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MultimediaIntroductory Course in Electric Energy Systems
Michigan Tech University
Leonard BohmannBruce MorkNoel Schulz
Dennis Wiitanen
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Objectives of The New Core Course
Broader Scopeelectric energy production,
transmission and distribution, and utilization
Multidisciplinarymechanical engineering, chemistry,
business
Societal Issueseconomic, regulatory, and
environmental issues
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Michigan Tech Test Bed(quarters)
Intro to Energy Conversion
Intro to Power Sys
Electric Machines
Power Sys II
Power Sys I
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Goals
1) Provide an Exciting Introduction to Energy Systems for all students
2) Serve as a Feeder Course for Students interested in Power
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What Does Work
Focused Survey Course
Goal 2Feeder
Goal 1Introduction
Focused Survey Course
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What Students Like
• Practical Material– relate material to them
• Non-technical Aspects– relate technical to business and
economic aspects
• Exciting Lectures
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Topical Outline• Background material
– ac steady state circuits, ac power, three-phase circuits
• Sources of Electrical Energy– PV, batteries, thermal central station,
renewables, distributed generation, economic/environmental costs
• Transformers– single phase equivalent circuit, qualitative
discussion otherwise
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Topical Outline (continued)
• Fundamentals of Electromechanical Energy Conversion– forces on conductors, induced voltages
on conductors, motivated by ideal linear motor
• Fundamentals of Power Electronics– ideal switches, buck converter,3 phase
bridge inverter, power supplies
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Topical Outline (continued)
• Synchronous Machines– qualitative description, round rotor
equivalent circuit with reactance, power/angle relations
• Coal Fired Power Plant– coal handling to electricity out– economics and environmental
regulations
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Topical Outline (continued)• Power System Overview
– central station, distributed generation,
• Electrical Faults and Protection– Single Phase or 3 to ground, sectionalizers,
reclosers, fuses
• Distribution Systems– layout, equipment, operations
• Loads– system loads variation, induction machines,
speed control
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Case StudyAn Introduction to Photovoltaics
• Solar power applications: spacecraft, calculators, solarfarms (on-grid), remote sites (off-grid).
• Solar Farms– Austin Power & Light (300 MW)– 3M Research, Austin (300 KW concentrator)– SMUD (2.4 MW)
• An Off-Grid Application– Mt. Baldy Mobile Radio Repeater Site, Utah
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• Used as lead-in example
– Photovoltaic generation
– Battery storage
• Practical Design and Performance Issues– Limited winter sunlight
– Temperature Extremes
– On 9050-ft Mountain
– Reliability is crucial
Mount Baldy Solar-PoweredCommunications Installation
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• AM0 = 1367 mW
per sq cm (space)• AM1 = 1000 mW
per sq cm (direct overhead sunlight)
• Sun’s inclination angle further reduces available energy.
Output Characteristics vs.Incident Solar Energy
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Temperature Effects• Voltage output increases
at lower temperatures. • Batteries can be charged
to higher voltage and operate more efficiently when cold.
• Equipment may be damaged by overvoltage, so may need to be protected by VR.
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Battery Selection, Factors
• Ni-Cad vs. lead-acid• Sedimentation• Stratification of
electrolyte.• Memory effects• Deep cycling• Temperature Effects• Specific gravity of
electrolyte, freezing
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• System operates at higher voltage in cold - can store more energy.
• Alarms and equipment disconnect if batteries discharge too far.
• Arrays, batteries, loads must be coordinated!
Coordination of SolarArray and BatteryCharging System
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System Configuration
• Dual arrays and regulators for reliability
• Alarms transmitted for low voltage
• Even lower voltage: disconnect equip.
• Fuses for short-circuit protection
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Photovoltaic Experiment
• Inexpensive to buy and implement– $20 solar cell– 120-volt spot lamp– Light meter
• Fundamental concepts emphasized– Luminous flux (lumens) vs. radiant flux (watts) – Maximum power point – I-V curves vs. light level– Theoretical and observed behaviors match
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Output CharacteristicsVoltage vs Current for the Photovoltaic Cell with
varying Light intensity
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 2 4 6
Voltage (V)
Cu
rren
t (m
A)
82 ft. Candles
30 ft. Candles
16 ft. Candles
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What is a case study? Why should we develop them for power engineering?
• Educational tool used by business for many years.• Students read about problem, solutions to other
similar problems and then tackle their own problem.
• Case study library very old without many problems in EE or power
• Research related case studies on too high a level for introduction to power course.
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Purpose of Case Study
• Application-oriented examples of real life scenarios to help motivate students
• Create modern educational tools of our field
• Stimulates interest in Power Engineering
• Combines education with fun for students
• Expands students knowledge about power systems and a specific topic
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Goals
• Completion of open-ended exercises to see how the student can immediately apply their newly acquired knowledge
• Introduction to advanced power system subjects
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Case Study LayoutIntroduction
Module 1All About Blackouts
Module 2General Guidelines on
Power Restoration
Module 3Description of the ToolsUsed to Restore Power
Module 4Appendix on Specific
Restoration Terms
Module 5A list of Related Papersfor Furthur Information
Module 6Example Case
Supplemental WebPages
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Supplemental Web Pages
CascadingFailuresLinks on
BlackoutExamples
Steady StateOverloads
Large StandingPhase Angles
FrequencyExcursions
Example Pictures of:-Circuit Breakers
-Sectionalizers-RTU's
Islands
Syncronization
Backbones
CaseStudy
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Implementation• Part of EE 380- Introduction
to Power Systems Class
• Fall Quarter 1998 – Done as Extra Credit
• Winter Quarter 1998-99 – Project in class with 72 students
• Spring and Summer– Modifications and Improvements
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Assessment
• 85% of students said the case study project was very useful or somewhat useful
• In final evaluations students asked for more problems like case study. Many mentioned it as best part of class.
• Students’ overall impression of power engineering went up after class with case study.
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Challenges with Case Study
• WWW projects mean WWW access- slow near end of term and down time.
• Software compatibility and size issues.
• Some students want to be spoon fed.
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Future Work
• The case study will be continuously updated with student and faculty feedback.
• Additional case studies for college and K-12 students are currently being developed.
• Encourage other faculty to create case studies on power engineering topics.
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References• PowerWorld Corporation, 2004 South Wright Street,
Suite 100,Urbana, IL 61801 – 9503, www.powerworld.com
• R. Billinton et. al, " A Reliability Test System for Educational Purposes- Basic Data," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, ol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1238-1244, August 1989
• C.Middlebrook, V. Ranganathan and N. Schulz, “A Case Study on Blackout Restoration as an Educational Tool,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, under review.
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Acknowledgements
• Chris Middlebrook and Viswajit Ranganathan
• Siemens and Northern States Power Company for their contributions to the case study.
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Power Engineering Videos• IEEE PES Power Engineering Education
Committee trying to help promote power engineering
• Video #1: High School/ Early College Available• Video #2: Junior/Senior College in Development
– Need suggestions on type of companies to videotape
– Need reviewers for script and pre-production
Other Initiatives
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Other InitiativesListservers
[email protected]@[email protected] (Summer 99)
Web Pageswww.ee.mtu.edu/us_pen (links to Educational Initiatives Schools)PES / PEEC Instructional Courseware (Summer 99)