provide an ideal breeding
ground for mosquitoes, which can multiply 100 times faster
than normal in the warm stagnant water standing in scrap
tire casings
Health Effects….� Severe illnesses, including encephalitis and dengue fever,
have been attributed to disease-carrying mosquitoes
originating from scrap tire piles.
� In addition, countless neighborhoods have evacuated and
property damage has been significant because of
dumpsites that caught fire, either by spontaneous dumpsites that caught fire, either by spontaneous
combustion or, more commonly, by arson. Illegal dumping
can impact proper drainage of runoff, making areas more
susceptible to flooding when wastes block ravines, creeks,
culverts, and drainage basins.
� In rural areas, open burning at dumpsites containing
chemicals may contaminate wells and surface water used
as sources of drinking water(Source: Illegal Dumping Prevention Guidebook. US EPA. EPA905-97-001
� US EPA study indicates that dioxin emissions from open burning of
garbage in one day by four families could equal the emissions from a
municipal solid waste incinerator burning 200 tons per day (Hileman,
1998)
� Dioxins are known to suppress the immune system, disrupt hormonal
balances and promote carcinogenisis (Seedcorn, 1998)
� Other emissions resulting from open burning and their associated health
Health Effects….
� Other emissions resulting from open burning and their associated health
risks include:
- benzene (leukemia)- toluene diisocyanate (asthma)
- nitrogen dioxides (lung damage) and
- nitrile compounds (metabolic poisons and carcinogens)
� Burning garbage can also produce emissions of formaldehyde,
hydrochloric and sulphuric acid, hydrogen cyanide, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium
Challenges & Opportunity
• Reducing waste
growth
• Managing toxic and
problem Materials
• Waste Reduction
• Toxicity Reduction
• Recycling Reduction• Increasing recycling
levels
• Maintaining
commitment to
resource recovery
• Recycling Reduction
Conclusions
• Solid Waste Management should be considered
seriously by government/ civic bodies to provide SWM
service properly to the public.
• Public apathy and low social status assigned to SWM
activity by civic bodies is a great hurdle in solving this
problem. problem.
• Stringent laws should be passed in this regard for
proper disposal and treatment of waste.
• No new plan of any residential, commercial area should
be passed until and unless it has proper place for
disposal and treatment of its waste.
Conclusions…
• In India there is a strong case of private sector participation in this
area and private sector can come with its expertise, technology,
capital, improved and efficiently managed service.
• Public participation
is of paramount
importance and can importance and can
provide big results
if seek properly.
• Adopt sustainability
model