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GEOGRAPHY
MPPSC 2019
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GEOGRAPHY
MPPSC 2019
Website : mppscadda.com Gmail: [email protected] Telegram : t.me/mppscadda
GEOGRAPHY
MPPSC 2019
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MADHYA PRADESH GEOGRAPHY
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
a. An introduction to Geography of Madhya Pradesh
b. Factual Takeaways
Chapter 2
a. Physical Geography of Madhya Pradesh
b. Factual Takeaways
Chapter 3
a. Climate Season and Rainfall in Madhya Pradesh
b. Factual Takeaways
Chapter 4
a. Soils in Madhya Pradesh
b. Factual Takeaways
Chapter 5
a. Rivers and Drainage System of Madhya Pradesh
b. Factual Takeaways
Chapter 6
a. Irrigation and River Valley Projects
b. Factual Takeaways
Chapter 7
a. Forests of Madhya Pradesh
b. State of Forest Report 2017 (MP Specific Data)
c. Factual Takeaways
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Chapter 8
a. Wildlife of Madhya Pradesh
b. Biosphere Reserves
c. National Parks
d. Wildlife Sanctuaries
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CHAPTER 1
An Introduction to Geography of Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and 6th largest
state by population.
MP shares its borders with 5 states—
o Uttar Pradesh in north east
o Chhattisgarh in south east
o Maharashtra in south
o Gujarat in west and
o Rajasthan in North West.
Madhya Pradesh does not touch any International border and has no
coast line.
Area of Madhya Pradesh is 3,08,252 kilometres square which is 9.38% of
the total geographical area of our country.
12 districts of Madhya Pradesh share boundary with Uttar Pradesh
while only 2 districts share boundary with Gujarat.
Physiographic map of India divides Madhya Pradesh into 3 Geographical
divisions that is
o Central Highlands
o Satpura—Maikal Range and
o Baghelkhand plateau.
On the western part of the state the Deccan trap is present while on the
eastern part the Vindhyan mountain range is present.
Climate of Madhya Pradesh is Subtropical.
Narmada is the longest river of the state.
Narmada and Tapi rivers flow westwards.
Tropic of Cancer passes almost through the middle of the state through
14 districts.
Black soil is the most commonly found soil in Madhya Pradesh.
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Highest peak of Madhya Pradesh isDhupgarh in Satpura range with an
altitude of 1,350
Bhedaghat which is in Jabalpur is known for Dhuadhar falls and world
famous marble rock mountains on the hanks of river Narmada.
Kanha National Park which is also a Tiger Reserve is the largest National
Park of MP.
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF MADHYA PRADESH
The famous novel Jungle book by "Rudyard Kipling”draws its
inspiration from the forests of Pench National Park.
Karera Bird Sanctuary in Shivpuri district is famous for the Great
Indian Bustard (Son Chidiya).
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CHAPTER 2
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF Madhya Pradesh
Region Area
&Location Districts Rivers Crops Miscellaneous
Central India
Plateau
Total area
is 32896
sq Km
[10.6% of
MP It covers
North
latitude
24-26.48
and Eat
Longitude
75.5-74.1
Gwailor,
Bhind,
Shivpuri,
Shoepur,
Morena,
Mandsaur,
Nimach
Chambal,
Sindh,
Parwati, Kwari
Wheat,
Jawar,
Alsi, Sesame
Its many parts
is hilly and
undulation. Soil is majorly
Laterite, black.
Bundel- Total area Tikamgard, Betwa, Wheat, Cattle are
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khand
Region is 23733
sq Km
[7.71 % of
MP].
Datia,
Chattarpur
and few
tehsils of
Shivpuri,
Gwailor and Bhind
Sindh,
Phauj,
Ken,
Ghasan
Jowar,
Saseme found in large
numbers Highest peak
of
Bundelkhand
is Sighbaba
peak [1172
meters]
Rewa Panna Plateau
Total area
is 31954
sq Km
[10.36% of
MP]
Rewa, Panna,
Damoh and
few tehsils of Sagar district
Tons,
Ken,
Sonar,
Bichya,
Bihar
Wheat,
rice, Jowar
Major Land is
Red and
Mixture of Red
+ black and
Red + Yellow. Diamonds are
found in large
numbers in
mines of
Majhagon and
RAMKHEDIA Cement
industry is
also found in
Satna, Rewa and Lakhat
Malwa Plateau
Total area
is 88272
sq Km
[26.6 % of MP].
Indore, Ujjain,
dewas, Dhar,
Raltam,
rasisen,
Shajapur,
sehore, Jhabua
Betwa,
Chambal,
Gambhir,
Kalisindh,
Shipra, Bama
It is the
area of
Daccan
trap
with
Black
Laterite
soil.
Cotton mills of
Indore,
Artificial silk of
Nagda and
fertilizer of
Vijaypur is
famous. Uranium is
found in
Sagar,
Chattarpur. Highest peak
of Malwa
plateau is
Sigar [ 881
Meters]
Narmada
Son Valley
Total area
is 86000 sq Km.
Jabalpur,
Hoshangabad,
Raisen,
Khandwa,
Narmada,
Son
Wheat,
Jowar, Cotton
It has dark
black and
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Khargone,
Mandla medium black
soil Major
industries
include
Cement, glass,
Limestone,
Marble etc Sal trees are
also found in
Son valley
Satpura
Maikala Range
It covers
34000 sq
kms [11%
of MP]
Khandwa,
Khargone,
Betul,
Balaghat,
Alirajpur,
Chindwara Seoni
Tapti,
Tawa,
Vardha,
Venganga, Shakkar
Jowar,
Wheat, cotton
It has hightest
peak of MP –
Dhoopgard. Major minerals
includes
Manganese,
Marble,
Bauxite, Coal,
Marble etc.
Eastern
Baghelkhand Plateau
It covers
approx.
26000 sq
kms [7% of
MP]
Jabalpur,
Shahdol,
Umaria, Sidhi,
Katni,
Singrouli
It has an
average
rainfall of 125
cms The highlands
are made up of
Ancient Rocks,
Gondwana
Rocks,
Vindhya
Rocks,
Dharwar rocks
etc Coal, Bauxite,
Manganese is
found here.
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Factual Takeaways
Madhya Pradesh is surrounded by five states and is completely
Landlocked.
From the geological point of view Madhya Pradesh is the Part of
Gondwana land.
Gondwana range is divided into lower, middle and upper Gondwana.
Madhya Pradesh shares largest borders with Rajasthan and shortest
with Gujarat.
Deccan trap is situated on the Western portion of the State.
Vindhya Range is situated on the Eastern portion of the State.
Total Geographical area of Madhya Pradesh constitutes 9.38% of total
area of our country.
Undivided MP had 9 physical divisions while as of now Madhya Pradesh
has 7 physical divisions.
The seven natural divisions of Madhya Pradesh are—
1. Plateau of Central India,
2. Plateau of Bundelkhand,
3. Plateau of Malwa,
4. Plateau of Rewa—Panna,
5. Narmada—Sone Valley,
6. Satpura Maikal range and
7. Plateau of Baghelkhand.
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1. Plateau of Central India
Plateau of Central India region receives less rainfall and Bhind
district which receives least rainfall in this region only.
Chambal is the most important river of this region and alluvial soil is
the most prominent soil found here.
This area has subtropical forest which has Babul, Kher and
Sheesham.
Famous tourist attractions of Gwalior are in this region. Sahariya tribe is found here. Mustard is widely grown followed by wheat.
2. Plateau of Bundelkhand
Plateau of Bundelkhand is composed of rocks of granite and gneiss. It lies to the east of Central India plateau. Areas under Datia, Chhatarpur. Panna,Niwari,Tikamgarh. Shivpuri.
Gwalior and small area of Bhind and small portions of Northern part of our state constitute plateau of Bundelkhand.
It has Continental type of climate and rainfall is between 75-100 centimetres.
Betwa, Ken and Sindh are the main rivers of the region. The most famous tourist spot of Madhya Pradesh that is
Khajurahois located in this region only. Rock phosphate is found here. Jowar,wheat and lentils are grown in this region. Mixed soil is more prevalent in this region.
3. Plateau of Malwa
It covers almost the entire western region of Madhya Pradesh.
The plateau is formed by the rocks of Deccan trap.
Its topography is in the form of plain upland.
Climate of this zone is even, tropical monsoon type with average
rainfall of around 120-130 centimetre.
Soyabean, wheat, cotton, groundnut, gram and sugarcane are mainly
grown.
It is one of the most prosperous regions of Madhya Pradesh and
Indore lies in this region only.
It constitutes of districts of Mandsaur. Ratlam, Shajapur, Rajgarh,
Sagan Indore, Guna, Vidisha, Raisen, Dewas, Sehore, Bhopal and
Ujjain.
Chief rivers of this region arc Chambal, Kali, Sindh, Betwa. Parvati,
Kshipra etc.
4. Narmada-Sone Valley
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This region is drained by Narmada and Son rivers extending from
north east to west.
Districts of Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Hoshangabad, Raisen, Khandwa,
Dhar and Dewas constitute this region.
Typical monsoon type climate prevails here and average rainfall is
around 125 centimetres.
Deep Black soil is found in this region.
5. Plateau of Rewa-Panna
Districts of Damoh, Satna, Rewa, Panna and Sagar constitute this
region.
Climate is continental type and rainfall is around 125 centimetres.
Laterite soil is prominent in this region.
Major agricultural crops are wheat, jowar and oil seeds.
Major rivers in the region are Tons, Ken and Son.
6. Satpura Maikal Range
This range rises in Gujarat running east through borders of
Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the East till Chhattisgarh.
Districts of Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Betul, Khandwa and
Khargone constitute this region.
Tapi is the chief river flowing through the region.
Three ranges which have found here are-- Rajpipla, Satpura and
Maikal.
Rainfall varies between 125 and 175 centimetres and the climate is
monsoon type.
Jowar is the main agricultural crop along with wheat, rice and cotton.
This region is rich in minerals.
7. Plateau of Bundelkhand
Districts of Shandol, Umaria, Sidhi, Singrauli and Dindori constitute
the region.
Son is the chief river flowing through the region.
Red yellow soil is mainly found in this region,
It is made up of Gondwana and Vindhyan Rock groups.
Energy capital of Madhya Pradesh which is Singrauli is situated in
this region only and the area is rich in coal.
Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of this plateau.
Climate is monsoon type and the rainfall varies between 125 and
175 centimetres.
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CHAPTER 3
Climate Season and Rainfall in MP
Madhya Pradesh is divided into 5 Climatic zones
1. Northern Plains – Extreme climate conditions are experienced here
with very hot summer and very could Winter
2. Hilly Region of Vindhyan – It does not have extreme temperatures.
3. Baghelkhand Plateau – Tropic of cancer passes through its middle
and has monsoon climate.
4. The Narmada Valley – It is very hot in summer and moderately cold
in winter
5. The Malwa Plateau – It has moderate climate which is neither too hot
in summer nor not too cold in winter. Indian meteorological
department has indicates 4 different seasons in MP. They are as
follows –
Cold weather season: December mid to March Mid
Hot – Dry weather Season : March Mid to May
Wet Season : June to September
Retreating Monsoon Season : October to December mid
Rainfall distribution in MP
Very High Rains [200 cm] – Panchmadi and its nearby areas.
High Rains [125-150 cm] – South east Madhya Pradesh, Balaghat,
Amarkantak
Medium Rains [75-80 cm] – North East Madhya Pradesh,
Bundelhand plateau and Rewa Panna Plateau
Low Rains [30-75 cm] – Jhabua, Dhar, Neemuch, Madsaur, Ujjain
and Ratlam
Very low Rains [Below 30 cm] – Bhind, Morena, Nothern areas of
Bhopal and few other parts of western MP
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Factual Takeaways
Madhya Pradesh has monsoon type of climate.
ln terms of climate Madhya Pradesh is divided into four parts viz.
Northern plains, Malwa plateau, Vindhya plateau region and Narmada
Valley.
Tropic of Cancer passes midway through Madhya Pradesh and has great
influence on the climate of the state.
Climate is the average of the weather conditions taken over a long period
of time.
Most of the rainfall in Madhya Pradesh is received through southwest
monsoon.
Because of its location Madhya Pradesh receives rainfall from both
Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal branch.
Madhya Pradesh is a landlocked state and hence there is no moderating
effect of the sea.
Lowest temperature is registered at Pachmarhi (Hoshangabad).
Pachmarhi of Madhya Pradesh receives highest rainfall (199
centimetres).
Bhind of Madhya Pradesh receives lowest rainfall (55 centimetres).
Temperature and pressure changes due to the change in position of the
Sun, and hence the climate changes.
Rainfall received in the month of December and January is due to
western disturbances and are cyclonic in nature.
Tropic of Cancer passes through14 districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Based on the rainfall distribution Madhya Pradesh has been divided into
three parts—low rainfall region, average rainfall region and high rainfall
region.
On 21st June sun is vertically overhead on Tropic of Cancer and it is
summer solstice.
The only weather observatory of Madhya Pradesh is located at Indore.
Highest temperature in Madhya Pradesh has been recorded at
Khajuraho of Chhatarpur district.
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Average rainfall of Madhya Pradesh is 112 centimetre.
Presence of Tropic of Cancer responsible for making climate of Madhya
Pradesh tropical. (On 22nd December the sun is directly overhead Tropic
of Capricorn hence it is winter solstice.)
Western part receives less than 75 centimetre of rainfall while eastern
part receives greater than 75 centimetre of rainfall.
Madhya Pradesh receives rainfall from June to September.
Madhya Pradesh has three seasons namely summer, winter and rainy
season.
Summer in Madhya Pradesh is also known asUnala, Siyala for winter
and Chaumasa for rainy season.
Rainfall received due to retreating monsoon is known as Mavatha in
Madhya Pradesh.
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CHAPTER 4
SOILS
SOILS CHARACTERISTICS REGIONS FOUND Black Soil
Also called as Regur soil. Has water retention capacity. Iron, lime is found in the
soil. Lacks phosphorus, nitrogen. Cotton, soyabean, wheat,
gram, jowar is cultivated in the soil.
Found in maximum part of state. Approx 47%.
Covers Malwa plateau, Narmada basin, ranges of Maikala, Satpura.
Red and Yellow
Soil
Created by Gondwana rocks by breakage and erosion.
Red color is due to presence of iron.
Aluminum and lime is found in the soil.
Lacks nitrogen and humus. Its ph value ranges from 5.5
to 8.5 thus can be acidic to alkali or basic.
Rice, linseed, grains are cultivated in the soil.
It covers 36.5% of the state.
Found in eastern part of MP bundelkhand, baghelkhand region.
District like Rewa, Panna, Mandla, Balaghat, Chhatarpur.
Alluvial Most fertile in nature. Found in north-western
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Soil Used for cultivating sugarcane, mustard, jute etc.
region i.e. Chambal. District like Shivpuri,
Bhind, Gwalior, Morena has alluvial soil deposited from rivers like Chambal.
Laterite Soil
Found by long term weathering of parent rock.
Has aluminium and iron oxide in abundance.
Found in Shivpuri, Morena, Bhind and Gwalior.
Mixed Soil
Mixture of black, red yellow soil.
Cereals are mainly grown in mixed soil.
Found in Bundelkhand region.
Factual Takeaways
Soil is formed by the agents of weathering and degradation which has
acted upon the parent rock material to produce thin layer of soil.
Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic material which develop
on the earth's surface.
The major factors that affect the formation of soil are relief, parent
material, climate, vegetation and time.
Alluvial soil is the most fertile soil because of surplus of minerals.
Wheat, sugarcane and mustard are grown on alluvial soil.
Old alluvial soil is known as Bangar while new alluvial soil is known as
Khadar.
Mixed soil is found in Bundelkhand region.
Coarse cereals are grown in mixed soil in general.
Mixed soil contains red, yellow and black soil as mixture.
Mixed soil is found in Bundelkhand region also.
Laterite soil is suitable for wheat, cotton and sugarcane.
Laterite soil is mainly found in Bhind, Morena, Gwalior and Sheopur
region.
Black colour in black soil is due to the presence of iron.
Water retaining capacity of black soil is maximum.
Black soil is of three types viz. Dark black soil, normal black soil and
layered black soil.
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Black soil is also known as regur soil.
Black soil is acidic in nature.
Red yellow soil is made out of Gondwana mountain ranges.
Paddy is mainly grown on red yellow soil.
Red yellow soil is mainly found in the Eastern part of Madhya Pradesh
especially Baghelkhand region.
The removal of the top layer of the soil which contains humus and other
organic material is known as soil erosion.
Chambal River in Madhya Pradesh is responsible for maximum soil
erosion.
Red and yellow soil is found in sufficient quantity in Mandla, Balaghat,
Shahdol and Umaria district.
Most of the part of the state of Madhya Pradesh is covered by Black
soil.
Laterite soil is the most fertile soil and is found in layers.
Under the black soil, the subcategory called normal black soil is mostly
found in Madhya Pradesh.
The formation of black soil in Madhya Pradesh is out of Deccan trap
and basaltic igneous rocks.
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CHAPTER 5
Rivers and Drainage System of MP
MAJOR RIVERS OF MADHYA PRADESH RIVERS LENGTH ORIGIN AT DRAINS AT FACTS
1. Narmada river
Total length is 1312 KM but in MP
it flows 1077 KM. Catchment
area is 93180 sq
kms
It originates at
Amarkantak [Anuppur District] in Maikal hills
Gulf of Khambhat, Arabian Sea
Other names of Narmada is Namados [by
Ptolemy], Rew,
Maikalsutra etc
Indira Sagar [Punasa Dam]
and Sardar sarovar are dams build on Narmada
river. Major
waterfalls include
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Kapildhara, Dudghdhara, Dhuandhar fall, Mandar,
Dardi fall Sahastra Dhara etc
2. Chambal River
It is the 2nd longest river of MP with total length on 965 kms.
It originates from Janapav hill near Mhow [Indore District]
It falls in Yamuna river near Etawah [UP]
Its major tributaries include Sindh, Kali Sindh, Paravti, Banas, Shipra etc It marks northern boundary of MP with rajasthan Major dams include Gandhi sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar etc It flows through Dhar, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Morena, Shoepur, Bhind districts etc
3. Betwa river
The total length of the river from its origin to its confluence with Yamuna is 590 kilometres
It originates at Kumara Village in Raisen district
Confluence is with Yamuna near Hameerpur [UP]
It marks the boundary between MP and UP. It passes through Vidisha, Bhopal, Sagar, Tikamgarh in MP It is also referred at
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Ganga of MP and was called Vetravati in ancient puranans Its tributaries includes Bina, Dhasan, Sindhu etc Mata -Tila reservoir is build on it Vidhisha, Orcha, Sanchi, Guna are major towns located on the banks of Betwa.
4. Tapti River
It flows westwards over a length of 724 km
It originates at Multai [Betul District], MP
It falls at Gulf of Khambat [Arabian Sea] in Gujarat
It flows parallel with Narmada and flows east to west. It’s main tributary is Purna [west bank] Burhanpur is the major town located at its bank
5. Son River
The Son river which is 784 kilometres long, is one of the longest Indian rivers
It originates in Amarkantak [Anupur district] near Narmada river origion
It confluence with Ganga river near Danapur in Bihar
In MP it flows through Anupur, Umeria, Shahdol, Sidhi, Rewa, Singrauli districts Bansagar dam is build at Devlod [Shahdol District] Johila is its main tributary
6. Tawa River The Tawa is the Narmada's
It originates from Kalibhit hills
It joins the Narmada at the village of Bandra
Longest dam of MP is located on
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longest tributary, at 172 km.
in Mahadeo mountain [Pachmarhi]
Bhan in Hoshangabad District.
Tawa at Hoshangabad MP’s only hill station Pachmardi is located on Tawa river
OTHER RIVERS 1. Shipra River
It originates from Kakara Bardi Hills [Indore] and confluences with
Chambal river
Ujjain [famous for Mahakal Temple] is situated on its Banks
Khan river is its tributary.
2. Kali Sindh River
Its length is 150 kms.
It originates from Bagli tehsil [Dewas] and confluence with Chambal
river in Rajasthan
In MP it flows through Dewas, Shajapur and Narsinghgarh district
3. Parvati River
It originates in Sehore district and confluences with Chambal river.
Shajapur, Rajgarh, Astha are important towns located on its banks
4. Wainganga River
It originates in Seoni [Paraswada plateau]
In MP it flows through Seoni, Balaghat, Chindwara districts
Pranhita [Maharastra] is the confluence of Wainganga and Wardha
5. Ken River
Its length is 427 Kms
It originates from Vindhyachal and confluence with Yamuna river.
6. Sindh River
It originates from Sironj [Guna Districts] and confluence with
Chambal in UP.
In MP it flows through Guna, Shivpuri, Bhind, Datia districts.
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7. Tons River
It originates in Kaimur Hills [Satna District] and confluences with
Ganga river [UP]
8. Wardha River
Its length is 528 Kms
It originates at Vardhan peak at Multai Tehsil [Betul District]
It confluences with Wainganga in Maharastra
9. Choti Tawa
It is made of 2 small rivers called Sukta and Awana.
Its presence is in Burhanpur district
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Factual Takeaways In India, maximum number of rivers flow in MP
MP is also known as `Maeka' of rivers.
5 longest rivers of MP are- Narmada, Chambal, Son, Tapti and Betwa.
Narmada is MP's longest and 5th longest river in India.
Narmada river is termed as the life line of MP.
Narmada is the main river of MP and is considered sacred as the Ganges.
Narmada originates from MP state.
Narmada passes through MP, Gujarat and Maharashtra states.
From Amarkantak, 3 rivers originate within a distance of 3 km—
Narmada, Son and Johila.
Famous geographer Ptolemy has referred to Narmada river as Namados.
Narmada and Tapti rivers do not form deltas, instead they make
estuaries.
In Mahabharata, it is said that Tapti is the daughter of Sun god.
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Narmada—Shipra confluence is in Ujjaini village, 20km from Indore.
Shipra river is known as the Ganges of Malwa.
Betwa is known as the Ganges of MP.
On the banks of Shipra. Mahakumb fair is organized every 12 years.
Chambal river has been a refuge for dacoits because of the presence of
ravines.
Chambal river flows in MP, UP and Rajasthan states.
MP's longest dam is on Tawa river, Hoshangabad district (1322 m).
The confluence point of Vardha and Benganga rivers is known as
'Pranhita'.
MP's highest waterfall is Chachai.
MP's first hydel power project is Gandhisagar dam in Mandsaur on
Chambal river.
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CHAPTER 6
Irrigation and River valley projects of MP
Introduction Wells – They are the main source of irrigation in MP which accounts for
69% [approximately] of irrigated area especially in Malwa plateau and northern districts
Canals – It covers 17.8% of irrigated area of MP and used in Gwailor, Bhind, Morena, Soepur tikamgard, Chattarpur districts
Ponds – It covers 2.3% of total irrigation of MP and are mainly used in Balaghat and Seoni districts
Districts with good irrigation facilities are - Datia, Hoshangabad, Gwailor, Morena,
Districts with poor irrigation facilities are – Dindori, Anupur, Mandla, Shahdol etc.
Major Irrigation Projects
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1. Chambal
River Project
Its joint project of MP and Rajasthan
It was commenced in 1954 and was completed in 3 phases
Gandhi Sagar Dam – It has been constructed in Mandsaur
in the First phase of Chambal Valley project. Gandhi Sagar
Hydro Power station was installed in it. 115 MW power is generated
Ranapratap Sagar Dam – It is been constructed in
Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan. The produces 172 MW
power and has water storage capacity in 1567 million Cubic meters.
Jawahar Sagar dam – It was the last stage of Chambal river
project and is located in Kota district. It produces 99 MW power. The right bank canals irrigate MP.
2. Narmada Valley Project
It is the multipurpose project with a total of 29 big, 135
medium and 3000 small projects.
It irrigates 27.55 lakh hectares and it generates 3000 MW
power.
Indira Sagar project is at Punasa [Khandwa]
whereas Sardar Sarovar project is at Bharooch, Gujarat. Besides these, Omkareshwar and Maheshwar reservoir are also important for irrigation and electricity generation. Several committees were constituted to resolve disputes like Khosla committee [1964], narmada water disputes Authority [1969], Saifuddin Committee [2006] and Shunglu Committee.
3. Samrat Ashok Sagar Project
It is also called Halali project as it is based on Halali river in Raisen and Vidhisha districts
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Its irrigation capacity is 37000 hectares 945 meter long and 29 meter tall dam is constructed under it.
4. Rani Awantibai Sagar Project
It is also called Bargi project as it is based on Bagri river [tributary of Narmada]. It is located in Jabalpur district but it also benefit mandla, Seoni, and Narsinghpur Districts It can provide irrigation to 1.50 lakh hectare land.
5. Tawa River Project
It is located at Hoshangabad district of MP and has longest dam of MP Its irrigation capacity is 3.3 lakh hectares.
6. Bansagar Project
It is the joint project of MP, UP and Bihar. The electricity generation is 405 MW and is shared in the ratio of 50:25:25 by MP:UP:Bihar respectively. It benefits Rewa, Sidhi and Shahdol districts of MP. 120 Meter long dam is build on river Son near Devlond, 50 Km from Rewa.
7. Ken-Betwa Project
It was the 1st project under river linking project. It is the joint project of MP and UP The major beneficiary is Bundelkhand region of MP. 231 KM canal will connect ken and betwa rivers Chattarpur, raisen, tikamgard, vidhisha and panna districts will get irrigated under it.
8. Rani Laxmi bai project
It is also called mata tila project It is a joint project of MP and UP.
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This project is on river Betwa.
It would benefit 6 districts of MP by irrigating 1.16 hectare of land.
9. Pench
project
It is also called mata tila project
It is a joint project of MP and UP.
This project is on river Betwa.
It would benefit 6 districts of MP by irrigating 1.16 hectare of land
10. Pench project
It is the joint project of MP and Maharsatra
The dam is constructed on pench river at chhindwara district
It would benefit balaghat and chindwara district by irrigating 63,300 hectares of land.
11. Rajghat Project
It is the joint project of MP and UP.
This project is made on river Betwa near Lalitpur, Jhansi [UP]
It provides irrigation to 34000 hectare land.
12. Mahi project
This project is made on Mahi river which would irrigate 12770 hectare of land.
2 dams are constructed on Dhar and Jhabua district
13.
Bhawanthari
It is the joint project of MP and Maharashtra
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project
The project is been constructed in balaghat district
It would irrigate 18600 hectare land in MP
Joint projects of MP MP And Rajasthan- Gandhi Sagar, Ranapratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar MP And Maharashtra – Wagh Project, Pench Project, Bawanthari Project,
Kali Sagar Project MP And UP – Urmil Project, Rani Laxmibai Rajghat Project, Mata Tila
Project. MP, UP And Bihar – Ban Sagar Project MP, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra – Sardar Sarovar Project.
Factual Takeaways
M.P water Resources Department was formed in 1956.
o Irrigation simply means watering the crops through artificial
means.
o In MP, irrigated area is 7140 thousand hectares.
o In MP. Irrigation Nigam was formed in 1976.
In MP. There are 3 main sources of irrigation—canals, wells and ponds.
Maximum irrigation is done by wells (66.3%).
Maximum irrigation by wells is done in western regions of MP.
Maximum irrigation by wind mills is done in Indore.
Maximum irrigation by canals is done in districts such as—Bhind,
Morena, Sheopur, Gwalior, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Hoshangabad,
Raisen, Sehore, Vidisha etc.
In Balaghat and Seoni, irrigation is done by ponds.
MP's average annual rainfall is 112 cm.
District with lowest irrigation is Dindori (0.8%).
MP’s first multipurpose river valley project Chambal Project which began
in 1953-54.
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Mrs first inter-valley project has been built on Choral river in
Dr.Ambedkar Nagar, Mhow.
Narmada is an interstate river and flows through MP, Gujarat and
Maharashtra.
On Narmada, there are 29 big, 135 medium and 3000 small projects.
Narmada Control Authorty (NCA) was formed in 1980.
Indira Sagar Project was inaugurated in 1984 by the then PM Indira
Gandhi.
Ken-Betwa link project will pass through Panna National Park. This
project is being seen as a revolution from environmental point of view.
Mahi project is on Mahi river in Dhar.
Man project is on Man river in Dhar district near Jirabad.
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CHAPTER 7
Forests of Madhya Pradesh
Basic Facts Tropical forest are found in MP
It is been divided in 16 forest circles and 62 forest divisions
Khandwa is biggest forest circle and Hoshangabad is smallest forest circle.
Historical Background Nationalization of forest – 1970
MP forest animal preservation act – 1974
Panchvan scheme – 1976
Social forestry scheme – 1976
Lok vahini pilot project – 1999
MP’s Forest policy – 2005 [1st in 1952]
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Data on Forest Cover
Total forest in MP is calculated by 2 reports 1. State of forest report – It gives recorded forest area which is more of
administrative nature 2. Forest survey of India report 2017 – It is done after every 2 years and its data
is more acceptable and realistic.
STATE OF FOREST REPORT 2017 Total recorded forest area in MP is 94689 and its administrative classification is
Reserve forest – 61886 sq km Protected forest – 31098 sq km Unclassified forest – 1705 sq km
Approx. 30.72% is Recorded forest area under forest in Madhya Pradesh which is 12.3% of total Indian forest. FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA report 2017, [which is more accurate and acceptable] Total forest cover area in MP is 77414 sq km which is 25.11% of MP
geographically area . There is reduction of 48 sq kms [compared to 2015 forest survey of India report] Per capita forest : 0.16 sq km [national average is 0.07 sq km] In terms of forest canopy density classes,
Very dense forest [VDF] – 6563 sq km Moderately dense forest [MDF] – 34551 sq km Open forest – 35889 sq kms Scrub – 6222 sq kms
As per Forest Survey of India 2017 report
Top 3 districts with maximum forest area
1. Balaghat [ 4934 sq km] 2. Chhindwara [4560 sq
km] 3. Betul [3653 sq km]
Top 3 districts with minimum forest area
1. Ujjain [27 sq km] 2. Shajapur [46 sq km] 3. Ratlam [55 sq km]
Top 3 districts with maximum percentage of forest cover
1. Balaghat [53.46%] 2. Shoepur [52.77%] 3. Umaria [49.85%]
Top 3 districts with minimum percentage of forest cover
1. Ujjain [0.44%] 2. Shajapur [0.74%] 3. Ratlam [1.13%]
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Classification of Forest
Tropical Deciduous forest
It is found in maximum area of MP where rainfall in 50-100 cms
It is found in Hoshangabad, Betul, Chhindwara, sagar etc districts [close to line of cancer]
Their leaves fall in summer Main trees – teak, shisham, neem, peepal etc
Tropical semi Deciduous forest
It is found in areas of red-Yellow soil with rainfall 100 – 150 cms.
Districts – Balaghat, Madla, Annupur, Shahdol, Singruli, Seoni, Umaria etc
Trees – Sal, teak, Mahua, peepal, shisham etc Not all trees shed their leaves [only partially]
Tropical dry deciduous forest
Rainfall – 25-75 cm Districts – Seopur, shivpuri datia, gwailor, morena,
tikamgard, ratlam, etc Trees – Largely thorny, catechu, babul, harra, seja,
palas etc
Forest institutions in MP
State forest development corporation – Bhopal [1975] Indian forest research Institute [regional center], Tropical Forest
institute – Jabalpur College of forestry [forest management training center] – Balaghat
[1979] and betul [1980] Forest ranger training institute – Balaghat Regional forestry schools – Amarkantak, shivpuri, lakhadon [seoni],
govindgard [rewa] Indian institute of forest management [iifm]- Bhopal [1982] Sanjivini Institue – Bhopal Forest research and human development institute – Chhindwara MP ecotourism development corporation – Bhopal [2005]
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CHAPTER 8
WILDLIFE OF MADHYA PRADESH (Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks)
Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks
MP has 3 biosphere reserves. These are
1. Panchmarhi [1999]
2. Amarkantak – Achanakmar [2005]
3. Panna biosphere reserve [ 2001]
National park and wildlife sanctuaries are created and preserved under
the Act – wildlife protection act, 1974
MP holds 1st rank in maximum number of national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries in India.
MP has 11 national parks and over 30 wildlife sanctuaries to provide
natural environment to animals and preserve nature.
7 sites for Project Tiger [6 national parks + Ratapani sanctuary, Raisen
in 2010]
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Maximum number of national parks under Project Tiger. [2nd rank –
Maharashtra]
10% of world’s and 19% of India’s tiger are found in MP
Latest National Park is – Omkareshwar National park [ Khandwa
district]
Largest National Park – Kanha Kisli [940 sq kms]
Smallest – Fossils National park [Dindori] 0.27 sq km
National Parks
1. Kanha Kisli National park
MP’s 1st and biggest National Park
Made safari in 1933, sanctuary in 1952, national park in 1995 and
project tiger in 1974
Barahsingha [Bredary species of swamp deer] is found here
Hollo and Banjar Valley is tourist attraction
In association with national park service of USA, park interpretation
scheme is been implemented
2. Bandhavgarh National Park
It was made national park in 1968 and was included in Project tiger in
1993
Surrounded by 32 hill and present in 437 sq kms in Umaria
White tigers are found here
Maximum tiger dencity [ 1 tiger/8 kms]
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3. Panna National Park
It is made national park – 1981 and project tiger in 1995
Reptiles are main attraction here
Its area is 543 sq km
Airplane service is available in this national park
4. Madhav National Park
It is made national park in 1958 and is located in Shivpuri district
National highway 3 passes through it
George castle is present here
5. Pench National Park
It is also called Indira Gandhi Pridarshini national park.
It is made national park in 1975 and project tiger in 1983.
“Mogliland” is main tourist attraction here.
Its area is 293 sq km and located in Chhindwara – seoni districts of
MP [border of mp and Maharashtra]
6. Sanjay national park
In the unified MP [when chattishgarh was part of MP], this was largest
national park. It was earlier called Dubari sanctuary
It is made national park in 1981 and project tiger in 2008
Its present area is 466 sq kms
7. Satpura national park
It is made national park in 1983 and project tiger in 2000.
It is 525 sq km and located in Hoshangabad district
8. Fossils national park
It is one of the 4 fossils national parks of India.
It is the smallest national part of MP.
It Is located in Dindori
9. Van Vihar national park
It was declared national park in 1979
Its area is 4.45 sq km and it is located in Bhopal
10. Omkareshwar national park
It is proposed by Government of India and MP
It is located in Khandwa district of MP
Its size is 239 sq km
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11. Dinosaur fossil national park, Dhar
This national park is proposed at Dhar district of MP
It is also referred as bag fossils park.
It is created to preserve dinasour fossils and eggs.
Its size is approx. 108 sq kms
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Largest wildlife sanctuary is Nauradelhi [Sagar]
Smallest wildlife sanctuary is ralamandal [Indore]
Crocodile protection
o Chambal Sanctuary [Morena]
o Son Sanctuary [Sidhi – Shahdol]
o Ken Santuary [Chattarpur – Panna]
Kharmaur bird protection –
o Sardarpur [dhar]
o Sailana [ratlam]
Son bird [golden bird] protection –
o Karera [shivpur]
o Ghatigaon [gwailor]
Dudhraj [MP’s state bird] is protected at Sardarpur Sanctuary [Dhar]
Kamdhenu gai abhayaranya [Cow protection and research] is done at
Shajapur district
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FACTUAL TAKEAWAYS MP has 11 National Parks(6 under project Tiger) and more than 31
Sanctuaries
Cheetal is the most commonly found animal in the National parks in MP.
India’s first solar park is Ganeshpur(Rajgarh)
India’s smallest bird (Fulchuki) and Tallest bird Saras both are found in
MP
MP's biggest National Park is Kanha kisli (area 940 sq km).
MP’s smallest National Park is Fossil Park (area 0.27 sq km).
MP’s first Fossil Park is in Dindori.
MP has the highest number of National Parks and sanctuaries in India.
MP's biggest sanctuary is Nauradehi, Sagar (1194.67 sq km).
MP's smallest sanctuary is Ralamandal.
MP's only Snake Park is in Bhopal.
Reptile Park is in Panna.
Bhopal's Van Vihar National Park is a unique National Park which is also
recognized as modern zoo.
Kanha Kisli is MP's only National Park where rare species hard-ground
Barasingha (Cervus duvauceli branderi is found.
In Kanha Kisli National Park, Haloghati and Banjar Ghati are located.
In Kanha Kisli, training is given for wildlife conservation.
Kanha Kisli National Park attracts maximum tourists.
Kanha region was made a sanctuary in 1933 and a National Park in
1955.
Pench National Park is also known as Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini
National Park.
MP is also known as Tiger State.
As per All India Tiger Assessment Report 2014, MP stands 3rd in the
country with 308 tigers (after Karnataka 406 and Uttarakhand 340
tigers).
White Tiger Safari is being created in Mukundpur, Rewa district.
The founder of Project Tiger in the world is Gainy Manford while that in
India is Kailash Sankhaliya.
Tiger Project in MP Is' started from Kanha National Park.
Bandhavgarh National Park is MP's most dense park (from point of view
of tigers) and has 1 tiger per 8 sq km.
Bandhavgarh National Park is famous for
White Tigers. Rewa district is famous for
White Tiger. Bandhavgarh National Park is
surrounded by 32 hills.
Ratapani sanctuary is included under project
Tiger
Project Elephant and Project Hangul are
also running in MP.
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In Madhavgarh National Park, Shivpuri, there is a magnificent castle
called George Castle built on the top of a hill.
In Satpura National Park, maximum Black Bucks are found.
As per Wildlife Conservation Act 1972, Tiger Foundation Society has
been formed in every Tiger Project of state
since 1997.
On 1'' Nov 1981, MP govt declared
Barahsingha deer as state animal and
Dudhraj or Shahi Bulbul (Paradise
Flycatcher) as state bird.
For conservation of Kharmaur bird, there
are two sanctuaries—Sardarpur (Dhar) and
Sailana (Ratlam).
For conservation of Son bird, there are two sanctuaries—Karera
(Shivpuri) and Ghatigaon (Gwalior).
For conservation of Ghariyal, there are three sanctuaries-Chambal
(morena), Ken (Chattarpur) and Son (Shahdol).
For conservation of Vulture, Project
Survival has been started in gandhi Sagar
Sanctuary.
For conservation of state bird Doodhraj,
there is Sardarpur Sanctuary.
Panchmari is declared as Biosphere
Reserve by central forest and Environment
ministry.This is MP’s 1st and India’s 10th
Biosphere Reserve.
Old name of Sanjay Sanctuary is Dubri Sanctuary
It is proposed that more Asian Tigers will be translocated from Gir
National Park to Palanpur Kuno Sanctuary (Morena)
It is proposed to convert Panna Sanctuary into National Park for
Buffalo.
Sirpur Lake lndore became Bird Sanctuary in 2012.
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