![Page 2: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lecture Schedule• September 11 - Introduction• September 18– Classification of Ferrous Alloys & Grain Nucleation • September 25– Grain Growth and Grain size / strength relationship• October 02– Grain Refinement
• October 09 – Reading week• October 16 – midterm exam• October 23 – Casting Lecture (Jackie Leung, Dofasco)• October 30 – Martensite
• November 06 – Martensite & Bainite• November 13 – Strengthening Mechanisms • November 20 –Precipitation Hardening• November 27 – No Class
• December Exam
![Page 3: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
World Annual Production of Different Materials
2015 2014 2016
Steel (million tons)
1,665 1,649 1,559
Aluminum (million tons)
57 54 52
Copper (million tons)
18.7 18.5 18.2
Usage is generally higher than production because of recycling
![Page 4: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Classification of Ferrous Alloys
< 8 % alloying element
> 8 % alloying element
< 0.25% C 0.25-0.60 % C 0.60-1.4 % C
< 2.0 % C > 2.14 % C
![Page 5: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Outline of the Unified Numbering System for Metals
What does this numbering mean?
AISI → American Iron and Steel Institute
SAE → Society of Automotive Engineers
ASTM → American Society for Testing and Materials
UNS → Unified Numbering System
(G41400)
Most widely used – 4 digits format
![Page 6: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
System of Steel Designations
![Page 7: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is the material we are going to work with?
4140 Steel (C-Cr-Mo-Mn steel)
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength 655 MPaYield Strength 415 MPaElongation 25%Hardness 92 HRB
Chemical Composition %
C Cr Mn SI Mo S P
0.380-0.430 0.80-1.10 0.75-1.0 0.15-0.30 0.15-0.5 0.04 0.035
![Page 8: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Applications of 4140 Steel
ShaftGear
Bolts and nuts
Slide
![Page 9: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Microstructures to Be Obtained
Initial Characterization
Martensite
TemperedMartensite
Ferrite/Pearlite
Grain refinement:Recrystallization
Perform:• Optical Microscopy• SEM & EBSD• Hardness Testing• Tensile Testing
BainiteDual phase
4140 steel
![Page 10: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Materials Prepared for Each Group
1 sheet
18 tensile test samples
![Page 11: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram
1. Peritectic reaction: at 1493C and 0.16% CL+
3. Eutectoid reaction: at 727C and 0.77% C+Fe3C (Pearlite)
2. Eutectic reaction: at 1147C and 4.3% CL+Fe3C(Ledeburite)
1
2
3
![Page 12: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Classification of Carbon Steel
Low C Med C High C
Structural steels, bridges, ships, etc.
Razor blades, cutlery, etc.
Cast Irons
![Page 13: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cementite in Fe-C Phase Diagram
![Page 14: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagram for plain carbon steel
![Page 15: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Nature of transformation-isothermal or a thermal (time independent) or mixed
• Type of transformation-reconstructive, or displacive
• Rate of transformation
• Stability of phases under isothermal transformation conditions
• Temperature or time required to start or finish transformation
• Qualitative information about size scale of product
• Hardness of transformed products
Use of TTT Diagram
![Page 16: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
TTT- 4140 Steel (C-Cr-Mo-Mn steel)
![Page 17: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Jominy Test – fast way to do CCT (microstructure & hardness)
Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT)
![Page 18: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
CCT- 4140 Steel (C-Cr-Mo-Mn steel)
![Page 19: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Use Dilatometry (sensitive change in length of a sample): to determine fraction of phase transformed
Fraction of Phase Transformation Determination on CCT Curves
![Page 20: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
MTLS 4LS
Lecturer: Xiaogang Li
JHE-248, Tel ext. 21881, [email protected]
TA (Tuesday): Kazi Bhadhon, [email protected] (Wednesday): Maedeh Pourmajidian, [email protected]
Course Website:http://ourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/
![Page 21: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Final Report
40%
Final Exam
40%
Test
20%
Mark BreakdownLectures:
Monday 10:30, LSB-130E
Labs:
Tue. & Thu. 2:30- 5:20Thu. 9:30-12:20MSE, JHE 2nd Floor
Office Hours:
Anytime / by appointment
-The Steel Section is 50% of your mark in 4LS
Assessment:1 Midterm test1 group report2-hr final exam (in Dec)
![Page 22: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Some References:• “Mechanical Behaviour of Materials” by
William F. Hosford• “Phase transformations in metals and alloys”
by David A. Porter, K. E. Easterling• “Physical Metallurgy Principles” by Robert E.
Reed-Hill, Reza Abbaschian• “Materials Science and Engineering, an
Introduction” by William D. Callister• “Steels: Heat Treatment and Processing
Principles” by George Krauss
• Attend LECTURES !!!
![Page 23: MTLS 4LS - ourgroup.mcmaster.caourgroup.mcmaster.ca/materials/Xiaogang_Li/MATLS_4LS_Lecture-1.pdf · L +Fe3C(Ledeburite) 1 2 3. Classification of Carbon Steel Low C Med C High C Structural](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051507/5a706efb7f8b9a93538c069c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Questions?