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THE MYELOMA THEORY
In the 1970’s the B-cell cancer myelomawas discovered, and itwas understood thatthese cancerous B-
cells all produce asingle type oanti!ody.
This was used to studythe structure of
antibodies, but it wasnot possible toproduce identicalantibodies specic toa given antigen.
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C!!" #$"%&
◦ "pleen cells from a mouse that has beenimmuni'ed with the desired antigen
◦
(yeloma cells. #$"I)* +*T&
◦ olyethylene glycol
(%I$(&◦ +T (edium /ypo0athine-+minopterin- Thymidine1
THE "RO#E$%RE
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They are used in 3estern blot test !I"+ T"T +ntigen capture assays Immuno dot blot tests to detect the specic protein on a membrane.
*a4ed eye dipstic4 tests Immuno-histochemistry , which detect antigen in 0ed tissue sections
and Immuno-5uorescence test, which detect the substance in a fro'en
tissue section or in live cells. 6adio immuno assays Tissue typing "erotyping of (icroorganisms They are also used in the diagnosis of lymphoid and myeloid
malignancies
$&A'(O)T&# )&'(&*&#A(#E - ABREA+THRO%'H &( )#&E(#E
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*umber of (onoclonal +ntibodies havebeen developed in detection anddiagnosis of
arasites li4e◦ Trichomonas vaginalis
◦ Leishmania donovani
◦ Trypanosoma congolense
◦ Babesia bovis
Human Viruses like◦ Infuenza virus
◦
Rotavirus◦ Rabies Virus etc
+nimal 7iruses li4e◦ Bovine herpes virus,
◦
ervine herpes virus type I
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MA!s in M" #ard Test
Capture of parasite antigen fromperipheral blood usingmonoclonal antibodies preparedagainst a malaria antigen targetand con8ugated to either aliposome containing selenium dyeor gold particles in a mobilephase.
+ second or third capturemonoclonal antibody applied to astrip of nitrocellulose acts as the
immobile phase. The migration of the antigen-
antibody comple0 in the mobilephase along the strip enables thelabeled antigen to be captured bythe monoclonal antibody of theimmobile phase, thus producing a
visible colored line
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MA!s in Microal!u,inuriaTesting
&,,unoprecipitation Micral test.& It isbased on the colourshift of monoclonalantibody to humanalbumin labelled with
gold.
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MA!s in 2estern Blot
(ab helps to identify a
specicmolecule:substance ina mi0ture ofsubstances
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(+bs have tremendous application not onlyin the eld of diagnostics but also in◦ therapeutics and targeted drug delivery systems
for infectious diseases caused by bacteria,
viruses, proto'oa and for cancer, metabolic andhormonal disorders.
◦ They are also used in the immunologicalintervention with passive antibody, ,agic !ullet
terapy with cytoto0ic agents coupled with antimouse specic antibody
THERA"E%T&#)&'(&*&#A(#E
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+uto immune Conditions◦ 6heumatoid arthritis,
◦ Crohn;s disease
◦ $lcerative Colitis
by their ability to bind and inhibit T*# +lpha
+cute re8ection of organ transplants byinhibiting Interleu4in-< on activated T cells
+llergic +sthma by inhibiting Ig +ntibodies (alignancies of solid organs
THERA"E%T&# )&'(&*&#A(#E3contd.
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!eu4emias !ymphomas )steoporosis
latelet +ggregation Inhibitors
THERA"E%T&# )&'(&*&#A(#E3contd.
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+nti-cancer monoclonal antibodies can be targetedagainst malignant cells by several mechanisms&
1.Radioi,,unoterapy R&T. involves the useof radioactively con8ugated murine antibodies
against cellular antigens to limit radiatione0posure.
(urine antibodies were especially chosen, astheir high immunogenicity promotes rapid
clearance from the body.◦ 0&Tositumomab in non-odg4ins lymphoma.
MA!s in Treat,ent o#ancer
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5.Anti!ody-directed en6y,e prodrugterapy A$E"T.
It involves the application of cancer
associated monoclonal antibodies whichare lin4ed to a drug-activating en'yme. "ubse9uent systemic administration of a
non-to0ic agent results in its conversion to
a to0ic drug, and resulting in a cytoto0ice=ect which can be targeted at malignantcells
MA!s in Treat,ent o#ancer
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.&,,unoliposo,es are antibody-con8ugated liposomes.
!iposomes - carry drugs ortherapeutic nucleotides - con8ugated with
monoclonal antibodies - directed againstmalignant cells.
Tissue-specic gene delivery usingimmunoliposomes has also been achieved in
brain, and breast cancer tissue
MA!s in Treat,ent o#ancer
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RE)EAR#H )&'(&*&#A(#E
(+bs are used in research purpose also inanalysing◦ uman !ymphocytes
◦ (C +ntigens
◦ !+ system
+nalysis of antigenic di=erences betweenvirus and viral related proteins
+ntigenic Characteri'ation of viruses,bacteria and parasites