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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
MULTIELEMENT
Multifuncionality of PV-Building Elements and Building Legislation in Germany
Congress „Paving the Way for Building integrated Photovoltaics“
Dipl.-Ing. M.Sc. M. Roos, Fraunhofer IWES
Königstor 59, 34119 Kassel, [email protected]
Dipl.-Ing. Architecture Carolin Krause, systaic AG,
Kasernenstraße 27, 40213 Düsseldorf, [email protected]
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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
Overview
• Objectives of the Project MULTIELEMENT
• Work focus / Results so far / Targets
• Example: New Model for Simulation for New PV-Technologies
• Building legislation and Technical approval in Germany
• Next steps
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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
Multifunctions of BIPV
Antenna
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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
Objectives of the project
• Development of the technical and economical potentials for photovoltaic building elements
• Cost reduction by systematically including multifunctionality of PV building elements
• Development of guidelines that sufficiently describe the building component “PV building element” for a type approval
The project MULTIELEMENT is funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety.
Reference number: 0325067
Duration: 1/10/2008 –31/03/2012
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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
Contents / Working areas
con
ten
ts
Photovoltaic BuildingsMultifunction
Electrical characteristics of PV-Building Elements
Deficits from current standards
Simulation models for new PV-Technologies
Installation techniques for Building integration
…
Building legislation
Technical approvals
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive EPBD 2010
Data for building planning (U-value, G-value..)
Economy
Esthetic and design
Thermal Insulation
Weather protection
Thermal gains
Acoustic insulation
Light management / shading
Esthetic and design
EMC shielding …
Module Heating
resu
lts
New model for characteristic curves of all types of PV-modules with neuronal
network
Visual Quality
Compensation costs due tousing Multifunctions
Experiments on Multifunctions:
Thermal behaviour, U-value determination, EMC shielding
…
PV in German Energy Savings Ordinance (EnEV) – benefits by
BIPV
Technical Approval –Discussions with DIBt
(center of competence in civil engineering )
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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
Targets
targ
ets
Detailed potentials and Quantifications of
multifunctions in BIPV applications
In-depth analysis of compensation costs
Standards, guidelines test prodedures for BIPV
Improvement in terms of technical approvals and legislation to support
Integration of BIPV- aspects in international (building) standards
Contribution of BIPV on energy performance of buildings
Offering technical solutions for individual requirements of archtitects/building planers
(details) for integrated systems
Mathematical description of behaviour of integrated PV-
Building elements
Simulating the PV-yield of PV-building elements in
assembled state.
Photovoltaic BuildingsMultifunction
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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
Modeling characteristic curves for new PV-Technologies
New: Artificial neural networks ANN
The new model is based on ANN.
ANN learns the behaviourand can simulate further I-V curves.
Method works for all technologies.
Current: Two-Diodes model
Determination of I-V-curves of solar modules mostly calculated by two-diode model.
Gives very good results for cristallinecells and good results for CIS.
Figure 1: Results for a Tandem Cell, similar to CdTe
Figure 2: Results for a Tandem Cell, similar to CdTe
Overview over the building legislations in Germany
Building Legislation
Public Building Legislation
Project planninglaw
Engineer standartsfor building on
property, if/how/what
Regulations of thecommunity
Building ancillary rights
Preciseregulations for single building
projects
Security standartsCompositonpossibilities
Private Building Legislation
Architect's contract
building contract
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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
Building occupation law
Federal statebuilding order
Law basis for BIPV
The federal state building order and the product rules lists are basis for all BIPV in Germany
• in Germany the federal state building order is regulated in the regional building law(LBO)
General demands for PV- devices:
• the same requirements like building elements without PV, for instance glass
• the demands of the current technical guidelines have to be met (none for gluedconstructions)
• the PV Element as such has to be certified
• especially §20 of the regional building law (building products) is deciding if the elementis allowed to be used
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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
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§20 Building product
§20 of the regional building law refers to the building rules lists and they decide if a building product can be used without any further administrative approval
They contain:
• building elements that are allowed
• regulations they are based on
• required compliance certificate (Übereinstimmungsnachweis)
• building products are only allowed to be used if they are a regulated one (Building Rules List A part 1) or the requirements on it are only minor to garant the buildingsecurity
• building elements that are not in the Building Rules Lists are only allowed with a special approval
– abZ (general technical approval) , ZiE (individual case approval), abP (generalappraisal certificate)
Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
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Building products
Usability proof
Demanded
requirements
Classification
§ 20 Building productsin Germany
Further buildingproducts
Generally recognised codes
of practice
None
Regulatedbuilding products
BRL A part 1
National technicalrules
applicable
Not regulatedbuilding products
General
abZ /ZiE
No specific demandson security
BRL A part 2
BRL A part 2
abP (general appraisal
certificate)
Underlings relevance
BRL C
None
PV building element
Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
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Requirements for the approval in general
General requirements for building elements or the construction type are based on the Construction Products Directive
• Mechanical strength and stability against collapse (DIN 1055, EN 1991, DIN 18516, …)
• Fire safety(DIN 4102, DIN EN 13501, …)
• Hygiene, health and environment protection
• Electrical security(EN 61730, …)
• Soundproofing(DIN 4109, DIN EN ISO 140)
• Conservation of energy and heat insulation(EnEV, EPBD, …)
Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
Costs and duration of approval
General technical approval (abZ) – given by the German Institude for building construction
• Costs are in the range of 500 € – 30.000 €
• Takes mostly 2 years (depends on the required tests)
• Valid for five years and usable for following projects
Individual case approval (ZiE)- given by the supreme building control departement
• Costs are in the range of 50 € – 5.000 €
• Can take two weeks and up to two years (depending on the requirements)
• Valid only for the applied project
General appraisal certificate (abP)
• Differs on the requirements thats have to be met
Tree ways of approval
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Summery
General techicalapproval
Individual caseapproval
General apraisalcertificate
Duration of process Likely two yearsTwo weeks up to
two yearsDepends on
requirements
costs 500 € - 30.000 € 50 € - 5.000 € Depends on required tests
• The approval process for Photovoltaik constructions in Germany is difficult, cost intensive and long.
• Overlooking, it can be said, that if technics with PV should contain stabile on the market, the building legislation concerning this elements has to be worked over
In Germany approval für PV is in general nessecary
Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
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House Mühlingen
Costs in Thsd energy roof: 26Electric energy unit: 40Total output in kWp: 5,2Armortisation: 12
BIPV- examples
Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
House Allgäu
Costs in Thsd energy roof: 150 Electric energy unit: 157Total output in kWp: 20,4Armortisation: 14
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feed-in compensation
Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
Germany: The feed in compensation is reduced by 5% each year due to the system price reduction, from 2009 on, the reduction rate is set at 8 to 10% each year
France: Comparing the tariffs since 2006, the feed-in compensation increased from 55 Cents per kWh in 2006 to 60 Cents per kWh in 2010
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Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010
Next steps
Cooperation with the public responsibilities
• Appointment with the DIBt (Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, center ofcompetence in civil engineering) in August
• Discussion with DIN-committees (DIN 18599, DIN EN 15316-4-6) for betterintegration in energy performance of buildings (Energy Saving Ordinance EnEV)
• Discussion with KfW Privatkundenbank (Development bank) to include BIPV in support program „Energy-Efficient Rehabilitation“
Analysing attributes of PV-Building Elements
• Ongoing scientific analysis on electrical and thermal attributes of PV buildingelements in assembled state
• Quantification of Multifunctional effects
• Compensation costs and economical advantages due to Energy Saving Ordinance(EnEV) and Energy Performance of Builings Directive EPBD
• ….
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• Dr. I. Lützkendorf, Institut für Fertigteiltechnik und Fertigbau Weimar e.V., building aspects of PV-elements, presentation at MULTIELEMENT , 17.11.2009
• DIBt, onlinesource, www.dibt.de, April 2010
• Systaic AG, www.systaic.com, Juni 2010
• Fraunhofer IWES, Project MULTIELEMENT www.pv-multielement.de
Sources
Conference „Paving the Way for Building Integrated Photovoltaics“ 23 June 2010