Download - Momentum & Energy conservation
![Page 1: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Momentum & Energy conservation
![Page 2: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Momentum
![Page 3: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Newton’s 2nd law (shorthand version)
F = ma
a = change in v
time
F = mchange in vtime
![Page 4: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fc Ft
Fc = mc change in vc time
Fc t = mc change in vc
Ft = mt change in vt time
Ft t = mt change in vt
Fc t + Ft t = mc change in vc + mt change in vt
(Fc + Ft)t =change in mcvc + change in mtvt
Car truck collision
(Fc + Ft)t =change in (mcvc + mtvt)
![Page 5: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fc Ft
Car truck collision
(Fc + Ft)t =change in (mcvc + mtvt)
Newton’s 3rd law: Fc = -Ft (Fc + Ft)t = 0
0 = change in (mcvc + mtvt)
mcvc + mtvt stays constant!
![Page 6: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Momentum = mvmcvc = momentum of car
Mtvt= momentum of thruck
mcvc + mtvt = total momentum
this changesthis changes
this stays constant
Momentum is conserved!
Before = -40
After = -40
![Page 7: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
True for all collisions
before =+20
after =+20
visit www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/index.html
![Page 8: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Revisit the canoe at the dockInitial momentumcanoe = 0boy = 0Total = 0
final momentumcanoe = mcvc
boy = mbvb
Total = 0
![Page 9: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Momentum is a vector: mvcollision in 2 dimensions
![Page 10: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Finding nemoeating
![Page 11: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Billiard balls
2
before
1ptot
1
2
after
ptot
![Page 12: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Conservation of momentumon a sub-atomic level
- meson- meson
proton
p
p
before
after
ptot
ptot
![Page 13: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Rocket travel
before
P0
after
P0 + pexhaust
p
![Page 14: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Rifle recoil
mVmV
![Page 15: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Machine-gun granny
![Page 16: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Work and Energy
![Page 17: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Physicist’s definition of “work”
dist
Work = F x dist∥
A scalar
(not a vector)
dist∥
![Page 18: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Atlas holds up the Earth
But he doesn’t move, dist∥ = 0
Work= Fx dist∥ = 0
He doesn’t do any work!
![Page 19: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Garcon does work whenhe picks up the tray
but not while hecarries it around
the room
dist is not zero,but dist∥ is 0
![Page 20: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Why this definition?
Newton’s 2nd law: F=m a
Definition of work+ a little calculus
Work= change in ½mv2
A scalar
equation
A vector
equation
This scalar quantity is givena special name: kinetic energy
![Page 21: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Concept of Kinetic Energy
Emilie du Châtelet (1706-1749)
Brilliant mathematician
One of Voltaire’s lovers
![Page 22: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Work = change in KE
This is called:
the Work-Energy Theorem
![Page 23: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Units again…
Kinetic Energy = ½mv2
kg
m2
s2
work = F x dist∥
N m =kg
ms2
m=1Joule
same!
![Page 24: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Work done by gravity
start
end
dist dist∥
W=mg
Work = F x dist∥
= -mg x change in height
= -change in mg h
change in vertical height
![Page 25: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Gravitational Potential Energy
Workgrav = -change in mgh
This is called:“Gravitational Potential Energy” (or PEgrav)
Workgrav = -change in PEgravchange in PEgrav = -Workgrav
![Page 26: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
If gravity is the only force doing work….
-change in mgh = change in ½ mv2
0 = change in mgh + change in ½ mv2
change in (mgh + ½ mv2) = 0
mgh + ½ mv2 = constant
Work-energy theorem:
![Page 27: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Conservation of energy
mgh + ½ mv2 = constant
GravitationalPotential energy
Kinetic energy
If gravity is the only force that does work:
PE + KE = constant
Energy is conserved
![Page 28: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Free fall (reminder)
V0 = 0
t = 0s
V1 = 10m/s
t = 1s
V2 = 20m/s
t = 2s
V3 = 30m/s
t = 3s
V4 = 40m/s
t = 4s
75m
60m
35m
0m
height
80m
![Page 29: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
m=1kg free falls from 80m
V0 = 0 h0=80m
t = 0s
V1 = 10m/s; h1=75m
t = 1s
V2 = 20m/s; h2=60m 600J 200J 800J
t = 2s
V3 = 30m/s; h3=35m 350J 450J 800J
t = 3s
V4 = 40m/s; h4=0 0 800J 800J
t = 4s
mgh ½ mv2 sum
800J 0 800J
750J 50J 800J
![Page 30: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
pendulum
W=mg
T
Two forces: T and W
T is always ┴ to the motion
(& does no work)
![Page 31: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Pendulum conserves energy
hmax
Etot=mghmaxEtot=mghmax
Etot=1/2 m(vmax)2
![Page 32: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Roller coaster
![Page 33: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Work done by a spring
RelaxedPosition
F=0
Fx
I compressthe spring
(I do + work;spring does
-work)
Work done by spring = - change in ½ kx2
![Page 34: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
If spring is the only force doing work….
-change in ½ kx2 = change in ½ mv2
0 = change in ½ kx2 + change in ½ mv2
change in ( ½ kx2 + ½ mv2) = 0
½ kx2 + ½ mv2 = constant
Work-energy theorem:
potential energy in the spring
![Page 35: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Conservation of energysprings & gravity
mgh + ½ kx2 + ½ mv2 = constant
Gravitationalpotential energy
Kinetic energy
If elastic force & gravity are the only forces doing work:
PEgrav + PEspring + KE = constant
Energy is conserved
springpotential energy
![Page 36: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
example
KineticE
Spring PE
grav PE
![Page 37: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Two types of forces:
“Conservative” forcesforces that do + & – work
•Gravity
•Elastic (springs, etc)
•Electrical forces
•…
“Dissipative” forcesforces that only do – work
•Friction
•Viscosity
•….
-work change in PE
-work heat(no potential energy.)
![Page 38: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
(-)Work done by frictionheat
![Page 39: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Thermal atomic motion
Heat energy= KE and PE associated with the random thermal motion of atoms
Air solid
![Page 40: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Work-energy theorem(all forces)
Workfric = change in (PE+KE)Work done
dissipative
Forces(always -)
Kinetic energy
-Workfric = change in heat energy
potential energyFrom all
Conservative forces
-change in Heat Energy = change in (PE+KE)
Workfric = -change in heat energy
![Page 41: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Work – Energy Theorem(all forces)
0 = change in Heat Energy + change in (PE+KE)
0 = change in (Heat Energy+PE+KE)
Heat Energy + PE + KE = constant
Law of Conservation of Energy
![Page 42: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Energy conversion while skiing
Friction: energy gets converted to heat
Potential energy
Potential energykinetic energy
![Page 43: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Units againHeat units:
1 calorie = heat energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of H2O by 1o C
1 calorie= 4.18 JoulesKg m2/s2
![Page 44: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Food Calories
1 Calorie = 1000 calories = 1Kcalorie
1 Calorie= 4.18x103 JoulesThe Calories you read on food labels
8 x 105 J
7 x 106 J
2 x 106 J
![Page 45: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Power
Rate of using energy:amout of energy
elapsed time
Units:Joule
second 1 = 1 Watt
Power =
A 100 W light bulbconsumes 100 J of
electrical energy eachsecond to produce light
![Page 46: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Other units
Over a full day, a work-horse can
have an average work output of more than 750 Joules each
second
1 Horsepower = 750 Watts
![Page 47: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Kilowatt hoursenergytimePower = energy = power x time
power unit x time unit = energy unit
Elec companies use:Kilowatts(103 W)
hours(3600 s)
1 kilowatt-hour = 1kW-hr
= 103 W x 3.6x103
s = 3.6x106 WsJ
x
![Page 48: Momentum & Energy conservation](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081418/56813c76550346895da60a42/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
In Hawaii electrical energy costs about 25cents /kW-hrabout 300 won
What is the cost in Seoul?