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Moving Energy and Nutrients Through Ecosystems
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Abiotic factors• The non-living parts of the environment,
including the climate determine what can live where.
• Temperature• Available water• Soil type• Light Intensity• Wind• pH
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Biotic Factors
• Include all the organisms as well as how they interact with the abiotic factors.– Examples of interactions?
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Ecosystems (without humans)
• Consist of Biotic (Organisms) and Abiotic factors
• BOTH move energy through the ecosystem
• How is energy moved?
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Organisms
• Producers– Convert environmental energy to carbon
bonds
• Consumers– Get energy from carbon bonds
• Herbivores• Carnivores• Omnivores• Detritivores (Decomposers)
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Energy Flow Through the Ecosystem
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A more biological view:
• Arrows show how energy flows - producer to consumer.
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Energy Does NOT recycle!
• When we “use” food, we are actually breaking bonds between carbon atoms.
• This releases energy which can be used by an organism OR can be lost as heat.
• LOOK back at the diagram. What is the source of energy used by organisms?
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Inorganic Nutrients
• Do NOT contain C-C bonds.
• Include:– Phosphorus (bones, teeth, cellular
membranes– Nitrogen (from protein)
– Water and CO2 (products of cellular respiration)
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How Do Inorganic Nutrients Travel?
• Autotrophs take inorganic nutrients from the environmental reservoir and incorporate into molecules.– Generally from the soil or water surrounding the
autotroph
• Heterotrophs consume autotrophs and acquire the inorganic nutrients.– When organisms die, they become detritus (food
for decomposers)
• Decomposers return inorganics into the soil, water and air.
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Summary
• The ultimate source of energy is _______• All energy is ultimately lost as _________• Energy is passed from organism to
organism through _____________• ___________ remove the last energy from
the remains of the organism (detritus)• _____________ nutrients are cycled but
_______________ is not.
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Biogeochemical Cycles
• Inorganic nutrients can cycle through organisms, land, air, and water
• Inorganic nutrients are CHEMICALS (molecules) that CYCLE through BIOlogical and GEOlogical world
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Terms to know
• Reservoir – parts of a cycle where a chemical is held for a long time
• Exchange pools – parts of a cycle where a chemical is held for a short time
• Residence time – length of time held in either a reservoir or an exchange pool.
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Reservoir or exchange pool?
• Ocean
• Cloud
• Water movement through a plant
• Consumed food
• Rock
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Four important cycles
• Water
• Carbon (and oxygen)
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
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Carbon Cycle
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The carbon cycle
CO2 inAtmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
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Nitrogen Cycle
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The nitrogen cycle
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3-
and NO2-
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Phosphorus Cycle
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The take home message:
• How does energy move?
• How do inorganic nutrients move?