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MOLECULAR GENETICS REVIEW
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•1. DNA is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation to the next
•DeoxyriboNucleicAcid
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•2. DNA stores and transmits genetic information
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• 3. DNA’s structure/shape is a double helix. (spiral stair case)
•Consists of nucleotides joined together by hydrogen bonds.
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•4. nucleotides
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•5. There are 3 parts of a nucleotide:•1. 5 carbon sugar•2. phosphate group•3. nitrogen base
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•6. Watson and Crick
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•7. Chargaff is the scientist who discovered that the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine & the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine. In DNA, Adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine. Purines always bond to pyrimidines in DNA & RNA
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•8. Purines: Adenine and Guanine• Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine (they 2 with “Y” are pyrimidines)
•A purine always bonds with a pyrimidine (A-T and C-G)
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•9. hydrogen bonds connect nitrogenous bases. Peptide bonds connect amino acids
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•10. What is the complimentary DNA strand to:
•A-T-T-C-G-A-G-G-C-T-A-A
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•11. Trascription-DNA-mRNA•Transcribe the DNA strand below to mRNA:
•A-T-T-C-G-A-G-G-C-T-A-A
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•12. Translation-mRNA to amino acids (you must use the chart)!!!
•DNA Strand: A-T-T-C-G-A-G-G-C-T-A-A•mRNA Srand:•: amino Acids:
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•13.
•DNA Helicase: breaks the hydrogen bond-creates the replication fork
•DNA Polymerase: starts the addition of the new nucleotides to the new DNA strand
•DNA ligase: links the pieces together into a single DNA strand
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•14. A codon is 3 base pairs (mRNA) that code for an amino acid.
•
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•15. Rosalind Franklin
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• 16.
•DNA: nucleus•mRNA: nucleus•tRNA: cytoplasm•rRNA: ribosome
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•17. DNA-mRNA
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• 18. Translation: mRNA-protien
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• 19. DNA-DNA
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• 20. RNA contains working instructions for the cell.
•Ribonucleicacid
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• 21. works with DNA to help code for amino acids to make proteins.
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• 22.
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• 23.
•DNA: A-T and C-G•RNA: A-U and C-G
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• 24.
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• 25.
•mRNA - (messenger) – complementary to Dna – carries message from DNA to direct protein synthesis (codon)
•rRNA – (ribosomal) – associates with protein to form ribosomes
•tRNA – (transfer) – transports amino acids to ribosomes – acts as a translator by picking up the appropriate amino acids & recognizing the appropriate codons in mRNA (like a concierge) – has anticodon site & amino acid
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• 26. one codon (made of 3 bases) codes for one/each amino acid.
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• 27. see chart
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• 28. specific traits (proteins)
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• 29. genes
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• 30. Hox genes – (homeobox genes) – lay out the general body plan of the organism – code for transcription factors that determine what body part goes where
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• 31. Mutagens are environmental agents that cause mutations. Examples include radiation, UV light, & chemicals. Carcinogens are cancer-causing agents.
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• 32.
•Changes in the organism’s hereditary information are known as mutations. Not all mutations are bad – some may lead to positive changes.
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• 33. Computer Activity Today
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• 34. /35.
•There are 3 types of these:1. _Substitutions - replace 1 nucleotide with another2. Insertions or deletions - 1 or more nucleotides are added or deleted
•3. Duplication - duplicates sequence over & over (responsible for several disorders)
•Examples on board