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Molecules of Life
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Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
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Macromoleculesaka: Biomolecules
The Molecules of Life!
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Macromolecules are…• Large polymers
(poly=many)
• Built by monomers (mono = one)
• 4 main classes (examples of carbon based biomolecules)
– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids
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Why do we eat?• We eat to take in more of these chemicals
– Food for building materials• to make more of us (cells)• for growth• for repair
– Food to make energy• calories• to make ATP
ATP
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2006-2007
How do we make these molecules?
We build them!
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Building large molecules of life• Chain together smaller molecules
– building block molecules = monomers
• Big molecules built from little molecules– polymers
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• Small molecules = building blocks
• Bond them together = polymers
Building large organic molecules
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How to build large molecules• Synthesis
– building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
– building cells & bodies• repair• growth• reproduction
+
ATP
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H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer• Synthesis
– joins monomers by “taking” H2O out• one monomer donates OH–
• other monomer donates H+
• together these form H2O
– requires energy & enzymes
enzymeDehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis
Condensation reactionCondensation reaction
You gotta be open to“bonding!
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How to take large molecules apart
• Digestion– taking big molecules apart– getting raw materials
• for synthesis & growth
– making energy (ATP)• for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP
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H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer
• Digestion– use H2O to breakdown polymers
• reverse of dehydration synthesis
• cleave off one monomer at a time
• H2O is split into H+ and OH–
– H+ & OH– attach to ends
– requires enzymes– releases energy
Breaking upis hard to do!
HydrolysisHydrolysis
DigestionDigestion
enzyme
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Example of digestion
starch glucose
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATPATP
• Starch is digested to glucose
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Example of synthesis
amino acids protein
amino acids = building block
protein = polymer
Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
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Carbohydrates
Fuel and Building Material for Life!
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Carbohydrates are…
• Most abundant carbon compounds found in living things
• Sugars (example) = quick energy• Monosaccharides- simple sugars
» Glucose
• Disaccharides- sugars built of 2 monosaccharides
» Sucrose+Fructose
Monomer = 1 C: 2 H: 1 O Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
C6H12O6
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Carbos cont…
• Starch (example) = Polysaccharides: act as nutrient storage-and form structural components of living things• Glycogen- stores glucose in muscle
tissue for quick energy
• Cellulose- provides rigid structure
»Cell wall of plant cells
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CELL WALL
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LIPIDS
• Fats: gylcerol and fatty acids– Saturated
• Solidifies- bad• Ex: animal fat and butter
– Unsaturated• No solidification- good• Ex: vegetable oils
– Fats are used for energy storage• Long-term food reserves stored in adipose (fat)cells
Monomer: C, H, O - Glycerol and fatty
acids
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Lipids cont…
• Fat (adipose) provides insulation for warmth
– Whales, seals
• Fat provides cushioning for organs
I’m Fat!
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Fat Cells (adipose)
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Lipids cont…
• Phospholipids– Make up cell membranes
The bilayer forms a boundary between the cell and the external environment.
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Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid Bilayer
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Proteins
The Ultimate Polymer!
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Proteins…• Monomer: C,H,O,N
– Amino acids20 different amino acids
Amino group: -NH2Carboxyl group: -COOH
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Protein Structure
• 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bond–Hence the other name for a
protein: polypeptide chain
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Structure=Function
• Protein’s specific structure (shape) determines it’s duties (job)
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Four levels of organizations
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Types of Proteins
• *Structural Defensive– Support -Antibodies
• Storage *Enzymes– Embryo food -catalysts
• *Transport Hormones– In and out of cell -messages
• Receptors *Contractile– Drugs -muscles
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Examples of proteins
• Protein channels in cell membrane
• Keratin: in fingernails and hair
• Muscle fibers
• Lactase
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Nucleic Acids
Informational Polymers
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Nucleic Acids
• 2 types– DNA-double-stranded
• Genetic material– Inherited from parents
– RNA-single-stranded• Controls protein synthesis
• Nucleic acids work together to – Build proteins
Monomer: NucleotidesC,H,O,N,Ppentose sugarphospate nitrogen base