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Money Ethic Scale Part 4
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OCB
Organizational Citizenship Behavior:Bateman & Organ, 1983; Organ, 1988;
Organ & Ryan, 1995; Smith, Organ, & Near, 1983;
OCB: Altruism Generalized Compliance (Conscientiousness)
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OCB
Altruism: a class of helping behaviors aimed directly at specific persons
Generalized Compliance (Conscientiousness): a good soldier or good citizen syndrome of doing things that are right and proper, for the sake of the system
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OCB Motives
1. A single undifferentiated helping motive (Cnaan & Goldberg-Glen, 1991)
2. A two-dimensional structure:
3. Altruistic, Instrumental (Allen & Rush, 1998; Eastman, 1994)
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OCB Motives
4. Altruistic, Egoistic (Frisch & Gerranrd, 1981)
5. Other-serving, Self-serving (Batson & Shaw, 1991)
6. Personal Value, Egoistic (Puckett & Wagner, 1996)
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OCB Motives
Public Self vs. Private Self (Baumeister, 1986)
Private Self-Serving Motives
Public Other-Serving Motives
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Private Motives
Impression Management
Self-handicapping
Social Exchange
Receiver Characteristics
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Public Motives
Concern for Organization
Organizational Culture
Concern for People
Situational Variable
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OBSE
Organizational members believe that they can satisfy their needs by participating in roles within the context of an organization (Pierce, Gardner, Cummings, & Dunham, 1989)
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OBSE
As such, it is the self-perceived value that employees have of themselves within their employing organization.
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OBSE
OBSE predicts both the Altruism and Conscientiousness dimensions of OCB in American and Mid-eastern cultures (Tang & Ibrahim, 1998)
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Money and OCB
The lowest levels of helping behavior have been documented among participants assigned difficult goals and paid on the basis of goal attainment (Wright, George, Farnsworth, & McMahan, 1993)
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MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
Whole
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.46*
.07
-.18*
.59*Conscientiousness
.65*
.61*
.21
.00
.38
.42
.38
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MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
The US
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.46*
.06
-.17*
.59*Conscientiousness
.65*
.61*
.21
.00
.37
.43
.37
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MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
Non-US
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.43*
-.13*
-.15*
.78*Conscientiousness
.83*
.38*
.19
.02
.64
.69
.15
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MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
The US
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.46*
.06
-.17*
.59*Conscientiousness
.65*
.61*
.21
.00
.37
.43
.37
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MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
Taiwan
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.49*
.40*
-.02
.66*Conscientiousness
.76*
.56*
.24
.16
.43
.58
.31
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MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
Poland
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.59*
.13
.02
.54*Conscientiousness
.59*
.27*
.35
.02
.29
.34
.07
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MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
Egypt
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism.39*
-.11
-.26*
.64*Conscientiousness
.96*
.89*
.16
.01
.50
.93
.80
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Culture Free (etic) Paths
1. MES Private Motives
2. Public Motives OBSE Altruism
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MES, Motives, OBSE, & OCB
etic
MESSuccess
PrivateMotives
Public Motives
OBSE
Altruism*
*Conscientiousness
*
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Materialism and Money Ethic
In popular usage, materialism more often refers to a “devotion to material needs and desires (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989)
The importance a consumer attaches to worldly possessions (Belk, 1985; p. 265)
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Materialism and Money Ethic
The worship of things (Bredemeier & Toby, 1960, p. 77)
3 elements:
1. Acquisition Centrality
2. Acquisition as the pursuit of Happiness
3. Possession-defined Success
(Richins & Dawson, 1990, 1992)
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Materialism and Money Ethic
Materialism Money Ethic
Money Ethic Materialism
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MES Materialism
Age
Sex
Education
Materialism
MES
-.14*
-.02
-.17*
.74*
.03
.54*
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Materialism MES
Age
Sex
Education
Materialism
MES
.57*
.32
.01-.09*
-.04
-.07
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Discussion
Money is important for people in the USA and around the world.
Income has a significant impact on the American people’s Money Ethic endorsement.
Money can be used to attract, retain, and motivate employees.
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Discussion
American people who value money have high voluntary turnover regardless of their intrinsic job satisfaction. Money attitude (Money Ethic) has a significant impact on work-related attitudes and behavior.
Money Ethic Scale will be a useful tool for researchers and practitioners in HRM and OB fields.
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Thank YouDanke
Dankeshen
Grazie
Merci
Muchas Gracias
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Money and the Agency Theory
Agency theory can be meaningfully used to analyze internal control relationships between allocators (principals) and those receiving allocations (agents).
It provides a theoretical framework to predict the basis of pay for “nonprogrammable” jobs, or jobs consisting of tasks that are difficult to structure and where incumbents enjoy extensive discretion (Gomez-Mejia & Balkin, 1992)
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Pay-Performance Linkage:190 Private Universities
Research Institutions Doctorate-Granting I Institutions Liberal-Arts Institutions Expenditures Type of Institution Academic Reputation Ranking Mid-point SAT Scores Tang, Tang, & Tang
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University CEO Pay
Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral** Law, Business, Medical Schools* Region Reputation** SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition
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CEO Benefits
Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral*** Law, Business, Medical Schools Region Reputation** SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition*
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CEO Total Compensation
Expenditures*** Research/Doctoral** Law, Business, Medical Schools Region Reputation* SAT, Year Founded Faculty, Student Tuition**
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Derek Bok (1993):The Cost of Talent
Do we compensate highly educated people in the United States in ways that serve the best interests of the nation?
Are some people paid too much and others too little? What effect do differences in earnings have on the
career choices of the talented? Do we pay executives and professionals in ways that
motivate them to work hard at the right things?