Download - Morphological Processes
MorphologicalProcesses
MorphologicalProcesses
- alter stems to derive new words.
They may change the word’s meaning (derivational) or its
grammatical functions (inflectional).
MorphologicalProcesses
There are several different types of processes, not all of which are present
in all languages. Some of these are concatenative,
meaning that they involve the linear combination of
morphemes (affixation, for example), while others are non-concatenative, involving the internal alternation of
morphemes.
Morphological Processes
Concatenative Non-concatenative
Compounding
Affixation
Incorporation
Reduplication(Repetition)
Internal modification
Conversion
Back Derivation
Concatenative (linear)
Compounding can be used to form new words through
combining two stems as in the words blackbird or housekeeper. Compounds can be composed of
many parts of speech. Some examples include:
•Compounding
noun-noun such as horseshoenoun-verb such as trouble-shootadjective –verb or high-jumpadjective-adjective such as bittersweetadjective-noun such as jumping beanverb-noun such as spelling beeverb- preposition such as push-uppreposition-verb such as out-cast
•Compounding
• Incorporation
similar to compounding, typically as noun-
incorporation where a nominal stem is fused with a verbal stem to yield a larger,
derived verbal stem,
e.g. to globe-trot
•Affixation
involves the attachment of morphemes to a stem. There are several types of affixes, classified in terms of where they attach to a stem: beginning, end, middle, or around.
Affixation: suffix, prefix, interfix, circumfix, and transfix.
Summary of Affixation
affi x
confix
suffi xprefix interfix transfixcircumfix
infix1 2
- affix- base (root or stem)
Non-concatenative
Reduplication
morphological process that involves copying part of the
base and attaching it as an affix; description involves determining how much is copied and where it appears in relation to the base.
Examples:
• bang-bang - sound of a gun when firing• cha-cha - ballroom dance (Latin)•bye-bye – goodbye•quak-quak – sound of an animal duck
• Internal Modification,Apophony
Apophonic alternations are cases of non-concatenative morphology: a grammatical
opposition is expressed via a vowel alternation.
•sing, sang, sung, song•rise, raise•bind, bound•goose, geese
•Examples:
Vowel Modification
strong’ verbs in English: [I] – [æ] begin – began, ring-rang, sing – sang.[i:] – [ou] speak –spoke, steal – stole, weave – wove.[ai] - [au] bind – bound, find – found, wind – wound.
Noun/Verb in English: [θ] – [ð] mouth – mouth, sheath – sheathe, wreath – wreathe[f] – [v] belief – believe, grief – grieve, proof – prove[s] – [z] advice – advise, device – devise, house –house[s] – [d] defence – defend, offence – offend[t] – [d] bent – bend, ascent – ascend, descent – descend
Consonant modification
Mixed modification- more than one segment.
e.g. English present/past: catch – caught, seek – sought, teach – taught, Verb / Noun:live –life, bath–bathe, breath–breathe, cloth-clothe
ConversionThis process is also known
as zero-derivation. This process changes the part of speech and
meaning of an existing root without producing any change in
pronunciation or spelling and without adding any affix.
Back Derivation
(back-formation) found in derivation and not inflection. The formation of a
new lexeme by the deletion of a suffix, or supposed suffix, form an apparently
complex formby analogy with other instances where the suffixed and non-suffixed forms are both
lexemes.
Examples:
transcription – to transcript, contraception – to contracept
A polysyllabic lexeme is shortened in a more or less arbitrary fashion.
Clipping
E.g. Back clipping: advertisement > ad, fanatic > fan, dormitory > dorm, gymnasium > gym,rhinoceros > rhino, temperature > temp, Joseph > Jo, Jesus > Jee
fore-clipping: hamburger > burger, violoncello > cello, telephone > phone, caravan > vanMixed clipping: influenza > flu, refrigerator > fridge
Acroniminsation
An artificial word-manufacturing, usually used with names of new scientific discoveries, trade names, organization names, offices:
AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeLASER = light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationUNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural OrganizationRADAR = Radio Detecting And Ranging,SCUBA = Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus