Monodon V/s Vannamei
DR. MANOJ M. SHARMA
MAYANK AQUACULTURE PRIVATE LIMITED.
SURAT, GUJARAT STATE, INDIA.
E-MAIL: [email protected]
India fact file
• India is the one of largest shrimp producer/exporter in the
world.
• Monodon era 1985 to 2009.
• Vannamei era 2009 to 2018.
• Shrimp farming area approx. 150000 ha
• Shrimp production per ha +- 4500 kg/ha
• 80 percent shrimp farmers are below 5 ha culture area.
• 90 percent dependency on export market.
• Negligible domestic shrimp market and consumption
CHARACTERISTICS P. monodon L. vannamei
Growth rate Slow compared to L.
vannamei especially up to
20 grams.
This species grows as fast as
P. monodon (up to
3gm/week) up to 20 grams.
After that culture can be
done, but growth may be
slow.
Stocking density High stocking densities
may create problem that
require high control over
pond management practices
and high risk strategies.
L. vannamei is easier to
culture with high densities
typically 60-150 nos/mt2 (up
to 700 nos/mt2) than P.
monodon which can be
aggressive.
Salinity tolerant 5-45 ‰
(optimum 10-25‰)
0.5-35‰
(optimum 5-25‰)
Salient features of
P. Monodon v/s L. vannamei
CHARACTORISTICS P. monodon L. vannamei
Temperature tolerant In lower temperature it can
not be grown. Below 25OC
consumption will be slow
down.
Wide range from 15-35OC
(Best 23-30OC). Can grow
in lower water temperature.
Dietary protein
requirements
Require high protein (36-
42%). F.C.R. will be higher
compared to L. vannamei.
Require lower protein (20-
35 %). F.C.R. will be lower
compared to P. monodon.
Disease resistance Highly susceptible to
various viral diseases. This
species refractory to TSV
and IHHNV. SPF/SPR/SPT
varieties are not available in
market.
Highly susceptible TSV.
Carrier of IMNV and MSG.
Comparatively less
susceptible to WSSV. SPF
and SPR against TSV is
available in market
commercially. Survival rate
is higher compared to P.
monodon.
CHARACTORISTICS P. monodon L. vannamei
Domestication of brooders. More difficult Easy. Gonad develops in
captive condition.
Larval rearing in hatchery Less survival More survival compared to P.
monodon.
Post harvest characteristics Handling, transportation and
processing is easier than L.
vannamei. Meat yield is lower
(62%) compared to L.
vannamei.
Degrade quality if not care
properly. Meat yield is higher
(66-68%) compared to P.
monodon.
Marketing Good for bigger size Good for smaller size
Origin Local species in Asia L. vannamei is alien to Asia
and importation may cause
problems with import of new
virus and contamination of
local stocks.
EVOLUTION- CULTURE PRACTICES
Semi-Intensive Seed + Feed Med. + Water ex
Mod-Extensive
Seed + Feed Water ex
Traditional
Seed Water ex
Seed + Feed + Min. Prob. + Minimum/0 W.E.
Intensive
SCIENTIFIC CULTURE
Mod. extensive
Semi-intensive
Intensive INPUT &OUTPUT
WATER
MANAGEMENT
Feed & feeding
Soil & water quality
Health
E H
P
E H
P
D
Healthy
balance
Probiotics
P. monodon- Indian scenario
• Black tiger shrimp was the main stay of shrimp farming and it became
synonymous with the country name- Indian black tiger.
• P. monodon remained top favorite among all shrimp farmers of the country for
more than 25 years and totally dominated in shrimp exports in all sizes and count.
• Late nineties down fall started with on set of WSSV-white spot disease.
• Last 15 years the production almost became stagnant due to repeated disease
outbreaks and seed genesis.
• The shrimp production of the country revolved around 80 000 tons with the avg.
success rate not more than 50%.
• To support the sector and save shrimp farming vannamei was inn 2009.
Production trends v/s Success
- monodon
Year Total seed
Production
(in billion)
Total shrimp
production
(in tons)
% of success Remarks
2004 7.1 125000 70
2005 7.2 112000 60
2006 7.0 115700 59
2007 6.2 95000 57
2008 5.5 75000 50
Note: Calculated shrimp count @ 35-40 pcs/Kg
L. vannamei- Indian scenario
• Lead attraction of this species is SPF/SPR/HI seed and high production capacity.
• All the major departments such as ICAR, MPEDA, RGCA, CAA, NFDB and Dept. of Animal
Husbandry, Dairy and Fisheries etc. formulated stringent and transparent rules and
regulations for this highly promising species of shrimp.
•The national production increased to four folds within 4-5 years.
•In most places, harvesting was undertaken simultaneously leading to bulk production in
short periods. The lack of infrastructure capability in accommodating and processing such
massive quantities was soon evident.
• The sad part is that in black tiger farmers lost money due to failure in production and in
white leg shrimp they lost because of over production.
• Since the start of the vannamei era, all the ancillary sectors like hatcheries, feed mills, aqua
pharmaceuticals and chemical companies, processors and traders have done phenomenally
well.
MAPL
Vannamei bust hypothesis
• Seed demand would far exceed supply.
• Spurious seed.
• Over-adoption of vannamei farming.
• Absence of effective regulation.
• South-East Asian competition: can we survive it?
Did the purpose fulfill ??
The L. vannamei was introduced in country whether to support the failure of P. monodon farming by SPF seed.
Or
The L. vannamei was introduced in country to culture the vannamei as a separate species.
Production trends v/s Success
- vannamei
Year Total seed
Production
(in billion)
Total shrimp
production
(in tons)
% of
success
Remarks
2010 2.2 47 000 85
2011 4.5 83 000 74
2012 9.0 145 000 64
2013 18 247 000 55
2014 23 317 000 55
2015 32 353 000 44
2016 38 380 000 40
2017 60 650 000 40
2018 65 540000 35
Note: Calculated shrimp count @ 40 to 50 pcs/Kg
Major culture issues in 2018/19
o Less seed (PL) survival
o Slow growth- High FCR
o Abrupt bloom / water color / primary productivity
o Gill choke/ Brown gill/ Black gill
o Running mortality
o Body deformity (cramping, bamboo shrimp)
o White gut/ White faeces
o EHP
WSSV
Still major damager
Responsible Factors
Pond production v/s Pond carrying capacity.
Production area v/s Water source carrying capacity.
Disease Episode
DISEASE
PATHOGEN
ORGANIC LOAD
Organic load
Bloom crash
Shrimp feaces
Water source
Uneaten Feed
Blame game
• Seed quality- Brood stock, Hatchery practices, PL quality
• Feed quality- Company, Composition and Competition
• Probiotics and health products- Quality, unethical marketing
• Farm management- Biosecurity and farm protocol
• Technicians- knowledge, field experience, service ethics
Whether we were ready??
• Technology and Farming practice – P. monodon
• Farming set up – P. monodon
• Infrastructure – P. monodon
• Production capacity - P. monodon
(Seed, Feed, Medicines and Processing)
What farmers did!!
CAN WE SURVIVE
COMPETITION?
SHRIMP MARKET MODULE
EXPORT
90%
DOMESTIC
10%
COMPARISION OF COP BETWEEN
70–20 COUNTS/KG
Count
(Pcs/Kg)
COP/Kg (INR) FG Price
(INR)
17-18
GP/Kg
(INR)
17-18
ROI
(%)
17-18 Seed Feed Others Total
70 56 82 62 200 240-230 40-30 20-15
60 49 90 71 210 250-240 40-30 19-14
50 42 98 90 230 300-250 70-20 30-8.5
40 35 107 108 250 380-280 130-30 52-12
30 27 115 118 260 500-350 240-90 92-35
25 22 123 135 280 580-450 300-170 107-60
20 17 136 147 300 680-550 380-250 127-85
Note: Return on investment should be at least 40% for shrimp farmers.
Gujarat fact file
• Gujarat is the second largest shrimp producing state in India.
• Monodon era 1995 to 2009.
• Vannamei era 2009 to 2018.
• Gujarat emerged as one of the most productive and
sustainable shrimp farming state with 95% success.
• Gujarat USP was in bigger size shrimp production 30 - 45gms.
• Gujarat major production range was big size till 2016, but in
year 2017 the farmers suffered slow growth and major harvest
was in 25 gms. First glimpse of down trend.
• First half of 2018 , very bad start 85% of ponds affected with
WFD, EHP, RMS leading to crash harvest at 15 -20 grams
size .
• Farming fraternity in total shock!!!
Farming vannamei the Tiger way-
• Presently, India is producing 550 000 tones of cultured shrimp from brackish water
ponds with average count of 30 in case of black tiger shrimp, P. monodon and 40-60
in case of white leg shrimp, L. vannamei.
• In contiguity to this, the state of Gujarat (India) is contributing only 10% of the
country’s production but with more standard and bio-secured culture practice with
average count grade of 20/30 white leg shrimp adhering to BMP with all food safety
protocols.
• M/s Mayank Aquaculture Pvt. Ltd., which is one of the pioneering private
aquaculture companies in Gujarat (India) producing both black tiger shrimp as well as white leg shrimp with optimum stocking density and average production of 6.5
tones/ha/crop with average count grade of 20/30.
• In spite of fact that, the white shrimp had its own merits and demerits the shrimp farmers have gone for a major diversification from P. monodon to L. vannamei
MAPL –A Practical approach
• M/s Mayank Aquaculture Pvt. Ltd. has anticipated the future of high stocking
density culture of white leg shrimp on the same scale as black tiger shrimp devastation and started few experimental set up with various range of permissible stocking densities in year 2009.
• The outcome of the experiments were very encouraging, the stocking density of 15-20 pcs/mt2 and size of ABW 40-50 gms (20-30 count/Kg) was the most profitable as well as sustainable.
• Therefore, we decided to go all our farms “Vannamei the Tiger way” in year 2010/11.
• This is the hope of our team that our good work will bring a significant change
in coming years to motivate world shrimp farmers to adopt simple strategy for long term sustainability for vannamei farming.
CONT……..
COMPONENTS Year
2010
Year
2011
Year
2012
Year
2013
Year
2014
Year
2015
Year
2016
Year
2017
Year
2018
Total ponds (nos.) 04 08 20 44 56 56 56 84 100
WSA (ha.) 2.0 6.5 18.5 36 45.6 45.6 45.6 67.2 80
Avg. Stocking density
(pcs/mt2) 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25
Total harvest (Kg) 11 500 38 500 114 500 204 000 272 000 340 000 380 000 570000 680000
Production per unit
(Kg/ha) 5 750 5 923 6 189 5 666 5 965 7 456 8 330 8500 8500
Counts (pcs/Kg) 25-30 22-30 19-30 24-33 19-30 20-28 20-28 25-35 25-35
Survival Rate (%) 80.5 83% 77.4 85 86 83 80 80 80
FCR 1.4 1.43 1.48 1.41 1.44 1.40 1.36 1.3-1.5 1.3-1.5
PRODUCTION TREND OF VANNAMEI SHRIMP
IN M/s MAYANK AQUACULTURE PRIVATE LIMITED
Bigger is better -Advantages
• Single crop – low risk and efforts compare to two crops.
• Seed requirement is less- less disease risk.
• Profit margin is very high compare to small size.
• Better carrying capacity of the pond.
• Big demand in niche market.
• Easy with Nursery and multiphase culture system
MAPL
MAPL-1 SHRIMP FARM
Mayank Aquaculture Pvt. Ltd. shrimp farm
MAPL-2 SHRIMP FARM
Village road
Village
Sena creek
Other pvt. Shrimp farm
MAPL Mandroi farm
FEEDING MANAGEMENT - KEY FACTOR TO SUCCESS
• Feeding management is the paramount factor in
success of shrimp farming- 55-65% of COP.
• Wrong feeding is the mother of all problems in shrimp
ponds.
• Don’t feed vannamei the tiger way.
• In high stocking ponds (>40 pcs/mt2) percentage of feeding v/s
quantity of feeding with frequency of feeding plays a vital
role.
• Underfeeding is still manageable compare to overfeeding
problems and issues.
FEEDING MANAGEMENT - KEY FACTOR TO SUCCESS
Example: Feeding for 100 000 PL
Initial stocking : 100 000 PL
Survival : 80% during end of culture
No of shrimps : 80 000
Total feed during peak : 35 Kg (ABW: 15-20 gms).
Max. nos of feed pellet
consumed by single shrimp : 4-5
Total pellets required per feed : 320 000
Pellet per Kg of feed (grower/finisher) : 70 000 (@ 70 pellets/gm)
Feed per meal : Max. 5-6 Kg
Feeding frequency per day : should be 6 nos.
ABW
(gm)
FEEDING
RATE (%)
BIOMASS
(kg)
DAILY
FEED
(kg)
3.0 7.0 1000 70
4.0 6.0 1000 60
6.0 5.0 1000 50
8.0 4.0 1000 40
10.0 3.0 1000 30
12.0 2.8 1000 25
15.0 2.5 1000 20
18.0 2.2 1000 17
20.0 2.0 1000 16
30.0 1.5 1000 15
33.0 1.4 1000 14
40.0 1.3 1000 13
50.0 1.0 1000 12
DO NOT FEED VANNAMEI THE TIGER WAY!!
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
LV
BT
DO NOT FEED VANNAMEI THE TIGER WAY!!
The future is auto feeder.
Solar auto feeder
WHAT MATTERS “ORGANIC MATTER”
• Organic load is the major problem in shrimp ponds. Carrying
capacity of the pond is directly related to organic load.
• Feed input is the major source of organic load followed by algal
bloom.
• In modern day shrimp farming managing organic load is paramount factor through proper feed and water quality management.
• Uncontrolled or inefficient feeding regime may lead to heavy accumulation of organic matter inviting diseases especially Vibrio. Even heavy algal bloom and bloom crash further act as catalyst.
SLUDGE REMOVAL THEORY
- Is it working??
• Pond specific - May be working for pond with different techniques and methods of sludge removal.
• Creek – Is it safe for long term sustainability as sludge is the biggest contributor for organic load.
• For shrimp farming water intake and water exchange is a continuous process.
• Whether is it safe to remove the sludge into the same water source.
Recommendation:
There should be separate area for sludge bed and its treatment.
Proper care should be taken during disposing or recycling.
Perfect Disease Recipe
• High stocking density
• High salinity
• High organic load
• High water Temp.
White wash in shrimp farming
White Gut and White Feaces in summer
and
White spot in monsoon and winter
When carrying capacity
exceeds in shrimp farming
Eye Opener
o During post harvest analysis of MAPL farms in year 2016, we
were surprised to see and compare production data of our
own two sites with marked differences in production and
profitability.
o After detail study we have found that the only difference was
source of water. Rest all the protocols and farm inputs were
same.
o This has prompted us to carry out further studies on bigger
scale.
o Therefore, we selected four sites with different locations for
comparative studies.
Case Study in 2017
• Old Pond – Old Creek at village Saras, Olpad, Gujarat, India
• New Pond – Old Creek at village Mandroi, Olpad, Gujarat, India
• New Pond – New Creek (high saline) at village Kotda, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
• New Pond – New Creek (low saline) at village Bhonang, Roha, Maharashtra
India
Trial criteria
CONSTANT VARIABLE
Seed Source of water
Stocking density
Feed
Probiotics & health products
Protocols
Results
TRIAL NO SITES DOC COUNT/KG SURVIVAL REMARKS
01 OPOC 140 36-40 62.5% Slow growth
high FCR 1.8
02 NPOC 133 33-37 75% Avg. growth &
surv. rate
03 NPNC- HS 155 40-45 90% Slow growth
good prodn.
04 NPNC- LS 105 38-40 95% Super growth
FCR 1.15
Conclusion
o The out come of the study was an eye opener, even for me as
a farmer.
o With the constant inputs and same farm management, it
rendered highly significant result showing production success
from 62.5% to 95% at different locations.
o The study clearly point out “what matters is organic matter”.
o The health of the shrimp is directly related to the source of
water.
o For the success of shrimp farming carrying capacity of pond
and source water plays a pivotal role.
Black will be Back ??
Doubtful in vannamei affected ponds
Definitely Yes in new area and new ponds
Fresh harvested shrimp of 16/20 counts
Fresh harvested shrimp of American white leg shrimp,
L. vannamei from MAPL shrimp pond
Fresh harvested white leg shrimp of 19/20
counts/Kg from MAPL shrimp pond
The wise thing for farmers….
Why to produce more and burn!
Rather produce less and Earn!!
Fresh harvested white leg shrimp of 19/20
counts/Kg from MAPL shrimp pond
MAPL MAPL
MAPL
Take away points ……
o Present top two countries in the world India and Ecuador are
practicing low stocking densities < 30 pcs/m2.
o Don’t get carried away with the success, keep faith in
sustainable shrimp farming practices.
o Intensification and sustainability don’t go together
o Learn from others failures , don’t repeat the same mistakes.
o Science and Technology alone cannot grow shrimp, don’t
under estimate the support from mother nature/ environment
o Always produce shrimp within a positive carrying capacity.
FINAL WORDS…..
We started shrimp farming with P. monodon and we have done with it.
Then we introduced L. vannamei and again we have done with it.
Now we can go back to P. monodon and try to bring back.
or
We can do the vannamei the tiger way………..
MAPL
Thank
you